\ 



i 



SELECT PLANTS 



READILY ELIGIBLE FOR 



IN VICTORIA. 



WITH INDICATIONS OF THEIR NATIVE COUNTEIES 
AND SOME OF THEIR USES. 



BARON FEED. VON MUELLER, 

C.M.G., M. & Ph.D., F.R.S. 



"Omnia enim in usus suos creata sunt."— Sjnracli xxxix. 21, 22. 



IJriuteb for \\z (So&erument of JJittoria bjr 
M'CARRON, BIRD & CO., PRINTERS, 37 FLINDERS LANE WEST. 

1876. 



SELECT PLANTS 



BEADILY ELIGIBLE FOR 



littrtistrbl €nltnxt ax l^atwralisation 

IN YICTOEIA, 

WITH INDICATIONS OF THEIR NATIVE COUNTRIES 
AND SOME OF THEIR USES, 



BARON FEED. YON MUELLER, 

C.M.G., M. & Ph.D., F.E.S. 



" Omnia enim in usus suos creata sunt."— Syrach xxxix. 21, 




'^xirdzb fax tl^z ^obtxnmtnt oi Wittoxm % 
M'CARRON, BIRD & CO., FLINDERS LANE WEST, MELBOURNE. 

1876. 



I 

PREFACE. 



In the volumes, issued by our Acclimation Society from 1871 to 
1875, four contributions bave appeared, concerning such industrial 
plants as are available for culture in this colony. These writings 
were mainly offered with a view of promoting the introduction 
and diffusion of the very many kinds of plants, which in our 
geographic latitudes may be extensively reared in forests, on 
fields or pastures. The prints, thus originated, became however 
accessible merely to the members of the Society, while frequent 
calls arose for these or some similar data throughout our 
community. The whole has therefore now been reissued in a 
rearranged and largely supplemented form as a departmental 
publication with ministerial approval. As stated in the preface 
to the original essays, they do not claim completeness either 
as a specific index or as a series of notes on the respective 
technologic applicability of the plants enumerated. But what 
these writings perhaps may aspire to is the aim of bringing to- 
gether closely-arrayed some condensed notes in popular language 
on all the principal utilitarian plants hitherto known to prosper 
in extra-tropic zones. Information of this kind is widely scattered 
through many and often voluminous works in several languages, 
yet such volumes treating perhaps on countries with a climatic 
zone far more narrow than ours. Only a share of the books, 
which it was desirable to consult, were at my command, hence the 
necessity of successive further supplements, even irrespective of 



iv. 



PREFACE. 



the needful reference to future discoveries, because in tlie progress 
of geographic, medical, technologic and chemical inquiries many new 
plants of utilitarian value are likely to be disclosed, and new uses 
of known plants to be elucidated. Thus, for instance, among the 
trees and shrubs, or herbs and grasses occurring in the middle and 
higher altitudinal zones of Africa, or nearer to us of New Guinea 
and the Sunda Islands, many specific forms may be expected to 
occur, which we could transfer as well to our colony as to other 
extra-tropic countries. Indeed, the writer would modestly hope, 
that his local efforts may prove to be of usefulness also to other 
countries outside of the tropics; and in this hope he is cheered by 
the generous action of an enlightened American, Mr. Ellwood 
Cooper, the Principal of the Santa Barbara College of California, 
who deemed the publications, now here reprinted for Australian 
use, also worthy of reissue in America. It was stated before, 
that the rapid progress of tillage almost throughout our colonial 
dominion is causing more and more a desire for general and parti- 
cular indications of such plants, which a colder cKme excludes 
from the northern countries, where many of our colonists spent 
their youth ; and it must be clear to any reflecting mind, that in 
our latitudes as compared with the Middle European zones a 
vastly enlarged scope exists for cultural choice of plants. In- 
dicative as these notes merely are, yet they may thus facilitate 
the selection. More extensive information can then be followed 
up in larger works extant elsewhere, or which Australian author- 
ship may call forth for local requirements. The writer should 
even not be disinclined, under fair support and encouragement,, to 
issue collateral to the present volume also another, exclusively 
devoted to the industrial plants of the hotter zones for the pro- 
motion of tropical culture, particularly in our Australian con- 
tinent. Considerable difficulty was experienced in drawing the 
limits of the remarks admissible into the present pages, because a 
certain plant may be important only under particular climatic 
conditions and cultural applications, or it may have been over- 
rated in regard to the copiousness and relative value of its yield. 
Thus it was not always easy to sift the chaff from the grain, when 



PKEFACE. 



V. 



these notes were gathered; they might under less rigorous restric- 
tions indeed have been indefinitely extended; and although the 
author for more than twenty years has been watching for industrial 
tests the plants introduced by him into the Melbourne Botanic Garden, 
he had still to a very large extent to rely implicitly on the experience 
of other observers elsewhere. Here also it may at once be stated, 
that in all instances, when calculations of measurements and 
weights were quoted, such represent the maximum always, as far 
as hitherto on record. To draw prominent attention to the pri- 
marily important among the very many hundreds of plants, 
referred to in these pages, the leading species have been desig- 
nated with an asterisk. It has not been easy in numerous instances, 
to trace the first sources of that information on utiKtarian plants, 
which we find recorded in the various volumes of phytologic or 
technologic literature; many original observations are however 
contained in the writings of Bernardin, Bentley, Brandis, CandoUe, 
Collins, Drury, Flueckiger, Asa Gray, Grisebach, Hanbury, 
Hooker, King, Langethal, Lawson, Lindley, Loudon, Martius, 
Masters, Meehan, Michaux, Nuttall, Oliver, Pereira, Philippi, 
Porcher, Rosenthal, Seemann, Stewart, Trimen, Wittstein and also 
some others, to whose names is referred cursorily in the text. The 
volumes of the Agricultural Department of Washington, of the 
Austrian Apotheker-Yerein and of several other periodicals have 
likewise afibrded data utilised on this occasion. 

In grouping together, at the close of this volume, all the genera 
enumerated, according to the products which they yield, facility is 
afforded for tracing out any series of plants about which special 
economic infoimation may be sought, or which may prominently 
engage at any time the attention of the cultivator, the manu- 
facturer or the artisan. Again, in placing together in index-form 
the respective industrial plants according to their geographic dis- 
tribution, as has likewise been done in the concluding pages, it is 
rendered easy to order or obtain from abroad the plants of such 
other countries, with which any one of our colonists may be in rela- 
tion through commercial, literary or other intercourse. Lists like the 
present may aid also in naming the plants and their products with 



vi. 



PREFACE. 



scientific correctness in establishments of economic horticulture or 
in technologic or other educational collections. If the line of 
demarcation between the plants admissible into this list and those 
which should have been excluded has occasionally been extended 
in favour of the latter, then it must be pleaded, that the final im- 
portance of any particular species for a peculiar want, locality or 
treatment cannot often be fully foretold. Many plants of primary 
importance for our rural requirements alluded to now have long 
since been secured by the intelligent early pioneers of our colo- 
nisation, who timely strove to emich also our cultural resoiu-ces, 
and in these efibrts the wiiter, so far as his public or private means 
did CA^er permit, has endeavoured for the past quarter of a century 
to take an honourable share. But although such plants are intro- 
duced, they are not in all instances as yet widely diffused, nor in 
all desirable localities tested. For the sake of completeness even 
the most ordinary cultural plants have not been passed, as the 
opportunity seemed an apt one, to offer a few cursory remarks on 
their value. The writer entertains a hope, that a copy of this plain 
volume will be placed in the library of each of our State-schools, 
to serve educational purposes also by occasional and perhaps 
frequent reference to these pages. The increased ease of commu- 
nication, which has latterly arisen between Australia and most 
other parts of the globe, places us here now in a faii^ position for 
independent efforts, to promote introductions of new vegetable 
treasures from unexplored regions, or to submit neglected plants 
of promising value to unbiassed original tests. May it merely be 
instanced, that after the lapse of more than three centuries only 
the most scanty information is extant on the timber of Mexico, 
and that of several thousand tropical grasses not many dozen are 
tried for pastoral purposes. For inquiries of such kind every 
civilised State is striving to afford in well-planned, thoughtfully 
directed and generously supported special scientific establishments 
the needful aid, not merely for adding to the prosperity, comfort 
and enjoyment of the present generation, but also with an antici- 
pation of earning the gratitude of posterity, and this as a rule is 
done with a sensitive jealousy, to maintain also thereby for scientific 



PREFACE. 



vii. 



dignity and industrial development the fair fame of the country. 
Friendly consideration will recognise, that to arouse more and 
more such a spirit for emulation has much inspired the writer to 
offer these pages, he trusting that enlightened statesmanship far 
and wide will foster this aim. 



Melbourne, December 1876. 



/ 



SELECT PLANTS 

READILY ELIGIBLE FOR 

YICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE, 

WITH INDICATIONS OF THEIR NATIVE COUNTRIES 
AND SOME OF THEIR USES. 

AN ENUMERATION OFFERED BY 

BARON FEED. VON MUELLER, 

C.M.G., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., &c. 



Aberia Caffra, Hooker. 

The Kai- Apple of Natal and Caffraria. This tall shrub 
serves for hedges. The rather large fruits are edible, and can 
be converted into preserves. Allied South African sjDecies 
are A. Zeyheri and A. tristis (Sender). 

Acacia acuminata, Bentham. 

A kind of Myall from Western Australia, attaining a height 
of forty feet. 

Acacia Arabica, Willdenow. 

North and Central Africa, also in South- West Asia, growing 
in dry calcareous soil. This small tree can be utilised for 
thorny hedges, as also A, Seyal (Delile) and A. tortilis 
(Forskael). They all furnish the best Gum Arabic for medi- 
cinal and technical purposes. The Lac-insect lives also on 
the foliage, and thus in Sind the Lac is mainly yielded by 
this tree. The stem attains a circumference of ten feet. The 
astringent pods are valuable for tanning; the wood, known 
as "Sunt," is esteemed for planks of boats. A. gummifera 
(Willd.) and A. Ehrenbergiana (Hayne) are among the 
species, and yield Gum Arabic in North Africa. 

Acacia Cavenia, Hooker and Arnott. 

The Espino of the present inhabitants of Chili, the Cavan of 
the former population. A small tree with exceedingly hard 
wood, resisting underground moisture. The plant is well 
adapted for hedges. The pods, called Quirinca, serve as cattle 
food (Dr. Philippi). 

B 



2 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Acacia concinna, CandoUe. 

India. Praised by Dr. Cleghorn as a valuable hedge-shrub. 
The pod contains Saponin. So is likewise A. latronum. 
(Willd.), a hedge-bush. 



Acacia decurrens, Willdenow. (A. molUssima, Willd.; A. 
dealhata, Link.) 

The Black Wattle and Silver Wattle. From the eastern part 
of South Australia, through Victoria and New South Wales, 
to the southern part of Queensland; in open plains a small 
or middle-sized tree, in deep forest recesses a lofty tree of 
singularly rapid growth. Its wood can be used for staves 
and many other purposes, but a chief use would be to afford 
the first shelter, in treeless localities, for raising forests. Its 
bark, rich in tannin, and its gum, not dissimilar to Gum 
Arabic, render this tree also important. The English price 
of the bark ranges generally from ,£8 to £11. It varies, so 
far as experiments under my direction have shown, in its 
contents of tannin from 18 to 33 per cent. In the mercantile 
bark the percentage is somewhat less, according to the state 
of its dryness — it retaining about 10 per cent, moisture. 
Any bare barren imutilised places might here be somi most 
remuneratively with the seeds of this Wattle-Acacia, to 
secure a regular and continuous supply of the bark, which 
necessarily must fall off under the indiscriminate arrange- 
ments of obtaining the bark from the natural localities of 
growth. The return would be within very few years; IJlb. 
of Black Wattle bark gives lib. of leather, whereas 51bs. of 
English Oak bark are requisite for the same results, but the 
tannic principle is not absolutely identical. The bark of the 
variety passing usually as the Silver Wattle (Acacia deal- 
bata, Link), is generally of less value, often even fetching 
only half the price of that of the Black Wattle. The 
tannin of these Acacise yields a grey precipitate with the 
oxyde of salts of iron, and a violet colour with sub-oxydes; 
it is completely thrown down from a strong aqueous solution 
by means of concentrated sulphuric acid. The bark 
improves by age and desiccation, and yields about 40 per 
cent, of catechu, rather more than half of which is tannic 
acid. Bichromate of potash added in a minute quantity to 
the boiling solution of mimosa-tannin produces a ruby-red 
liquid, fit for dye-purposes, and this solution gives with the 
salts of sub-oxyde of iron black pigments, and with the salts 
of the full oxyde of iron red-brown dyes. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



3 



Acacia falcata, Willdenow. 

East Australia. One of the best of trees for raising a woody 
vegetation on drift-sand, as particularly proved at the Cape 
of Good Hope. Other species serve the same purpose, for 
instance — A. pycnantha, A. saligna, A. cyanophylla, A. 
salicina. 

Acacia Farnesiana, Willdenow. 

Dioscorides' small Acacia. Indigenous to South Asia; found 
westward as far as Japan; a native also of the warmer 
parts of Australia, as far south as the Darling Kiver; found 
spontaneously in tropical and sub-tropical America, but ap- 
parently not in tropical Africa. Professor Fraas has recog- 
nised in this Acacia the ancient plant. The scented flowers 
are much sought after for perfumery. This may also be 
utilised as a hedge-plant, and a kind of Gum Arabic may be 
obtained from it. 

Acacia fasciculifera, F. v. Mueller. 

South Queensland. Desirable for culture on account of the 
excellence of its easily- worked wood. 

Acacia glaucescens, Willdenow. 

Queensland and New South Wales. Extreme height, about 
sixty feet. A kind of Myall, with hard, dark, prettily- 
grained but less scented wood. 

Acacia harpophylla, F. v. Mueller. 

Southern Queensland, where this tree, according to Mi\ 
Thozet, furnishes a considerable share of the mercantile 
wattle-bark for tanning purposes. Wood, according to Mr. 
O'Shanesy, brown, hard, heavy and elastic, used by the 
natives for spears. 

Acacia homalophylla, Cunningham. 

The Victorian Myall, extending into the deserts of New 
South Wales. The dark-brown wood is much sought for 
turner's work on account of its solidity and fragrance ; per- 
haps its most extensive use is in the manufacture of tobacco- 
pipes. Never a tall tree. 

Acacia horrida, Willdenow. 

The Doornboom or Karra-Doorn of South Africa. A for- 
midable hedge-bush, Avith thorns often three inches long, 
readily available for impenetrable hedge-copses. It exudes 
also a good kind of gum. So A. Giraffse (Burchell). 

Acacia Melanoxylon, R. Brown. 

The well-known Blackwood of our river-flats and moist 
forest-valleys, passing also under the inappropriate name of 
B 2 



4 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Lightwood. In irrigated valleys of deep soil the tree will 
attain a height of eighty feet, with a stem several feet in 
diameter. The wood is most valuable for furniture, railway 
carriages, boat-building, casks, billiard-tables, pianofortes 
(for sound-boards and actions), and numerous other pur- 
poses. The fine-grained wood is cut into veneers. It takes 
a fine polish, and is considered almost equal to Walnut. 
Our best wood for bending under steam. For further details 
refer to the volumes of the Melbourne Exhibitions of 1862 
and 1867. 

Acacia pendula, All. Cunningham. 

New South Wales and Queensland. Generally in marshy- 
tracts of the interior. One of the Myall-trees. 

Acacia pycnantha, Bentham.* 

Victoria and South Australia. Though frequent in many 
parts of our colony, this tree, known as the Golden Wattle,, 
deserves even here extensive cultivation, mainly for the sake 
of its bark, rich in tannin. It is of rapid growth, will 
succeed even in sandy tracts, and yields seeds copiously, 
which germinate with the greatest ease. One of the most 
important trees for binding waste sands. It is never a large 
tree. By improved methods the fragrant oil of the flowers 
could doubtless be fixed, though its isolation might be 
dif&cult and unremunerative. Experiments in the writer's 
laboratory have shown that the perfectly dried bark contains 
about 25 per cent, of mimosa-tannin. The aqueous infusion 
of the bark can be reduced by boiling to a dry extract, 
which in medicinal and other respects is equal to the best 
Indian catechu, as derived from Acacia catechu and A. 
sundra. It yields approximately 30 per cent., about half of 
which or more is mimosa tannic acid. This catechu is also 
of great use for preserving against decay articles subject to 
exposure in water, such as ropes, nets, fishing-lines, &c. 
While, according to Mr. Simmons, the import of the bark of 
oaks and hemlock-spruce into England becomes every year 
less, and while the import of sumach and gambir does not 
increase, the annual demand has, since the last twenty years, 
become doubled. Probably, no other tanning plants give so 
quick a return in cultivation as our Acacia pycnantha, and 
particularly A. decurrens. 

Acacia saligna, Wendland. 

South- West Australia, where it is 'the principal tree chosen 
for tanner's bark. It is a wide-spreading small tree, fit for 
avenues. The bark contains nearly 30 per cent, of mimosa- 
tannin. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



5 



Acacia Seyal, Delile. 

In the Libyan and Nubian deserts. This thorny tree exudes 
a good kind of Gum Arabic. It is adapted for the most 
arid desert country. In any oasis it forms a large and shady 
tree. 

Acacia stenophylla, A. Cunningham. 

On banks of watercourses in the interior of Australia, as far 
south as the Murray River. A tree with exquisite hard dark 
wood, serving like Myall-wood. 

Acacia Verek, Guillemin and Perrottet. 

From Senegambia to Nubia. Affords the best white Gum 
Arabic of the Nile region, and a large quantity of this com- 
mercial article. A. Etbaica (Schweinf.) from the same region 
produces also a good mercantile gum. 

Acer campestre, Linne. 

The British Maple. Extends from Middle Europe to North 
Asia. Height forty feet, in shelter and deep soil ; the yellow 
and purple tints of its foliage in autumn render the tree then 
particularly beautiful. The wood is compact and fine-grained, 
and sought for choice furniture. The tree can be trimmed 
for hedge-growth. Comparatively quick of growth, and easily 
raised from seed. These remarks apply to many kinds of 
Maples. 

Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhart. 

The White Maple of North America. Likes rather a warmer 
climate than the other American Maples, and therefore par- 
ticularly desirable for us here. Height fifty feet; wood pale 
and soft, stem sometimes nine feet in diameter. Much 
praised for street-planting; growth comparatively rapid. It 
produces no suckers, nor is the tree subject to disease. A 
most beautiful tree, with a stout stem and a magnificent 
crown, growing best on the banks of rivers with limpid 
water and a gravelly bed, but never in swampy ground, 
where the Red Maple takes its place. The wood is of less 
strength and durability than that of its congeners, but pro- 
duces excellent charcoal. The tree also yields Maple-sugar, 
though not in such quantity as A. saccharinum. 

Acer macrophyllum, Pursh. 

Large Oregon-Maple. Tree up to ninety feet high, of quick 
growth ; stem attaining sixteen feet in circumference ; wood 
whitish, beautifully .veined. A beautiful shade-tree; delights 
on banks of streams. The inner bark can be utilised for 
baskets and superior mats; the wood is a substitute for 
hickory. 



6 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Acer Negundo, Linne. 

The Box-Elder of North America. A tree, deciduous like 
the rest of the Maples; attains a height of about fifty feet, 
and is rich in saccharine sap. Proved well adapted for our 
country. In California it is used extensively as a shade-tree. 

Acer palmatum, Thunberg. 

This beautiful tree with deeply-cleft leaves is indigenous to 
Japan, where various varieties with red and yellow tinged 
leaves occur. Should it be an aim to bring together all the 
kinds of Maples which could be easily grown in appropriate 
spots of Victoria, then J apan alone would furnish twenty-fi.ve 
species. 

Acer plantanoides, Linne. 

The Norway-Maple, extending south to S^vitzerland. Up to 
seventy feet high. The pale wood much used by cabinet- 
^ makers. Tint of the autumn-foliage golden yellow. A tree 
of imposing appearance, much recommended for ornamental 
gardening; it gives a denser shade than the other Maples. 

Acer Pseudo-platanus, Linne. 

The Sycamore-Maple or Spurious Plane. Attains a height 
of over 100 feet. The wood is compact and firm^ valuable 
for various implements, instruments, and cabinet-work. It 
furnishes like some other Maples a superior charcoal. Will 
admit of exposure to sea-air. The sap also saccharine. 

Acer rubrum, Linne. 

The Ped Maple of North America. A tree attaining eighty 
feet, fond of swampy places; wood close-grained. Grows well 
with several other Maples, even in dry open localities of this 
part of Austi'alia, although the foliage may somewhat suffer 
from our hot winds. The foliage turns red in autumn. The 
tree grows most luxuriantly in swampy fertile soil. The wood 
is of handsome appearance, used in considerable quantity for 
saddle-trees, yokes, chairs and other furniture. That of old 
trees is sometimes cross-grained, and thus furnishes a portion 
of the curled Maple-wood, which is very beautiful and much 
in request for gun-stocks and inlaying. The tree yields also 
Maple-sugar, but like A. dasycarpum only in about half the 
quantity obtainable from A. saccharinum (Porcher). 

Acer saccharinum, Wangenheim.*" 

The Sugary Pock, or Hard Maple; one of the largest of the 
Maples. In the colder latitudes of North America, eighty 
feet high. The wood is strong, of rosy tinge, and when well- 
seasoned used for axle-trees, spokes, also for chairs; when 
knotty or curly it furnishes the birdseye and curly maple- 
wood. In the depth of winter the trees, when tapped, will 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



7 



yield the saccharine fluid, which is so extensively converted 
into Maple-sugar, each tree yielding two to four lb. a year. 
The trees can be tapped for very many years in succession, 
without injury. According to Porcher instances are on 
record of 33 lbs. of sugar having been obtaiaed from a 
single tree in one season. The Sugar-Maple is rich in potash, 
furnishing a large proportion of this article in the United 
States. The bark is an important constituent in several of 
the Americon dyes. The tree is particularly recommended 
for our alpine regions. It bears a massive head of foliage 
on a slender stem. The autumnal colouring is superb. In 
the Eastern States of Korth America the Sugar-Maple is 
regarded as the best tree for shade-avenues. Numerous other 
Maples exist, among which as the tallest may be mentioned 
Acer Creticum (L.) of South Europe, forty feet; A. Ijeviga- 
tum, A. sterculiaceum and A. ^dllosum (Wallich) of Nepal, 
fifty feet ; A. pictum (Thunb.) of Japan, thirty feet. 

Achillea Millefolium, Linne. 

Yarrow or Millfoil. Europe, Northern Asia and North 
America. A perennial medicinal herb of considerable astrin- 
gency, pervaded with essential oil, containing also a bitter 
principle (Achillein) and a peculiar acid, which takes its 
name from the generic appellation of the plant. 

Achillea moschata, Wulfen. 

Alps of Europe. The Genipi or Iva of the alpine inha- 
bitants. This perennial herb ought to be transferred to our 
snowy mountains. With the allied A. nana (L.) and A. 
atrata (L,), it enters as a component into the aromatic 
medicinal Swiss tea. Many species of this genus, including 
the Yarrow, are wholesome to sheep. A. fragrantissima 
(Reichenbach) is a shrubby species from the deserts of Egypt, 
valuable for its medicinal flowers. 

Achras sapota, Linne. 

The Sapodilla-Plum of West India and Central Continental 
America. It is not improbable that this fine evergreen tree 
would produce its delicious fruit in East Gipps Land within 
Victorian boundaries, as tall palms and many other plants of 
tropical type occur there. Moreover Achras Australis, a tree 
yielding also tolerable good fruit, occurs as far south as 
Kiama in New South Wales, where the clime is very similar 
to that of many forest-regions of Victoria. Other sapotaceous 
trees, producing table-fruit, such as the Lucuma mamosa 
(the Marmalade-tree), Lucuma Bonplandi, Chrysophyllum 
Cainito (the Star- Apple), all from West India ; and Lucuma 
Caimito of Peru might also be subjected to trial-culture in. 



8 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



our warmest forest-valleys ; so furthermore many of the 
trees of this order, from which gutta-percha is obtained 
(species of Isonandra, Sideroxylon, Ceratophorus, Cacosman- 
thus, Bassia, Mimusops and Imbricaria), may prove hardy in 
our sheltered woodlands, as they seem to need rather an 
equable humid mild clime than the heat of the torrid zone. 

Aconitum Napellus, Linne. 

The Monk's Hood. In the colder, especially mountainous 
parts of Europe and Northern Asia. A powerful medicinal 
plant of perennial growth, but sometimes only of biennial 
duration, variable in its forms.* It was first introduced into 
Australia, together with a number of other Aconits, by the 
writer of this communication. All the species possess more 
or less modified medicinal qualities, as well in their herb as in 
their root ; but so dangerously powerful are they, that the 
plants can only be administered by the exercise of legitimate 
medical practice. Napellus-root, according to Dr. Wittstein, 
contains three alkaloids ; Aconitin, Napellin and Narcotin. 
The foliage contains also a highly acrid, volatile principle, 
perhaps chemically not unlike that of many other Hanun- 
culacese. Aconitin, one of the most potent of any of the 
medicinal substances in existence, can likewise be obtained 
from the ISTepalese Aconitum ferox, and probably from several 
other species of the genus. 

Acorus Calamus, Linn^. 

The Sweet Flag. Europe, Middle and North Asia, North 
America. A perennial pond or lake plant. The somewhat 
aromatic root is used as a stomachic, and also in the pre- 
paration of confectionery, in the distillation of gin and 
liqueurs, and in the brewing of some kinds of beer. The 
flavour of the root depends mainly on a peculiar volatile oil. 

Actaea spicata, Linne. 

The Baneberry. On forest-mountains, mainly in limestone 
soil of Europe, North Asia and North America. A 
perennial medicinal herb. Its virtue depends on peculiar 
acrid and bitter, as well as tonic principles. In North 
America, this species, and likewise A. alba, are also praised 
as efiicacious antidotes against ophidian poisons. 

Adenostemum nitidum, Persoon. 

South Chili, where this stately tree passes by the appel- 
lations : Queule, Nuble and Aracua. Wood durable and 
beautifully veined. Fruit edible. 

Adesmia balsamica, Bertero. 

The Jarilla of Chili. A small shrub, remarkable for exuding 
a fragrant balsam of some technic value. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



9 



^giceras majus, Gaertner. 

South Asia, Polynesia, North and East Australia. This 
spurious Mangrove-tree extends far south in New South 
Wales. It may be employed for staying the off-flow of mud 
by the tide, and for thus consolidating shores subject to 
inundation by sea-floods. 

^schynomene aspera, Linne. 

The Solah of tropical Asia. A large perennial erect or 
floating swamp-plant, probably hardy in the warmer tracts 
of our colony. Introduced from the Botanic Gardens of 
Melbourne into the tropical parts of Australia. The pith- 
hats are made from the young stems of this plant. The Solah 
is of less importance for cultivation than for naturalisation. 

^sculus Hippocastanum, Linne. 

The Horse-Chestnut tree. Indigenous to Central Asia. One 
of the most showy of deciduous trees, more particularly 
when during spring "it has reached the meridian of its 
glory, and stands forth in all the gorgeousness of leaves and 
blossoms." Height sixty feet. It will succeed in sandy soil 
on sheltered spots ; the wood adapted for furniture ; the seeds 
a food for A^arious domestic anim^alsj the bark a good tanning 
material. The wood remains free from insects. The tree 
ascends the Himalayas up to 10,000 feet. A variety occurs 
with thornless fruits. Three species occur in Japan, and 
several, but none of great height, in North America and 
South Asia. 

Agaricus Caesareus, Schafier. 

In the spruce-forests of Middle and South Europe. Trials 
might be made to naturalise this long-famed and highly deli- 
cious Mushroom in our forests when spruce-fir plantations are 
made. It attains a width of nearly one foot, and is of a 
magnificent orange colour. Numerous other edible Agarics 
could doubtless be brought into these southern colonies by 
the mere dissemination of the spores at apt localities. As 
large or otherwise specially eligible may here be mentioned 
A. extinctorius (L.), A. melleus (Yahl.), A. deliciosus (L.), 
A. giganteus (Sowerby), A. Cardarella (Ft.), A. Marzuolus 
(Fr.), A. eringii (Cand,), A. splendens (Pers.), A. odorus 
(BuUiard), A. auricula (Cand.), A. oreades (Bolt.), A. escu- 
lentus (Wulf ), A. mouceron (Tratt.), A. socialis (Cand.), all 
from Europe, besides numerous other highly valuable species 
from other parts of the globe. 

Agave Americana, Linn^. 

The gigantic Aloe of Central America. It comes here into 
flower in about ten years. The pithy stem can be utilised 



10 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



for some of the purposes for which cork is usually employed, 
for instance, to form the bottoms of insect-cases. The honey- 
sucking birds and the bees are very fond of the flowers of 
this prodigious plant. The leaves of this and some other 
Agaves, such as A. Mexicana, furnish the strong Pita-fibre, 
which is adapted for ropes, and even for beautiful textile 
fabrics. The strength of ropes of this fibre is considerably 
greater than that of hemp ropes, as well in as out of water. 
The leaves contain Saponin. The sap can be converted into 
alcohol, and thus the "Pulque" beverage is prepared from 
the young flower-stems. "Where space and circumstances- 
admit of it, impenetrable hedges may be raised in the course 
of some years from Agaves. 

Agave rigida, Miller. (A. Ixtii, Karwinsky.) 

Yucatan. The Chelem, Henequen and Sacci of the Mexi- 
cans, furnishing the Sisal-hemp. Drs. Perrine, Scott and 
Engelmann indicate several varieties of this stately plant, the 
fibre being therefore also variable both in quantity and 
quality. The yield of fibre begins in four or five years, and 
lasts for half a century or more, the plant being prevented 
from flowering by cutting away its flowerstalk when very 
young. The leaves are from two to six feet long and two to 
six inches wide ; the flower-stem attains a height of twenty- 
five feet, the panicle of flowers about eight feet long, bearing 
in abundance bulb-like buds. Other large species of Agave, 
all fibre-yielding, are A. antillarum (Descourtil), from Hayti; 
A. Parryi (Engelmann), from New Mexico; A. Palmeri 
(Engelmann), from South Aiizona, up to an elevation of 6000 
feet. 

Agrostis alba, Linne. 

The Fiorin or White Bent-grass. Europe, North and 
Middle Asia, North Africa, North America. Perennial, 
showing a predilection for moisture; can be grown on peat- 
soil. It is the Herd-gi-ass of the United States. It is 
valuable as an admixture to many other grasses, as it be- 
comes available at the season when some of them fail. Sinclair 
regards it as a pasture-grass inferior to Festuca pratensis and 
Dactylis glomerata, but superior to Alopecurus pratensis. 
The variety with long suckers (A. stolonifera) is best adapted 
for sandy pastures, and helps to bind shifting sand on the sea- 
coast, or broken soil on river-banks. It has a predilection 
for moisture, and luxuriates even on saline or wet soil or 
periodically inundated places, as well observed by Langethal. 
It is more a grass for cattle-country than for sheep-country, 
but wherever it is to grow the soil must be penetrable. Its 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



11 



turf on coast-meadows is pai-ticularlv dense and of remarkable 
fineness. For sowing cnlj one-sixth of the weight of the 
seeds as compared with those of the Rye-grass is needed. 

Agrostis rubra, Linne. (A. borealis, Hartmann). 

Northern EurojDe, Asia, and America. A perennial grass 
called Red-top, and also Herd-grass in the United States of 
North America. Mr. Meehan places it for pastoral value 
among grasses cultivated there next after Phleum pratense 
and Poa pratensis (the latter there called Blue-grass), and 
before Dactylis giomerata (the Orchard-grass of the United 
States). 

Agrostis scabra, Willdenow.^ 

The Hair-grass of North America. Recently recommended 
as one of the best lawn-grasses, formino- a dense turf. It 
will grow even on poor gravelly soil, and endure drought as 
well as extreme cold. Its fine roots and suckers spread 
rapidly, forming soon dense matted sods (according to Dr. 
Channing). It starts into new gro^^-th immediately after 
being cut; is for its sweetness picked by pasture animals 
preferentially; has proved one of the best grasses for dairy 
gTound; and suppresses weeds like Hordeum secalinum. One 
bushel of seed to an acre is used for pasture-land, two bushels 
for lawns. 

Agrostis vulgaris. Withering. 

Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia, North America. One of 
the perennial gTasses which disseminate themselves with 
celerity, even over the w*orst of sandy soils. Though not a 
tall gi'ass, it may be destined to contribute perhaps vi.th Aii'a 
canescens and others largely to the gTazing capabilities of the 
Australian desert lands; yet it will thrive also even in moist 
soil and alpine regions, and is essentially a grass for sheep- 
country. 

Ailantus glandulosa, Linne. 

South-Eastern Asia. A hardy deciduous tree, sixty feet high, 
of rather rapid gi'owth, and of very imposing aspect in any 
landscape. Particularly valuable on account of its leaves, 
which afford food to a silkworm (Bombyx Cynthia), peculiar 
to this tree; wood extremely durable, pale yellow, of silky 
lustre when planed, and therefore valuable for joiners' work. 
In South Europe planted for avenues. Valuable also for 
reclaiming coast-sands. 

Aira caespitosa, Linne. 

Widely dispersed over the globe. A fodder-grass, to be 
utilised for moist meadows. 



12 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Albizzia dulcis, F. v. Mueller. (Pithecolohium dulce, Bentham.) 
Mexico. A valuable liedge-plant. Tlie sweet pulp of the 
pod is wliolesome. 

Albizzia Julibrissin, Durazzini. 

From Persia to Japan. A favourite ornamental sliade- Acacia 
in South Europe. 

Albizzia latisiliqua, F. v. Mueller. {Lijsiloma latisiliqua, 
Bentham.) 

Tropical America. A large spreading tree, probably hardy 
in the warmer tracts of Victoria. Diameter of trunk to 
three feet; wood excellent for select cabinet-work, excelling 
according to Nuttall the Mahogany in its variable shining 
tints, which appear like watered satin; it is white, hard, and 
close-grained. 

Albizzia Lebbek, Bentham. 

The Siris-Acacia of South Asia. Available in the warmer 
parts of our colony as a shade-tree. It j)roduces also a good 
deal of gum. 

Albizzia lophantha, Bentham. {Acacia lophantha, Willde- 
now.) 

South- West Australia. One of the most rapidly-gi-OTving 
trees for copses and first temporary shelter in exposed locali- 
ties, but never attaining to the size of a real tree. It pro- 
duces seeds abundantly, which germinate most easily. For 
the most desolate places, especially in desert tracts, it is of 
great importance to create quickly shade, shelter, and copious 
vegetation. Cattle browse on the leaves. The bark contains 
only about 8 per cent, mimosa-tannin; but Mr. Hummel found 
in the dry root about 10 per cent, of saponin, valuable in silk 
and wool factories. 

Albizzia Saman, F. v. Mueller. {Pithecolohium Saman, Benth.) 
Mexico. A lofty tree, particularly valuable for Avet saline 
country, probably hardy in the warmer parts of our colony. 
The pulpy pods are edible. 

Aletris farinosa, Linne. 

The Colic-Boot of the woodlands of North America. This 
pretty herb is of extreme bitterness, and can be medicinally 
administered as a tonic. 

Aleurites cordata, B. Brown. 

From Japan to Nepal, also in Bourbon. This tree for its 
beauty and durable wood deserves introduction into our plan- 
tations in the warm and humid districts. The oil of the 
seeds serves as varnish. Perhaps also in localities free of 
frost, would be of sufficiently quick growth the A. triloba 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



13 



(R. and G. Foster), the Candlenut-tree, a native of the 
tropics of both hemispheres, which furnishes a valuable dye 
from its fruits, and copious oil from its seeds. I found the 
tree able to endure the winters of Melbourne. 

Alkanna tinctoria, Tausch. 

On sandy places around the Mediterranean Sea. It yields 
the Alkanna-root, used for dyeing oleaginous and other 
substances. It might be naturalised. 

Allium Canadense, Kalm. 

North American Garlic. Could be cultivated or naturalised 
on moist meadows for the sake of its top bulbs, which are 
much sought for pickles of superior flavour. 

Allium roseum, Linne. 

Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. This, with Allium 
Neapolitanum (Cyrillo), one of its companions, yields edible 
roots, according to Heldreich. 

Allium Schoenoprasum, Linne. 

The Chives. Europe, Northern Asia and North America. 
Available for salads and condiments. This species of Allium 
seems not yet so generally adopted in our culinary cultivation 
as Allium Ascalonicum (the Shallot), A. Cepa (the ordinary 
Onion), A. fistulosum (the Welsh Onion), A. Porrum (the 
Leek) or A. sativum (the Garlic). A. Scorodoprasum, or 
the Sand-Leek of Europe and North Africa, resembles both 
Garlic and Shallot. A. Ampeloprasum is the British Leek, 
which extends over Middle and South Europe and West 
Asia, called in culture the Summer-Leek, a variety of which 
is the Early Pearl Leek. 

Alnus glutinosa, Gaertner. 

The ordinary Alder. Throughout Europe and extra-tropical 
Asia, up to seventy feet high ; well adapted for river-banks ; 
wood soft and light, turning red, furnishing one of the best 
charcoals for gunpowder ; it is also durable under water, and 
adapted for turners' and joiners' work. The wood is also 
well suited for pump-trees and other underground work, as 
it will harden almost like stone. The tree is valuable for the 
utilisation of bop[-land. A. incana (Willd.) extends to North 
America ; it is of smaller size. The bark of several Alders 
is of great medicinal value, and a decoction will give to cloth 
saturated with ley an indelible orange colour (Porcher); it 
contains a peculiar tannic principle. 

Aloe dichotoma, Linne fil. 

Damara and Namaqua-land. This species attains a height of 
thirty feet and expands occasionally with its branches so far 



14 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

as to give a circumference of forty feet. The stem is 
remarkably smootla, with a girth sometimes of twelve feet. 
It is a yellow flowering species. A. Bainesii (Baker & Dyer) 
is almost as gigantic as the foregoing. Both doubtless yield 
medical gum-resin like many others. A. Barberae, which is 
closely related to A. Zeyheri, attains in Caffraria a height 
of forty feet, with a stem sixteen feet in circumference at 
three feet from the ground. 
Aloe ferox, Miller. 

South Africa. This species yields the best Cape- Aloe, as 
observed by Dr. Pappe. The simply inspissated juice of the 
leaves of the various species of this genus constitutes the 
Aloe drug. It is best obtained by using neither heat nor 
pressure for extracting the sap. By redissolving the aqueous 
part in cold water, and reducing the liquid through boiling 
to dryness, the extract of Aloes is prepared. All species are 
highly valuable in our colony, where they are hardy, and can 
be used, irrespective of their medicinal importance, to 
beautify any rocky or otherwise arid spot. 

Aloe linguiformis, Miller. 

South Africa. According to Thimberg, from this species the 
purest gum-resin is obtained. 

Aloe plicatilis, Miller. 

South Africa. The drug of this species acts milder than 
that of A. ferox. 

Aloe purpurascens, Haworth. 

South Africa. Again one of the plants which furnish the 
Cape Aloe of commerce. The South African Aloe abor- 
escens (Miller) and A. Commelyni (Willdenow) are also 
drawn into use for Aloe, according to Baillon, Saunders and 
Hanbury. 

Aloe socotrina, Lamarck. (A. vera, Linne). 

Hills of the Island of Socotra. Extending as a native plant 
along the Bed Sea and the shores of India. Also cultivated 
in Barbadoes and elsewhere, thus yielding the Socotrin-Aloe 
and Moka-Aloe. 

Aloe spicata, Thunberg. 

South Africa. This also provides Cape-Aloe. It is an 
exceedingly handsome plant. 

Aloe vulgaris, Lamarck. 

The Yellow-flowered Aloe. Countries aroimd the Mediter- 
ranean Sea, also Canary Islands, on the sandy or rocky sea- 
coast. Such places could also here readily be utilised for this 
and allied plants. Dr. Sib thorp identified this species with 
the 'AXoT? of Dioscorides ; hence it is not probable, that A. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



15 



vulgaris is simultaneously also of American origin, although 
it is cultivated in the Antilles, and furnishes from thence the 
main supply of the Barbadoes-Aloe. In East India this 
species is also seemingly only existing in a cultivated state. 
Hawortli found the leaves of this and of A. striata softer 
and more succulent than those of any other Aloe. It is said 
to be the only species with yellow flowers among those early 
known. It is also this species only, which Professor Will- 
komm and Professor Parlatore record as truly wild in Spain 
and Italy. 

Aloe Zeyheri, Harvey. 

South Africa. A magnificent, very tall species, doubtless 
valuable like the rest. 

Aloexylon Agallochum, Lom-eiro. 

Cochinchina, on the highest mountains; thus this tree would 
probably prove hardy here. The precious Aloe-Avood, so 
famed for its balsamic fragrance and medicinal properties, is 
derived from this tree. 

Alopecurus bulbosus, Linne. 

Middle and South Europe. An important grass for salt 
marshes. 

Alopecurus geniculatus, Linn6. 

Europe, Asia, North Africa. A good fodder-grass for swampy 
ground; easily naturalised. 

Alopecurus pratensis, Linn6. 

Meadow-Foxtail Grass. Europe, North Africa, North and 
Middle Asia. One of the best of perennial pasture-grasses. 
Though so extensively cultivated for years in our colony, it 
is mentioned, for completeness' sake, in this list. It attains 
to its full perfection only after a few years' growth, as 
noticed by Sinclair. For this reason, it is not equal to 
Dactylis glomerata for the purpose of changing crops. 
Otherwise it is more nutritious than the latter, although the 
annual return in Britain proved less. Sheep thrive well on 
it. Sinclair and others found that this grass, when exclu- 
sively combined with white clover, will support from the 
second season five ewes and five lambs on an acre of sandy 
loam. But this grass, to thrive well, needs land not alto- 
gether dry. In all permanent artificial pastures this Alope- 
curus should form one of the principal ingredients, because it 
is so lasting and so nutritive. In our Alpine regions it would 
also prove prolific, and might convert many places there 
gradually into summer-runs. It is early-flowering, and likes 
the presence of lime in the soil. 



16 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Alstonia constricta, F. v. Mueller. 

Warmer parts of East Australia, particularly in the dry- 
inland districts. The bark of this small tree is aromatic- 
bitter, and regarded as valuable in ague, also as a general 
tonic. 

Alstroemeria pallida, Graham. 

Chili. Palatable starch can be obtained from the root of this 
plant, which, for its loveliness alone, deserves a place in any 
garden. The tubers of others of the numerous Alstroemerias 
can doubtless be utilised in a similar technic manner. 

Althaea officinalis, Linne. 

The Eeal Marsh-Mallow. Europe, North Africa, North and 
Middle Asia. A tall perennial herb, with handsome flowers. 
The mucilaginous root and also the foliage are used for medici- 
nal purposes. The plant succeeds best on damp, somewhat 
saline soil. 

Amarantus Blitum, Linne. 

South Europe, North Africa, South West Asia. This annual 
herb is a favourite plant among allied ones for spinage; but 
not only species of this genus, but also many other Amaran- 
taceae serve as culinary herbs. 

Amarantus paniculatus, Linne. 

In tropical countries of Asia and also America. An annual 
herb, yielding half a pound of floury nutritious seeds on a 
square yard of groimd in three months, according to E-oxbui'gh. 
Extensively cultivated in India. 

Amelanchier Botryapium, Candolle. 

The Grape-Pear of North America. This fruit-tree attains a 
height of thirty feet. The purplish fruits are small, but of 
pleasant taste, and ripen early in the season. This bush or 
tree will live in sandsoil; but it is one of those hardy kinds 
particularly eligible for our Alps. 

Amyris terebinthifolia, Tenore. 

Brazil. Is here perfectly hardy, and is content in dry ground 
without any irrigation. It proved one of the best among the 
smaller avenue-trees, is beautifully spreading and umbrageous 
and probably of medicinal value. 

Anacyclus Pyrethrum, Candolle. 

Countries near the Mediterranean Sea. The root is used 
medicinally. 

Andropogon argenteus, Candolle. 

Pronounced by Leybold to be one of the best fodder-grasses 
of the Cordilleras of Chili. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



17 



Andropogon avenaceus, Micliaiix. (Sorghum avenaceum, 
Willd.) 

Kortli and Central America. Tliis tall perennial gi-ass lives 
in diy, sandy soil, and should here be tried for growth of 
fodder. 

Andropogon bicolor, Roxburgh. 

Warmer parts of Asia. One of the annual tall Sorghums. 
It ripens its seeds in three or four months from the time of 
sowing, the produce in good soil being often upwards of one 
hundi'edfold. It is a wholesome gi'ain. 

Andropogon Calamus, Eoyle. 

Central India. The Sweet Calamus of the Ancients. From 
this species the Gingergrass Oil of Nemaur is distilled, an 
article much used in perfumery. 

Andropogon cernuus, Koxburgh. {Sorghum cemuum, 
Willd.) 

One of the Guinea Corns. India, where it is much culti- 
vated, and so also in other tropical countries. It is perennial, 
and foims the ''staff of life of the mountaineers" beyond 
Eengal. It reaches a height of 15 feet, with leaves over 
three feet lono-. The thick stems are rootino- at the lower 
joints, and cattle are very fond of them. The grain is white. 
The specific limits of the various Sorghums are not well 
ascertained. 

Andropogon citratus, Candolle. 

The Lemon Grass of India, It yields an essential oil for 
perfumeiyj besides it is occasionally used for tea. This 
applies as well to Andropogon Nardus, L., and some allied 
grasses. 

Andropogon Haleppensis, Sibthorp. 

South Europe, warmer parts of Asia and ISTorth Africa. A 
rich perennial grass, cultivated often under the name of Cuba 
Grass. In our colony hardy up to 2000 feet elevation. 

Andropogon Ivarancusa, Eoxburgh. 

One of the fragTant gTasses of North India, much used like 
A. Schcenanthus. 

Andropogon Martini, Eoxburgh. {A. Jlexuosus, Nees.) 

On the mountains of India. The fragant Citronella Oil is 
distilled in Ceylon and elsewhere from the leaves of this 
species. General Martin observed, that cattle are voraciously 
fond of this grass ; but it imparts its fragrance to meat and 
milk. 

Andropogon muricatus, Eetzius. 

India. A swamp-grass, with delightfully fragrant roots. 



c 



18 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Andropogon nutans, Linne. {Sorghum nutans, Gray.) 

North America. A tall, nutritious, perennial grass, content 
with dry and barren soil. 

Andropogon pertusus, Willdenow. 

South Asia, tropical and sub-tropical Australia. Perennial. 
Mr. Nixon, of Benalla, regards it as one of the best grasses 
to withstand long droughts, while it will bear any amount of 
feeding. A. Haleppensis (recorded before) yields a very 
large hay-crop for mowing, as it may be cut half-a-dozen 
times in a season, should the land be rich. All kinds of 
stock have a predilection for this grass. It will mat the soil 
with its deep and spreading roots ; hence it should be kept 
from cultivated fields. 

Andropogon saccharatus, Roxburgh. {Sorghum saccJm- 
ratum, Pers.) 

Tropical Asia. The Broom-Corn. A tall annual species, 
splendid as a fodder-grass. Prom the saccharine juice sugar 
is obtainable. A sample of such, prepared from plants of 
the Melbourne Botanic Garden, was shown at the Exhibition 
of 1862. This Sorghum furnishes also material for a v^^ell- 
known kind of brooms. A variety or a closely allied species 
yields the Caffir Corn (A. Caffrorum, Kunth). The plant 
can be advantageously utilized for preparing treacle. For 
this purpose, the sap is expressed at the time of flowering, 
and simply evajDorated ; the yield is about 100 gallons from 
the acre. In 1860, nearly seven millions of gallons of 
sorghum treacle were produced in the United States. The 
stem can be used as a culinary vegetable. 

Andropogon Schoenanthus, Linne. 

Deserts of Arabia. A scented grass, allied to the Indian 
oil-yielding Andropogons. The medicinal Siri-oil is prejDared 
from the root. A similar species occurs in arid places of the 
interior of North Australia. 

Andropogon Sorghum, Brotero. {Sorghum vulga/re, Per- 
soon). 

The large Indian Millet or Guinea Corn, or the Durra. 
Warmer parts of Asia. A tall annual plant. The grains 
can be converted into bread, porridge and other preparations of 
food. It is a very prolific corn and to us particularly 
valuable for green fodder. The panicles are used for carpet- 
brooms, the fibrous roots for velvet-brushes. A kind of beer 
called " Merisa" is prepared from the seeds. Many others 
of the numerous species of Andropogon, from both hemi- 
spheres, deserve our attention. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



19 



Anemone Pulsatilla, Linne. 

Europe and Northern Asia. On limestone soil. Tliis pretty 
perennial lierb is of some medicinal importance. 

Angopliora intermedia, Candoile. 

South East Australia. This is the best of the Angophoras, 
attaining a height of 50 feet, and gi-owing with, the rapidity 
of an Eucalyptus, but being more close and shady in its 
foliage. It would be one of our best trees to line public 
roads, and to effect shelter plantations. 

Anona Cherimolia, Miller. 

Tropical and sub-tropical South America. This shrub or 
tree might be tried in the frostless lower valleys of East 
Gipps Land, where humidity and rich soil will also prove 
favourable to its growth. It yields the Cherimoyer fruit. 
The flowers are very fragrant. 

Anthemis nobilis, Linne. 

The true Camomile. Middle and South Europe, North 
Africa. A well-known medicinal plant, here frequently used 
as edgings for garden plots. Elowers in their normal state 
are preferable for medicinal use to those, in which the ray- 
flowers are produced in increased numbers. They contain a 
peculiar volatile oil and two acids similar to Angelica and 
Valeriana acid. 

Anthemis tinctoria, Linne. 

Middle and South Europe, Orient. An annual herb. The 
flowers contain a yellow dye. 

Antliistiria avenacea, F. v. Mueller. 

New South Wales and Queensland. A nutritious perennial 
pastui'e-gmss. 

Anthistiria ciliata, Linne, fil. (AntMstiHa Australis, E. 
Brown.) 

The well-known Kangaroo Grass, not confined to Australia, 
but stretching thi'ough Southern Asia also, and through the 
whole of Africa. It is mentioned here, because its growth 
should be encouraged by every means. There are several 
species of Anthistiiia deserving introduction and naturalisa- 
tion in our colony. 

Anthoxanthum odoratum, Linne. 

The scented Vernal Grass. Europe, North and Middle Asia, 
North Africa. A jDerennial, not of great value as a fattening 
grass, yet always desii'ed for the flavour which it imparts to 
hay. Perhaps for this purpose the scented Andropogons 
might serve here also. On deep and moist soils it attains 
its greatest perfection. It is much used for mixing among 

c 2 



20 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

permanent grasses on pastures, where it will continue long in 
season. It would live well in oiu* Alps. The lamellar- 
crystalline Cumarin is the principle on which the odour of 
Anthoxanthemum depends. 

Anthriscus Cerefolium, Hoffmann. 

Europe and West Asia. The Chervil. An annual culinary- 
plant, its herbage used as an aromatic condiment, but the 
root seemingly deleterious. 

Anthyllis vulneraria, Linne. 

The Kidney- Yetch. All Europe, North Africa, West Asia. 
This peremiial herb serves as sheep fodder, and is particularly 
recommended for calcareous soils. It would also live on 
oiu" Alps. 

Apios tuberosa, Moench. 

North America. A climber, with somewhat milky juice. 
The mealy tubers are edible. 

Apium graveolens, Linne. 

The Celery. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia. 
It is here merely inserted with a view of pointing out, that it 
might be readily naturalized on our sea-shores. 

Apium prostratum, La Billardiere. 

The Australian Celery. Extra-tropical Australia, New Zea- 
land, extra-tropical South America. This also can be utilized 
as a culinary vegetable. 

Apocynum cannabinum, Liime. 

On river-banks in North America. This is recorded among 
plants yielding a textile fibre. 

Aponogeton crispus, Thunberg. 

From India to New South Wales. The tuberous roots of 
this water-herb are amylaceous and of excellent taste, though 
not large. The same remarks apply to A. monostachyus 
Linne fil.). 

Aponogeton distachyos, Thunberg. 

South Africa. This curious water-plant, introduced already, 
might be naturalized in our ditches, swamps and lakes, for 
the sake of its edible tubers. The scented flowering portion 
affords spinage. 

Aquilaria Agallocha, Eoxbui-gh. 

On the mountains of Silhet and Assam. A tree of immense 
size, probably hardy in our warm forest-valleys. It fiu*nishes 
the fragrant Calambac or Agallochum wood, kno-svn also as 
Aggur or Tuggur or the Aloe-wood of commerce, famed since 
ancient times. The odorous j)ortion is only partially distri- 
buted through the stem. This wood is also of medicinal value. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



21 



Arachis hypogaea, Linne. 

Tlie Earth-nut, Pea-nut or Ground-nut. Brazil. The seeds 
of this annual herb are consumed in a roasted state, or used 
for pressing from them a palatable oil. The plant is a very- 
productive one, and yields a very quick return. It ranks also 
as a valuable fodder-herb ; the hay is very nutritious, much 
increasing the milk of cows. A light somewhat calcareous 
soil is best fitted for its growth. On such soil, 50 bushels 
may be obtained from the acre. 

Aralia cordata, Thunberg. 

China. The yoimg shoots provide an excellent culinary 
vegetable. 

Araucaria Bidwillij Hooker. 

Bunya Bunya. Southern Queensland. A tree 150 feet in 
height, with a fine-grained, hard and durable wood, particu- 
larly valuable for furniture ; the seeds are large and edible. 

Araucaria BrasLliensis, A. Eichard. 

Brazilian Pine. A tree 180 feet high, producing edible 
seeds. Ought to be tried in oiu' fern-gullies. 

Araucaria Cookii, R. Brown. 

In New Caledonia; where it forms large forests. Height of 
tree 200 feet. 

Araucaria Cunninghami, Alton. 

Moreton-Bay Pine. East Australia, between 14° and 32° S. 
latitude. The tree gets 130 feet high. The timber is used 
for ordinary furniture. 

Araucaria excelsa, R. Bro^vn. 

Norfolk-Island Pine. A magnificent tree, sometimes 220 
feet high, with a stem attaining ten feet in diameter. The 
timber is useful for ship-building and many other purposes. 

Araucaria imbricata, Pavon. 

Chili and Patagonia. The male tree attains only a height of 
50 feet, but the female reaches 150 feet. It furnishes a hard 
and durable timber, as well as an abundance of edible seeds, 
which constitute a main article of food of the natives. 
Eighteen good trees will yield enough for a man's sustenance 
all the year round. In our lowlands of comparative slow 
growth, but likely of far more raj)id development, if planted 
in our ranges. 

Araucaria Rulei, F. v. Mueller. 

New Caledonia. A magnificent tree with large shining 
foliage, doubtless not merely of decorative but also of 
utilitarian value. A closely-allied species, A. Muelleri 
(Brogniart), comes ^vith A. Balansse and A. montana from 



22 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

the same island. The New Guinea Araucaria should also he 
introduced. 

Arbutus Menziesiij Pursh. 

North- West America. An evergreen tree, attaining a height 
of 150 feet. I belongs to the coast-tract exclusively. Wood 
exceedingly hard. The tree requires a deep loamy soil 
(Bolander); it would here be valuable at least as a highly 
ornamental garden-plant. 

Archangelica officinalis, Hoffmann. 

Arctic zone and mountain regions of Europe. The stalks are 
used for confectionery ; the roots are of medicinal use. Only 
in our Alps would this herb fully establish its value. The 
root is biennial and used in the distillation of some cordials. 

Arctostaphylos uva ursi, Sprengel. 

Alpine and Arctic Europe, North Asia and North America. 
A medicinal small shrub, which here could best be reared in. 
the heath-moors of onr Alpine regions. 

Argania Sideroxylon, Koemer and Schultes. 

The Argan-tree. Western Barbary, on dry hills. Its growth 
is here found to be slow; but it is a tree of longevity. 
Though comparatively low in stature, its foliage occasionally 
spreads to a circumference of 220 feet. It sends out suckers 
from the root. The fruits serve as food for cattle in Morocco 
but here the kernels would be more likely to be utilized by 
pressing the oil from them. 

Aristolochia Indica, Linne. 

Tropical Asia and Polynesia. A perennial climber; the 
leaves famed as an alexipharmic. Can only be grown in 
places free from frost. 

Aristolochia recurvilabra, Hance. 

The green Putchuck of China. A medicinal plant, largely 
obtained at Ningpo. The present value of its export is from 
£20,000 to £30,000 annually. 

Aristolochia Serpentaria, Linne. 

The Snake-root of North America. The root of this trailing 
herb is valuable in medicine ; it contains a peculiar volatile oil. 
Several other Aaistolochise deserve culture for medicinal 
purposes, for instance, — Aristolochia ovalifolia (Guaco) and 
, A. anguicida, from the mountains of Central America, should 
they prove hardy. 

Aristotelia Macqui, L'Heritier. 

Chili. The berries of this shrub, though small, have the 
pleasant taste of bilberries, and are largely consumed in 
Chili. The plant would thrive in our forest-valleys. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



23 



Arnica montana, Linne. 

Colder parts of Europe. This pretty herb is perennial, and 
of medicinal value. It is eligible for our sub-alpine regions. 
The active principles are : — Arnicin, volatile oil, cupron and 
capryl acid. 

Arracacha xanthorrhiza, Bancroft. 

Mountain regions of Central America. An umbelliferous 
herb. The roots are nutritious and palatable. There are 
yellow, purple and pale varieties. 

Artemisia Absinthium, Linne. 

t The Wormwood. Europe, North and Middle Asia, and 
North Africa. A perennial herb, valuable as a tonic and 
anthelmintic. Several other species of Artemisia deserve 
cultivation for medicinal purposes. Active principles : — 
Absinthin, an oily substance indurating to a crystalline 
mass ; a volatile oil peculiar to the species. 

Artemisia Cina, Berg. 

Kurdistan. This herb furnishes the genuine Santonica 
seeds (or rather flowers and fruits), as a vermifuge of long- 
estabished use. Some other Asiatic sipecies yield a similar drug. 

Artemisia Dracunculus, Linne. 

The Tarragon or Estragon. North Asia. A perennial herb, 
used as a condiment. Its flavour rests on two volatile oils, 
one of them peculiar to the plant. 

Artemisia Mutellina, Yillars. 

Alps of Europe. This aromatic, somewhat woody plant 
deserves to be established in our snowy regions. 

Artemisia Pontica, Linne. 

Middle and Sovith Europe, West Asia. More aromatic and 
less bitter than the ordinary wormwood. Many other species 
of this genus deserve attention of the culturist. 

Arundinaria falcata, Nees. 

The Ringal or Ningala Bamboo of the Himalayas, at elevations 
from 3500 to 10,000 feet, forming close and dense thickets. 
It rises to the height of 40 feet, the canes durable, attaining 
a diameter of only four inches, applied to manifold useful 
purposes. The closely allied Jurboota Bamboo of Nepal, 
which occurs only in the cold altitudes of from 7000 to 10,000 
feet, difiers in solitary stems, not gTOwing in clumps. The 
Tham or Khaptur Bamboo is from a still colder zone, at 
from 8500 to 11,500 feet, only 500 feet or less below the 
inferior limits of perpetual glaciers. (Major Madden.) 



24 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Arundinaria macrosperma, Micliaux. 

Southern States of North America, — particularly on the 
Missisippi. This Bamboo-like reed forms there the cane- 
brakes. It requires to be replanted after flowering in the 
course of years. Height 20 feet. 

Arundo Ampelodesmos, Cpillo. 

South Europe, North Africa. Almost as large as A. 
Gynerium. The tough flower-stems and leaves readily avail- 
able for tying. 

Arundo conspicua, G. Forster. 

New Zealand and Chatham Islands. Although not strictly 
an industrial plant, it is mentioned here as important for 
scenic efiect, flowering before the still grander A. Sellowiana 
comes in bloom. 

Arundo Donax, Linne. 

The tall evergreen lasting Bamboo-reed of South Europe and 
North Africa. It is one of the most important plants of its 
class for quickly producing a peculiar scenic efiect in pic- 
turesque plantations, also for intercepting at once the view to 
unsightly objects, and for giving early shelter. The canes can 
be used for fishing-rods. 

Arundo Karka, Roxburgh. 

India, China, Japan. The Durma mats are made of the 
split stems of this tall reed. 

Arundo Pliniana, Turra. 

On the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. A smaller plant 
than A. Donax, with more slender stems and narrower leaves, 
but similarly evergreen, and resembling the Donax reed also 
in its roots. 

Arundo saccharoides, Grisebach. {Gynerium saccharoides, 
Humboldt). 

Northern parts of South America. This species is here not 
yet introduced; but it is likely to prove hardy. Like the 
following, it is conspicuously magnificent. 

Arundo Sellowiana, Schultes. (Arundo diocia, Spreng. non 
Louriero. Gynerium argenteum, Nees.) 
The Pampas Grass of Uruguay, Paraguay and the La Plata 
State. A grand autumnal flowering reed, with gorgeous 
feathery panicles. As an industrial plant it deserves here a 
place, because paper can be prepared from its leaves. 

Asparagus acutifolius, Linne. 

In all the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, also in 
the Canary Islands. Although a"shrubby AsjDaragus, yet the 
root-shoots, according to Dr. Heldreich, are collected in 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



25 



Greece, and are tender and of excellent taste, though some- 
what thinner than those of the ordinary herbaceous species. 
The shrub grows on stony rises, and the shoots are obtained 
without cultivation. A, aphyllus L. and A. horridus L., ac- 
cording to Dr. Keinhold, are utilised in the same manner, 
and all may probably yield an improved produce by regular 
and careful culture. 

Asparagus albus, Linn6. 

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea and Canary Islands. 
Serves for garden hedges. 

Asparagus laricinus, Burchell. 

South Africa. Dr. Pappe observes of this shrubby species, 
that with some other kinds of that country it produces shoots 
of excellent tenderness and aromatic taste. 

Asparagus officinalis, Linne. 

Europe, North Africa, North Asia. The well-known As- 
paragus plant, which, if naturalized on our coast, would aid in 
binding the sand. The foliage contains Inosit-Sugar ; the 
shoots contain Asparagin. Seaweeds are a good additional 
material for forcing Asparagus. 

Astragalus arenarius, Linne. 

Europe and Western Asia. A perennial fodder-herb for our 
sandy desert-country. The species, numerous in various 
parts of Europe and Asia, in California and some other parts 
of the globe, deserve attention for pastoral and agronomic 
purposes. 

Astragalus Cephalonicus, Fischer. (A. aristatus, Sibthorp.) 
Cephalonia. A small shrub, yielding a good Tragacanth; 
and so probably also the true A. aristatus of THeritier is 
producing it. 

Astragalus Cicer, Linri6. 

Middle and South Europe and Middle Asia. A nutritious 
and tasty perennial herb, much sought by pastoral animals. 
It requires, according to Langethal, deep friable grounds, and 
like most leguminous herbs calcareous ingredients in the soil. 

Astragalus Creticus, Lamarck. 

Candia and Greece. A small bush, exuding the ordinary 
vermicular Tragacanth. The pale is preferable to the brown 
sort. 

Astragalus glycyphyllos, Linn6. 

Europe and North Asia. Succeeds on light soil, also in 
forest regions. It has been recommended as a perennial 
substantial fodder-plant. 



26 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Astragalus gummifer, La Billardi^re. 

Syria and Persia. This shrub also yields a good kind of 
Tragacanth. 

Astragalus hypoglottis, Linne. 

In the colder regions of Europe, Asia and North America. 
This perennial plant is regarded as a good fodder-herb on 
calcareous and gravelly soil, and would likely be of importance 
for our alps. Of the enormous number of supposed species 
of this genus (according to Boissier, not less than 750, 
merely in Asia Minor and the adjoining countries) many 
must be of pastoral value, like some of our closely-allied 
Swainsonas, though they also may include deleterious species. 

Astragalus parnassi, Boissier (A. Cylleneous, Heldreich). 

Greece. This small shrub furnishes there almost exclusively 
the commercial Tragacanth. It ascends to elevations of 7000' 
feet, becomes therefore alpine. 

Astragalus strabiliferus, Boyle. 

Asiatic Turkey. The brown Tragacanth is collected from this 
species. 

Astragalus verus, Olivier. 

Asiatic Turkey and Persia. This shrub furnishes the Takalor 
or Smyrna Tragacanth, or it is derived from an allied species. 

Atalantia glauca, J. Hooker. 

New South Wales and Queensland. This desert-lemon is 
mentioned here to draw attention to the likelihood of its 
improving in culture, and to its fitness for being grown in arid 
land. 

Atriplex hortensis, Linne. 

North and Middle Asia. The Arroche. An annual Spinage 
plant. 

Atriplex nummularium, Lindley. 

From Queensland through the desert-tracts to Victoria and 
South Australia. One of the tallest and most fattening and 
wholesome of our pastoral salt-bushes, and although a native 
plant even here highly recommendable for artificial rearing, 
as the spontaneously growing plants, by close occupation of 
the sheep and cattle runs, have largely disappeared, and 
as this useful bush even here in many wide tracts does not 
exist. 

Atriplex spongiosum, P. v. Mueller. 

Through a great part of Central Australia, extending to the 
west coast. Available like the preceding, and like A. 
halimoides, A. vesicarium, A. holocarpum and several other 
native species for salt-bush culture. Unquestionably some of 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



27 



the scrubby Extra- Australian species, particularly those of 
the Siberian and Californian steppes, could be transferred 
advantageously to our salt-bush country to increase its value 
for sheep -pasture. 

Atropa Belladonna, Linne, 

The Deadly Nightshade. South and Middle Europe and 
Western Asia. A most important perennial medicinal herb. 
The highly powerful Atropin is derived from it, besides 
another alkaloid, the Belladonnin. 

Avena elatior, Linne. 

Europe, Middle Asia, North Africa. This tall grass should 
not be passed altogether on this occasion, although it becomes 
easily irrepressible on account of its wide-creeping roots. It 
should here be chosen for dry and barren tracts of country, 
it having proved to resist our occasional droughts even better 
than Rye-grass. The bulk yielded by it is great, it submits 
well to depasturing, and gives two or three crops of hay 
annually : it is, however, not so much relished by animals as 
many other grasses. 

Avena fatua, Linn6. 

Wild Oat. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia, 
eastward as far as Japan. The experiments of Professor 
Buckman indicate, that our ordinary Culture-Oat (Avena 
sativa, L.) is descended from this plant. 

Avena flavescens, Linne. {Trisetum flavescens, Beauv.) 

Yellowish Oat-Grass. Europe, North Africa, Middle and 
North Asia, eastward as far as Japan. One of the best of 
perennial meadow-grasses, living on dry soil : fitted also for 
our Alps. Lawson observes that it yields a considerable bulk 
of fine foliage, and that it is eagerly sought by sheep, but 
that it thrives best intermixed with other grasses. It likes 
particularly limestone soil, where it forms a most valuable 
under-gTass, but is not adapted for poor sand nor will it stand 
well the traversing of pasture animals (Langethal). 

Avena pratensis, Linne. 

Meadow Oat- Grass. Europe, North Asia. It thrives well 
on dry, clayey soil ; it produces a sweet fodder, but not in so 
great proportion as several other less nutritious grasses. It is 
perennial, and well adapted for our snowy mountains, where it 
would readily establish itself, even on heathy moors. Ke- 
commended by Langethal for arid ground, particularly such 
as contains some lime, being thus as valuable as Eestuca 
ovina. Eligible also for meadows under a system of 
irrigation. 



28 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Avena pubescens, Linne. 

Downy Oat-Grass. Europe, North and Middle Asia. A 
sweet perennial grass, requiring dry but good soil, containing 
lime. It is nutritious and prolific. One of the earliest 
kinds, but not well resisting traffic. Several good Oat- 
grasses are peculiar to North America and other parts of the 
globe. Theii- relative value as fodder-grasses is in many cases 
not exactly known, nor does the limit assigned to this little 
treatise allow of tlieir being enumerated on this occasion. 

Averrhoa Carambola, Linne. 

Insular India. Dr. Hooker having found this small tree on 
the Upper Indus as far as Lahore, it may reasonably be 
anticipated that success would attend its rearing in the 
warmest and moistest parts of our colonial territory. The 
fruit occurs in a sweet and acid variety; the former is raw 
available for the table, the other for preserves. That of A. 
Bilimbi (Linne) is of similar use. 

Avicennia officinalis, Linne. 

From the coasts of South Asia to those of South Africa, all 
Australia and New Zealand. It is proposed by Dr. Herm. 
Behr, to plant this tree for consolidating muddy tidal shores. 

Azima tetracantha, Lamarck. 

From South India to South Africa. A hedge-bush, gi'owing 
freely in every kind of soil. 

Baccharis pilularis, CandoUe. 

California. This evergreen bush, like B. consanguinea, is 
gro^^Ti for hedges, used also for garlands, wrappers of flower 
bouquets and many decorative purposes, as cut branches do 
not wither for a considerable time. It attains a height of 15 
feet (Professor Bolander). 

Backhousia citriodora, F. v. Mueller. 

South Queensland. Though only a small tree it is well 
worth cultivating for the fragrance of its lemon-scented 
foliage. 

Bactris Gasipaes, Humboldt. (Guilielma speciosa, Mart.) 
The Peach Palm of the Amazon Biver, ascending to the 
warm-temperate regions of the Andes. Stems clustered, 
attaining a height of 40 feet. Dr. Spruce describes the 
large bunches of fruits as possessing a thick, firm and mealy 
pericarp, which, when cooked, has a flavour between potato 
and chestnut, but superior to either. To us, however, this 
palm would be mainly an object of grandeur. It is likely to 
endure our clime in the fern-tree gullies. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



29 



Baloghia lucida, Endlicher. {Codiceum lucidum, J. M.) 

East Australia. A middle-sized tree. The sap from the 
vulnerated trunk forms, without any admixture, a beautiful 
red indelible pigment. 

Balsamodendron Ehrenbergi, Berg. 

Deserts of Arabia. This tree yields the Myn-ha resin, but 
perhaps some other species may produce the same substance. 
Professor Oliver unites this with the following species. 

Balsamodendron Mukul, Hooker. 

Scinde and Beludschistan. Yields the Bdellium resin. 

Balsamodendron Opobalsamum, Kunth. {B. Gileadense, 
Kunth). 

Arabia and Nubia. This species furnishes Mekka or Gilead 
Balsam. B. Capense (Sonder) is a closely allied species from 
extra-tropical South Africa. Many other Balsam shrubs de- 
serve introduction. 

Bambusa arundinacea, Roxburgh. 

The Thorny Bamboo of India. It requires rich, moist soil, 
and delights on river-banks. Is is of less height than Bam- 
busa vulgaris ; it also sends up from the root numerous 
stems, but with bending branches, thorny at the joints. 
According to Kurz it will thrive in a climate too dry for B. 
Tulda and B. vulgaris. The seeds of this and some other 
Bamboos are useful as food for fowls. 

Bambusa aspera, Poiret. 

Indian Archipelagus. Attains a height of 120 feet. Stems 
very strong and thick. This species ascends to elevations of 
4000 feet. 

Bambusa Blumeana, Schultes. 

Insular India. This Bamboo with its spiny buds and de- 
pendent branchlets is, according to Kurz, one of the best for 
cattle-proof live hedges among the Asiatic species. In con- 
tinental India B. nana and B. arundinacea are much used for 
the same purpose. Periodic trimming is required. 

Bambusa spinosa, Roxburgh. 

Bengal. A Bamboo attaining 100 feet in height. The central 
cavity of the canes is of less width than in most other 
species, thus the strength for many technic purposes is 
increased. 

Bambusa vulgaris, Wendland. 

The large unarmed Bamboo of Bengal. It attains a height 
of 70 feet, and stems may attain even a length of 40 feet in 
one season, though the growth is slower in our clime. It has 
proved to be capable of resisting the occasional night-frost of 



30 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



the lowlands of Victoria. It is tlie best for building bamboo- 
hoiises. Immersion in water for some time renders the cane 
still firmer. To the series of large thornless Bamboos belong 
also Bambusa Tulda and Bambusa Balcooa of India, and 
Bambiisa Thouarsii from Madagascar and Bourbon. These 
Bamboos are much used for various kinds of furniture, mats, 
implements and other articles. Besides this, Mr. Kurz 
enumerates as among the best Asiatic Bamboos for building 
purposes : — Gigantochloa aspera, G. maxima, G. atter; while 
Mr. Teysmann for the same purpose notes G. apus. Kui'z 
recommends further Bambusa arundinacea, B. Balcooa, 
B. Brandisii, B. polymorpha, Dendrocalamus Hamiltoni, 
Schizostachyum Blumei. In the Moluccas, according to 
Costa, Gigantochloa maxima or an allied species produces 
stems thick enough to serve, when slit into halves, for canoes. 
Bamboos serve for masts and spars of small vessels. Bambusa 
Balcooa was found by Wallicli to gi-ow 12 feet in 23 days. 
Bambusa Tulda, according to Roxburgh, has grown at first 
at the rate of from 20 to 70 feet in a month. Fortune 
noticed the growth of several Chinese Bamboos to be two to 
two-and-a-half feet a day. There are many other kinds of 
Bamboo eligible among the species from China, Japan, India, 
tropical America, and perhaps tropical Africa. One occurs 
in Arnhem's Land. 

Barbaraea vulgaris, R. Brown. 

In the cooler regions of all parts of the globe, ascending to 
alpine zones. This herb furnishes a wholesome salad. As 
with other raw vegetables, particularly watercress (Nastur- 
tium aquaticum, Trag ), circumspect care is necessary to free 
such salads from possibly adherent echinococcus-ova or other 
germs of entozoa, particularly in localities where hydatids 
prevail. 

Barosma serratifolia, Willdenow. 

South Africa. This shrub supplies the medicinal Bucco- 
leaves. B. crenulata, Hook. (Diosma crenulata, L.), is only 
a variety of this species. Active principles — a peculiar 
volatile oil, a peculiar resin, and a crystalline substance 
called Diosmin. 

Basella lucida, Limie. 

India. Perennial. This spinage-plant has somewhat the 
odour of Ocimum Basilicum; other species serve also culinary 
purposes. 

Basella rubra, Linne. 

From South Asia to Japan. This annual or biennial herb 
serves as a spinage of pleasant coloration. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



31 



Batis maritima, Liime. 

Central America and northward to Florida, also in the Sand- 
wich Islands. This halorageoiis shrub can be used to fix 
tidal sediments for the reclamation of valuable harbour-lands. 

Beesha elegantissima, Hasskarl. 

Java, on mountains about 4000 feet high. Very tall and 
exceedingly slender; the upper branches pendulous. A 
hardy species of Bamboo. 

Benincasa cerifera, Savi. 

India. This annual plant produces a large edible gourd, 
which in an unripe state forms part of the composition of 
many kinds of currie. 

Berberis Asiatic a, Roxburgh. 

Himalaya. One of the best among numerous species with 
edible berries. Among these may specially be mentioned B. 
lycium (Royle) and B. aristata (Candolle), which also yield 
valuable yellow dye-wood (Dr. Rosenthal). 

Berberis buxifolia, Lamarck. 

From Magelhaen's Straits to Chili. This bush, according to 
Dr. Philippi, is the best among the South American species 
for berries, which are comparatively large, black, hardly acid, 
but slightly astringent. In Yaldivia and Chiloe they are 
frequently consumed. 

Berberis Darwinii, Hooker. 

Chiloe and South Chili. Considered one of the most hand- 
some of all shrubs for garden hedges. Several other evergreen 
Berbery shrubs serve the same purpose. 

Beta vulgaris, Linne.* 

The Beet or Mangold Root. Middle and South Europe, 
Middle Asia, North Africa. This well-known perennial or 
biennial herb ought to engage the general and extensive 
attention of our farming population. The herb is most 
valuable as a palatable and nutritious spinage; the root is 
of importance not only as a culinary vegetable, but, as well 
known, also for its content of sugar, fit to be crystallised. 
That of Beet, indeed, is now almost exclusively consumed in 
Russia, Germany, Austria, France, Sweden and Belgium ; 
and these countries not only produce the Beet sugar, but also 
export it largely to the neighbouring States. The white 
Sicilian Beet is mainly used for salads, spinage and soups. 
The thick-ribbed variety serves like Asparagus or Seakale, 
dressed like Rhubarb. Cereal soil, particularly such as is 
fit for barley, is generally adapted also for the culture of 
Beet. The rearing of the root, and the manufacture of the 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

sugar, can be studied from manifold works ; one has been 
compiled by Mr. N. Levy, of tliis city. A deeply-stirred, 
di'ained soil, rich in lime, brings tbe saccbarine variety of 
Beet to the greatest perfection. The Imperial Beet yields 
from 12 to 20 per cent, sugar. The Castlenauderry, the 
Magdeburg, the Siberian "Whiterib and the Yilmorin Beet 
are other varieties rich in sugar. About five lbs. of seeds 
are required for an acre. In rotation of crops, the Beet 
takes its place best between barley and oats. In Middle 
Europe the yield averages 14 tons of Sugar Beet to the acre, 
and as many hundred weight of raw sugar. The mercantile 
value of the root, at our distilleries, ranged from 20s. to 30s. 
per ton. In our clime, the Beet harvest can be extended 
over a far longer time of the year than in Middle Europe. 
The extraction of the sap is efiected generally by hydi-aulic 
pressure. The juice is j^urified with lime and animal coal. 
Excess of lime is removed by carbonic acid^ and the purified 
and decolourized juice is evaporated in vacuum pans, with a 
view to preventing the extensive conversion of the crystal- 
lisable sugar into treacle. The production of Beet-sugar 
needs far less labour than that of cane-sugar, and the harvest 
is obtained in so short a time as eight months. Beet has 
shown itself subject neither to alarming diseases nor to 
extensive attacks of insects. Beet is grown in extra-tropical 
zones like ours, while the sugar-cane is a plant confined to 
tropical and sub-tropical latitudes. Beet culture, by dii-ectly 
or indirectly restoring the refuge, ameliorates the soil to such 
an extent, that in some parts of Germany land, so utilized, 
has risen to fourfold its former value. Beet, furthermore, 
affords one of the most fattening stable-fodders ; and thus 
again an ample supply of manure. In Middle Europe now 
about one-sixth of all the arable land is devoted to Beet, yet 
the produce of cereals has not become reduced, while the 
rearing of fattened cattle has increased. Notwithstanding a 
heavy tax on the Beet-sugar factories in Europe, the industry 
has proved prosperous, and assumes greater and greater 
dimensions. In 1865, the sugar consumption of Europe 
amounted to 31,676,497 cwt., one-third of which had been 
locally supplied by the Beet, from over one thousand Beet- 
sugar factories. Treacle obtained from beet is distilled for 
alcohol. For establishing remunerative factories on a large 
and paying scale, it has been suggested that farmers' com- 
panies might be formed. For ascertaining the percentage of 
sugar in Beet, saccharometers are used. In Germany, some 
scientific periodicals are exclusively devoted to the fostering 
of this industry. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 

Betula alba, Linne.* 

The ordinary Birch of Europe and extratropical Asia. It 
attains a height of 80 feet, and would here thrive best in 
moist glens of the ranges, or in the higher regions of our 
mountains, where it would form up at the Alpine zone 
excellent shelter plantations. The durable bark serves for 
roofing. Wood white, turning red. The oil of the bark is 
used in preparing the Russian leather. 

Betula lenta, Willdenow. 

The Cherry Birch of North America. A tree of middle size, 
liking moist ground. Bark aromatic. Wood rose-coloured 
or dark, fine-grained, excellent for furniture. Several Bii'ches 
occur in J apan, which might well be tried here. 

Betula lutea, MicLaux. 

The yellow or grey Birch of North-East America. Adapted 
for moist forest land. In size and most other respects similar 
to B. lenta. 

Betula nigra, Linne. 

The River Birch of North America. One of the tallest of 
Bii'ches. If gro^\Ti on the banks of a limpid stream, 
it will bear intense heat. The wood is compact, of a light 
colour. 

Betula papyracea, Alton. 

The Paper Birch of North America. A larger tree than B. 
alba, with a fine-grained wood and a tough bark; much used 
for portable canoes. It likes a cold situation. 

Boehmeria nivea, Gaudichaud.* 

The Ramee or Rheea. Southern Asia, as far east as Japan. 
This bush furnishes the strong and beautiful fibre woven 
into fabric, which inappropriately is called grass-cloth. 
The bark is softened by hot water or steam, and then 
separable into its tender fibres. The best is obtained from 
the young shoots ; it is glossy, tough and lasting, combining 
to some extent the appearance of silk with the strength of 
flax. The ordinary market value of the fibre is about £40 
per ton; but Dr. Royle mentions that it has realized, at 
times, £120. The seeds are sown on manured or otherwise 
rich and friable soil. In the third year, or under very 
favourable circumstances even earlier, it yields its crops, as 
many as three annually. The produce of an acre has been 
estimated at two tons of fibre. This latter, since Kaempfer's 
time, has been known to be extensively used for ropes and 
cordage in Japan. Our rich and warmest forest-valleys 
seem best adapted for the Ramee, as occasional irrigation can 
be also there applied. In the open grounds of Victoria it 

D 



34 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



suffers from the night-frosts, although this does not mate- 
rially injure the plant, which sends up fresh shoots, fit for 
fibre, during the hot season. The plant has been cultivated 
and distributed since 1854, in the Botanic Garden of 
Melbourne, where it is readily propagated from cuttings, 
the seeds ripening rarely there. Cordage of this Boehnieria is 
three times as strong as that of hemp. Other species require 
to be tested, among them the one which was recently dis- 
covered in Lord Home's Island, namely Boehmeria calophleba. 

Bongardia Rauwolfi, C. A. Meyer. 

Prom Greece through Turkey to the Caucasus. A perennial 
herb, the leaves of which are utilised like culinary sorrel. ■ 

Boronia megastigma, Nees. 

In West Australia on margins of swamps. This remarkable 
bush is recorded here as an emblem of mourning, its external 
blackish flowers rendering it especially eligible for graves. 
Industrially it interests us on account of its powerfully 
fragrant blossoms, for the sake of which this bush will 
deserve to be cultivated. The scent might be extracted by 
Mr. Bosisto's process. 

Borrago officinalis, Linne. 

South Europe, Orient. An annual herb, occasionally used 
for medicinal purposes or as an admixture to salad. 

Boswellia papyrifera, A. Richard. 

Morocco, Nubia, and Abyssinia, forming entire forests about 
Bertat on the Atlas. This tree exudes a kind of Olibanum 
resin and represents apparently one of the hardest species of 
this and allied genera. 

Bouteloua barbata, Lagasca. 

North and Central America. One of the Gramma-grasses of 
the praiiies, called with some other species also Muskit-grass. 
Annual. For nutritive value famed. 

Brabejum stellatifolium, Linne. 

South Africa. The nuts of this shrub are edible, resembling 
those of our Macadamia ternifolia, to which also in foliage 
and flowers Brabejum is closely allied. The nuts are also 
similar to those of the Chilian Guevina Avellana. The fruit 
should be roasted, as otherwise it is deleterious. 

Bracliy chiton acerifolium, F. v. Mueller. 

The East Australian Flame-tree. An evergreen shade-tree, 
mth magnificent trusses of crimson blossoms. Like B. 
populneum (R. Br.), eligible for promenade-lines, when 
celerity of growth is no object. The mucilaginous sap, when 
exuded, indurates to a kind of Tragacanth. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



35 



Brassica alba, Yisiani. (Sinapis alba, Linne.) 

White Mustard. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle 
Asia. An annual. The seeds are less pungent than those of 
the Black Mustard, but used in a similar manner. The 
young leaves of both are useful as a culinary and anti- 
scorbutic salad. Dr. Masters enumerates Brassica Chinensis, 
B. dichotoma, B. Pekinensis, B. ramosa and B. glauca 
among the mustards, which undergo cultivation in various 
parts of Asia, either for the fixed oil of their seeds or for 
their herbage. From 15 lbs. to 20 lbs. of seeds of the 
White Mustard are required for an acre. In the climate of 
California, similar to ours, 1400 lbs. of seeds have been 
gathered from an acre. 

Brassica Chinensis, Linne. 

China and Japan. Serves like the following for cabbage, and 
may in cultivation produce new varieties. B. cretica (Lam.), 
a woody Mediterranean species. 

Brassica juncea, J. Hook and Thoms. {B. Willdenoivii, Boiss.; 
Sinapis juncea, Linne). 
From Middle Africa to China. According to Colonel Drury, 
cultivated all over India for sarepta mustard seeds ; also a 
good salad plant. 

Brassica nigra, Koch. ( Sinapis nigra, Linne. J 

The Black Mustard. Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. 
An annual. The seeds, simply crushed and then sifted, con- 
stitute the mustard of commerce. For medicinal purposes 
the seeds of this species are preferable for sinapisin and 
other purposes. In rich soil this plant is very prolific ; and 
in our forest-valleys it is likely to remain free from the 
attack of aphis. Chemical constituents : — a peculiar fixed 
oil, crystalline sinapin, the fatty sinapisin, Myron-acid and 
Myrosin. 

Brassica oleracea, Linne. 

An annual or biennial coast-plant, indigenous to various 
parts of Europe. It is mentioned here with a view of 
showing that it might be naturalized on our rocky and sandy 
sea-shores. From the wild plant of the coast originated 
various kinds of cabbages, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels 
sprouts, kail, kohlrabi, &g. Other races of this species are 
collectively represented by Brassica Bapa, L. (B. campestris, 
L.), the wild Navew, yielding most of the varieties of 
turnips, some with other cultivated forms transferred to us 
from ancient times. Again, other varieties are comprehended 
within Brassica Napus, L., such as the Swedish and Teltower 
turnips, while the rape-seed, so important for its oil (Colza), 

D 2 



36 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



is also derived from a form of B. Napus. The rape should 
be produced here as an agrarian produce, giving a rapid 
return, wherever it should remain free of aphis. The 
hardier turnips could be produced on our highest Alps, as 
they are grown still witlmi the Arctic cii'cle, and, according 
to Dr. J. Hooker, at a height of 15,000 feet in the Himalaya 
mountains. 

Bromus asper, Murray. 

Europe, North and Middle Asia. A good perennial fodder 
grass for wood-regions, but like Festuca gigantea late in the 
season. 

Bromus erectus, Hudson. 

Eui^ope, North Africa. Important as a perennial nutritious 
grass for dry limestone regions; much liked by cattle and sheep. 

Bromus unioloides, Humboldt.* {B. Schraderi, Kunth.) 
Here called the Prairie Grass. From Central America it has 
spread over many parts of the globe. The writer saw it 
disseminated in the mountains of St. Vincent's Gulf as early 
as 1847. It is one of the richest of all grasses, grows 
continuously and spreads readily from seeds, particularly on 
fertile and somewhat humid soil, and has proved as a lasting 
and nutritious fodder-grass or pastm^e-grass one of our best 
acquisitions. 

Broussonetia papyrifera, Yentenat. 

The Paper Mulberry. Islands of the Pacific Ocean, China, 
Japan, perhaps only truly indigenous in the last-named 
country. The bast of this tree or shrub can be converted 
into very strong paper. It can also be used as a textile 
fabric ; fui-thermore the fabrics made from it can be dressed 
with linseed oil for waterproof coverings. In cultivation 
the plant is kept like an osier. The leaves cannot be used 
for silkworms. European fabrics have largely superseded the 
clothing made of this plant in the South Sea Islands. 

Bucliloa dactyloides, Ton^ey.'-^ 

The true Buffalo-grass of Kansas. Dioecious, creeping, only 
rising to half a foot or less. It is' extremely fattening, but 
apt to be suppressed by coarser grasses on places where these 
are not trampled out or kept down by the pasture animals. 

Buddleya Madagascariensis, Lamarck. 

Madagascar. Of the numerous species of Buddleya, the 
most eligible for shelter copses on account of its great size 
and always tidy appearance, as well as vigour and celerity of 
growth. It is ever-flowering. 



FOR VICTORIAM INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



37 



Butea frondosa, Eoxburgh. 

The Dhak or Pulas of India. This magnificent tree extends 
to the Himalaya mountains, and therefore might here be a 
proper one for acclimatisation. It is very rich in a peculiar 
kind of kino. The Lac-insect is also nourished by this tree, 
and might be transferred to us with it. 

Butomus umbellatus, Linne. 

The Flowering Hush. Europe, North and Middle Asia. 
This elegant perennial water-plant is mentioned here more 
for its value in embellishing our lakes and watercourses than 
for the sake of its roots. The latter, when roasted, are 
edible. The plant would live in our sub-alpine rivulets. 

Buxus sempervirens, Linne. 

The Turkey Box-tree. South Europe, North Africa, South- 
West Asia. This slow-growing tree should timely be planted, 
to provide the indispensable box- wood for wood engravers 
and musical instrument makers, as yet no good substitute for 
it having been discovered. The box-tree needs calcareous 
soil for its best development. Among allied species B. 
Balearica attains a height of 80 feet. Other congeners are 
B. subcolumellaris, B. Cubana, B. Purdieana, B. citrifolia, 
B. acuminata, B. Isevigata, B. Yahlii, B. gonoclada, B. 
retusa, B, glomerata, B. Wrightii, all from West India; 
further, B. Madagascarica, B. longifolia from Turkey, B. 
Wallichiana from the Himalayas and B. micropliylla from 
J apan, but neither of any of these, nor of the various species 
of the allied Indian genus Sarcococca, nor of several species 
of the Andine genus Styloceras, does it appear to be known 
what relation their wood may hold to that of the true box- 
tree, and whether they are more rapid in growth. 

-Csesalpinia brevifolia, Bentham. 

Chili. The pods of this shrub are extraordinarily rich in 
tannic acid, and hence valuable for tanneries (Philippi). 

Caesalpinia coriaria, Willdenow. 

Wet sea-shores of Central America. Might be naturalised 
in our salt marshes. Colonel Drury states, that each full- 
grown tree produces annually about 100 lbs. of pods, the husk 
of which, commercially known as Divi-Divi, is regarded as 
the most powerful and quickly acting tanning material in 
India. The mercantile price of the pods is from .£8 to .£13 
per ton. 

Caesalpinia Gilliesii, Wallich. {Poinciana Gilliesii, Hooker.) 
La Plata States. This beautiful hardy bush can be utilized 
for hedges. 



38 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Caesalpinia Sappan, Linne. 

South Asia. The wood fnnishes red dye. This shrub can 
also be utilised for hedges. It would likely prove hardy here 
in places free of frost. 

Caesalpinia sepiaria, Koxburgh. 

South Asia, east to Japan. Can be utilized in the warmer 
tracts of our colony as a hedge-bush. It can advantageously 
be mixed for hedge-growth with Pterolohium lacerans 
(R. Br.), according to Dr. Cleghorn. 

Caesalpinia tinctoria, Humboldt. 
Chili. The bark yields a red dye. 

Cajanus Indicus, Candolle. 

The Catjang; in Assam, called Gelooa-mah. A shmbby 
plant of India and tropical Africa, probably available for 
profitable culture and naturalization in the warmer parts of 
our colony. It sustains itself on dry ground, and yields the 
pulse known as Dhal, Urhur and Congo-pea. The plant 
lasts for about three years. Attains a height of 15 feet, and 
has yielded in the richest soil of Egypt 4000 lbs. of peas to 
the acre. A crop is already obtained in the first year. The 
seeds can be used as peas in the gi^een as well as mature 
state. Several species of Cajanus of the Atylosia section, 
indigenous to the warmer parts of Australia, might be tested 
here for the sake of the economic value of their seeds. The 
insect, active in the formation of Lac, lives extensively on the 
Cajanus, according to Mr. T. D. Brewster, of Assam. 
Silkworms live also on it. 

Calamagrostis longifolia, Hooker. 

North America. Excellent for fixing drift-sand. 

Calamintha Nepeta, Hoff'mansegg. 

It is of the strongest odour among several species, but not of 
so pleasant a scent as C. incana (Boiss.) and C. grandiflora 
(Moench). 

Calamintha officinalis, Moench. 

Middle and South Europe and Middle Asia, North Africa, 
A perennial herb, used like melissa as a condiment. 

Calamus montanus, T. Anderson. 

Himalaya, to 6000 feet. A hardy climbing palm. The 
aged canes are naked. " The light but strong susjoension- 
bridges, by which the large rivers of Sikkim are crossed, are 
constructed of this palm. It supplies material for the 
strongest ropes for dragging logs of wood from the forests. 
The most durable baskets and the cane-work of chairs are 
manufactured from the slit stems. "Walking-sticks and 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE, 



39 



riding-canes made of this species are exported from Sikkim 
in considerable quantity." Many otlier Calami serve similar 
purposes, but probably few or perha^DS none are equally 
hardy. 

Callitris quadrivalvis, Yentenat. 

ISTortli Africa. A middling-sized tree, yielding the true 
Sandarac resin. 

Calyptranthes aromatica, St. Hilaire. 

South Brazil. This spice-shrub would likely prove hardy 
here, the flower-buds can be used almost like cloves, the 
berries like allspice. Several other aromatic species are 
eligible for test culture. 

Camelina sativa, Crantz. 

Middle and South Europe, temperate Asia. An annual 
herb, cultivated for the sake of its fibre and the oil of its 
seeds. It is readily grown after corn crops, yields richly 
even on poor soil and is not atacked by aphis. Mr. W. 
Taylor obtained 32 bushels of seeds from an acre, and from 
these 540 lbs. of oil. The return is within a few months. 

Canna Achiras, Gillies. 

Mendoza. One of the few extra-tropic Cannas, eligible for 
Arrow-root culture. 

Canna coccinea, Roscoe. 

West India. Yields with some other Cannas the particular 
Arrow-root, called " Tous les mois." 

Canna edulis, Edwards. 

The Adeira of Peru. One of the hardiest of Arrow-root 
plants, and thus well-adapted for our clime. Seeds, even if 
many years old, will germinate. This species has yielded 
excellent starch at Melbourne, Western Port, Lake Welling- 
ton, Ballarat and other localities, from plants supplied at the 
Botanic Garden. The Bev. Mr. Hagenauer, of the Gipps- 
land Aboriginal Mission station, obtained 220 lbs. of 
Arrow-root from one-eighth of an acre of this Canna. The 
gathering of the roots is effected about April. The plants 
can be set out in ordinary ploughed land. Captain James 
Hall, of Hastings, prepared also largely the starch from this 
root. Starch grains remarkably large. 

Canna flaccida, Boscoe. 

Carolina. Probably also available for Arrow-root, though in 
first instance like many congeners chosen only for ; orna- 
mental culture. 

Canna glauca, Linne. 

One of the West Indian Arrow-root Cannas. 



40 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Cannabis saliva, Linne. 

The Hemp-plant ; indigenous to various parts of Asia, as far 
west as Turkey and as far east as J apan. Cultivated for its 
fibre since ancient times. Particularly in hot climes it 
exudes the " Churras," a resinous substance of narcotic 
intoxicating property. The foliage contains also a volatile 
oil, while the seeds yield by pressure the well-known 
fixed Hemp-oil. The staminrferous plant is pulled for 
obtaining the fibre in its best state immediately after 
flowering ; the seeding plant is gathered for fibre at a later 
stage of growth. Good soil, well-drained, never absolutely 
dry, is needed for successful Hemp culture. Hemp is one of 
the plants yielding a full and quick return within the season. 
The summer temperatures of St. Petersburg (67° P.) and of 
Moscow (62° P.) admit yet of the cultivation of this plant. 
The Hemp as a narcotic plant serves as a protection against 
insects on cultural fields, if sown along their boundaries. 

Capparis sepiaria, Linne. 

From India to the Philippine Islands, ascending to cool 
elevations and living in arid soil. A prickly bush, excellent 
for hedges. Dr. Cleghorn mentions also as hedge-plants 
C. horrida (L. fil.), C. aphylla (Roth), C. Roxburghii (Cand.), 
some of which yield also capers. 

Capparis spinosa, Linne. 

South Europe and North Africa, South Asia and North 
Australia. A somewhat shrubby and trailing plant, deserving 
even for the sake of its handsome flowers, a place in any 
garden. It sustains its life in the most arid deserts. The 
frosts of our lowlands do not destroy this plant. The flower- 
buds and young berries preserved in vinegar with some salt 
form the Capers of commerce. Samples of Capers, prepared 
from plants of the Botanic Garden, are placed in our Indus- 
trial Museum, together ^vith many other industrial products 
emanating from the writer's laboratory. The Caper-plant is 
propagated either from seeds or suckers ; it is well able to 
withstand either heat or drought. The buds after their fii'st 
immersion into slightly salted vinegar are strained and after- 
wards preserved in bottles with fresh vinegar. Chemical 
principle: Glycosid. 

Capsicum annuum, Linne. 

Central America. An annual herb, which yields the Chillies 
and thus also the material for Cayenne Pepper. Chemical 
principle : Capsicin, an acrid soft-resinous substance. 

Capsicum baccatum, Linne. 

The Cherry-Capsicum. A perennial plant. Prom Brazil 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



41 



brouglit to tropical Africa and Asia, where now other Pepper- 
Capsicums are likewise naturalized. 

Capsicum frutescens, Linn^. (G./astigiatum, Blume.) 

Tropical America. The berries of this shrubby species are 
likewise converted into Cayenne Pepper. 

Capsicum longum, CandoUe. 

Some of the hottest parts of America. An annual herb, 
also yielding Cayenne Pepper. Fraas believes this plant, as 
an oriental one, to have been known already to Teoplirastos 
and Dioscorides. C. grossum (Willd.) is also mentioned by 
Colonel Drury as a very pungent species. Our summers 
admit of the successful growth of at least the annual species 
of Capsicum in all the lowlands. 

Caragana arborescens, Lamarck. 

The Pea-tree of Siberia. The seeds are of culinary value, 
but particularly used for feeding fowl. The leaves yield a 
blue dye (Dr. Rosenthal). 

Carex arenaria, Linne. 

Europe and North Asia. One of the most powerful of sedges 
for subduing rolling sand, not attracting pasture animals by 
its foliage. The roots are of medicinal value. 

Carex Moorcroftiana, Falconer. 

The Loongmur of the Alps of Thibet. One of the best of 
sedges for staying the shifting sand by its deeply penetrating 
and creeping roots. It forms an intricate network on the 
surface and beneath ; outliving most other fodder-plants at its 
native places, it becomes available for cattle and horse-food, 
particularly in the cold of winter, and is held to be singularly 
invigorating to pasture-animals. 

Carissa Arduina, Lamarck. 

South Africa. A shrub with formidable thorns, well adapted 
for boundary lines of gardens, where rapidity of growth is 
not an object. Quite hardy at Melbourne. C. ferox (E. 
Meyer) and C. grandiflora (A. de Cand.), are allied plants of 
equal value. The East Australian, C. Brownii (F. von 
Mueller) can be similarly utilized. . The flowers of all are 
very fragrant. C. Carandas (Linne), extends from India to 
China; its berries are edible. 

Carpinus Betulus, Linne. 

The Hornbean. A tree 80 feet high. Middle and South 
Europe. Wood pale, of a horny toughness and hardness, 
close-grained, but not elastic. This tree would serve to arrest 
the progress of bushfires, if planted in copses or hedges like 
willows and poplars around forest plantations. A smaller 



42 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



species, Carpinus Americana, Mich., yields the Iron wood of 
North America. Four species occur in Japan (C. cordata, 
C. erosa, C. laxiflora, C. japonica (Blume). Carpinus viminea 
(Wallich) is a species with durable wood from the middle 
regions of Nepal. 

Garthamus tinctorius, Linne. 

From Egypt to India. The Safflower. A tall annual rather 
handsome herb. The florets produce yellow, rosy, ponceau 
and other red shades of dye, according to various admix- 
tures. Pigment principles : Carthamin and Cai-thamus- 
yellow. For domestic purposes it yields a dye ready at 
hand from any garden. In India the Carthamus is also 
cultivated for the sake of the oil, which can be pressed from 
the seeds. 

Carum Ajowan, Bentham. [Ptycliotis Ajowan^ CandoUe.) 
India. The fruits of this annual herb form an excellent 
culinary condiment with the flavour of thyme. Its peculiar 
oil is accompanied by Cymol and Thymol. 

Carum Bulbocastanum, Koch. 

Middle of South EurojDe, IsTorth Africa, Middle Asia, on 
limestone soil. The tuberous roots serve as a culinary vege- 
table, the fruits as a condiment. 

Carum Capense, Sonder. 

South Africa, where the edible, somewhat aromatic root is 
called Fenkelwortel. 

Carum Carui, Linne. 

The Caraway-plant. Perennial, Europe, North and Middle 
Asia. It might be naturalized in our AIjds and also along 
our sea-shores. The Caraway-oil is accompanied by two 
chemical principles : Carven and Carvol. 

Carum ferulifolium, Koch. {Bunium ferulifolium, Desfont.) 
A peremiial herb of the Mediterranean regions. The small 
tubers are edible. 

Carum nigrum, Poyle. 

Himalaya. With C. gTacile this yields caraway-like fruits. 

Carum Petroselinum, Bentham. (Ajnum Petroselinum^ 
Linne.) 

The Parsley. The biennial well-known herb, indigenous' to 
South Europe and the Orient. Essential oil peculiar with 
Stearopten. 

Carum segetum, Bentham. {Anefhum segetum, Linne.) 

Around the Mediterranean Sea, extending to Middle Em'ope^ 
An aromatic annual herb, available for culinary purposes. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULUURE. 



Carya alba, Nuttall * 

The Shellbark-Hickory. A deciduous tree, 90 feet high, 
which delights in rich forest soil; a native of North America. 
Wood strong, elastic, and tenacious, but not very durable. 
Yields the main supply of hickory nuts. All the hickories 
are extensively used in North America for hoops. 

Carya amara, Nuttall. 

The Bitternut Tree or Swamp Hickory. A tree, 80 feet 
high, in swampy grounds of North America. Wood less 
valuable than that of other hickories. 

Carya glabra, Torrey.* (Carya porcina, Nuttall). 

The Hognut Tree. A tree, 80 feet high, in forest-land of 
North America. Wood very tough; the heart-wood reddish 
or dark-coloured; much used for axletrees and axehandles. 

Carya microcarpa, Nuttall. 

The Balsam Hickory. North America. A fine lofty tree, 
attaining a height of 80 feet, and a stem of two feet in 
diameter. The wood is white and tough, and possessed of 
most of the good qualities of C. tomentosa, to which this 
species is also in other respects allied. The nut is of a 
pleasant taste, but small. (Nuttall.) 

Carya oliviformis, Nuttall. 

The Pecan Nut-tree of North America. A handsome lofty 
tree up to 70 feet high, with a straight trunk. Its wood is 
coarse-grained, heavy and compact, possessing great strength 
and durability. The nuts, which are usually abundant, 
are from an inch to an inch and a- half long, and are the most 
delicious of all walnuts; they form an object of commerce 
in the Southern States. Although the wood of all the 
hickories is not adapted for building purposes, as it is easily 
attacked by insects, and soon decays if exposed to the 
weather, yet its great strength and elasticity render it 
extremely useful for implements, articles of furniture, hoops, 
and many minor uses, besides supplying locally the very best 
of fuel. Hickories, even when very young, do not well bear 
transplantation, except perhaps C. amara. C. alba and C. 
glabra would be particularly recommendable for the sake of 
their timber and C. oliviformis on account of its fruit. The 
bark of all the hickories contains yellow dye principles; by 
addition of copperas an olive colour is produced, by addition 
of alum a green colour. 

Carya sulcata, Nuttall.* 

The Furrowed Hickory and Shellbark Hickory of some 
districts; also Shagbark Hickory. A tree, 80 feet high, in 



44 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

damp woods of North America. Heart-wood pale-coloured. 

Seed of sweet pleasant taste. 

Carya tomentosa, Nuttall* 

The Mocker Nut-tree or White Heart Hickory. A big tree 
of North America. Likes forest soil, not moist. Heart- 
wood pale-coloured, remarkable for strength and durabiKty. 
Seeds very oily. Nut small, but sweet. A variety produces 
nuts as large as an apple. 

Caryota Albert!, F. v. Mueller. 

The Albert Palm, known only from the most northern parts 
of Queensland; nevertheless, this noble palm would probably 
endure our winters as it lives at Sydney without protection. 

Caryota urens, Linne. 

India. One of the hardier Palms, ascending according to 
Dr. Thomas Anderson the Himalayas to an altitude of 5000 
feet, yet even there attaining a considerable height, though 
the temperature sinks in the cooler season to 40° Fahrenheit. 
The trunk furnishes a sago-like starch. This Palm flowers 
only at an advanced age, and after having produced a 
succession of flowers dies away. From the sap of the 
flowers Toddy and Palm-sugar are prepared, like from the 
Cocos and Borassus Palm, occasionally as much as 12 gallons 
of Toddy being obtained from one tree in a day. The fibre 
of the leaf-stalks can be manufactured into very strong ropes, 
also into baskets, brushes and brooms. The outer wood of 
the stem serves for turnery. 

Cassia acutifolia, Delile. 

Indigenous or now spontaneous in Northern and tropical 
Africa and South-west Asia. Perennial. The merely dried leaflets 
constitute part of the Alexandrian and also Timievelly Senna. 
In Victoria it will be only in the warmest northern and eastern 
regions, where Senna can perhaps be cultivated to advantage. 

Cassia angustifolia, Yahl. 

Northern and tropical Africa and South-western Asia, indi- 
genous or cultivated. Perennial. Yields Mecca-Senna, also 
the Bombay and some of the Tinnevelly Senna. 

Cassia fistula, Linne. 

South Asia. The long pods of this ornamental tree contain 
an aperient pulp of pleasant taste, of medicinal value; also 
used in the manufacture of cake-tobacco. Traced by Dr. 
Hooker to the dry slopes of the central Himalayas. 

Cassia Marylandica, Linne. 

An indigenous Senna plant of the United States of North 
America. Perennial. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



45 



Cassia obovata, Colladon. 

South-west Asia ; widely dispersed through Africa as a native 
or disseminated plant. Perennial. Part of the Alexandrian 
and also Aleppo Senna is derived from this species, less 
esteemed and less collected however than the other species. 
Several of the Australian desert Cassias of the group of C, 
artemisioides may also possess purgative properties. The odour 
of their foliage is almost that of Senna. 

Castanea sativa, Miller.* {G. vesca, Gsertner). 

The Sweet Chestnut Tree. South Europe and temperate 
Asia, as far as Japan, and a variety with smaller fruits ex- 
tending to North America. It attains an enormous age; at 
Mount Etna an individual tree occurs with a stem 204 feet 
in circumference. The wood is light and coarse-grained ; the 
importance of the tree rests on its adaptability for shade 
plantations, its nutritious nuts and timber value. 

Castaneopsis argentea, A. Candolle. 

A lofty tree in the mountains of India, produces also edible 
chestnuts. Other species of the genus Castaneopsis are valu- 
able. 

Castaneopsis chrysophylla, A. de Candolle. 

The Oak-Chestnut of California and Oregon. A tree attaining 
a large size and beautiful outlines. The leaves are golden 
yellow underneath. Wood durable. 

Gasuarina Decaisneana, F. von Mueller. 

Central Australia, where it is the only species of the genus. 
This tree is one of the largest among its congeners, and 
particularly valuable for arid regions. 

Gasuarina equisetifolia, Forster. 

East Africa, South Asia, North Australia, Polynesia. 
Attains a maximum height of 150 feet. Splendid for fuel, 
giving gi^eat heat and leaving little ashes. The timber is 
tough. 

Gasuarina Fraseriana, Miquel. 

South- West Australia. A middle-sized tree ; the wood easily 
split into shingles, and also used for furniture, as it does not 
rend. This tree is adapted even for sterile heath-land. 

Gasuarina glauca, Sieber. 

The Desert Sheoak, widely distributed through Australia, 
but nowhere in forest-like masses. This species attains, in 
favourable places, a height of 80 feet. Its hard durable 
wood is valuable. Important for its rapid growth, resistance 
to exposure for shelter plantation, and a speedy supply of 
fuel, a remark which applies also to the following species. 



46 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Casuarina quadrivalvis, La Billardiere. 

The Coast Slieoak of South-east Australia, but not merely 
living in coast-sand, but also on barren places up to the hills 
inland. Height to 60 feet. The male tree is very eligible 
for avenues, the foliage of the species being drooping. Cattle 
are fond of the foliage. For arresting the ingress of coast- 
sand by belts of timber, this is one of the most important 
trees. It produces, like other Casuarinas, seeds early and 
copiously, and is easily raised. 

Casuarina suberosa, Willdenow. 

The Erect Sheoak of South-east Australia. Height to 40 
feet. A beautiful shady species. Casuarina trichodon (Miq.) 
and C. Huegeliana (Miq.) are arboreous species of South-west 
Australia, all valuable for their wood. 

Casuarina torulosa, Aiton. 

New South Wales and Queensland. The wood of this hand- 
some tree is in demand for diu-able shingles and furniture 
work; it is also one of the best for oven fuel. 

Catalpa bignonioides, Walter. 

On the Gulf of Mexico. A tree in warm humid climatic 
zones of remarkable celerity of growth. Mr. Meehan regards 
the wood to be as durable as that of the best chestnut trees, 
and observed a stem in twenty years to attain a diameter of 
three feet, even in the clime of New York. 

Catha edulis, Forskoel. 

Arabia and Eastern Africa. The leaves of this shrub under 
the designation Kafta or Cat are used for a tea of a very 
stimulating effect, to some extent to be compared to that of 
Erythroxylon Coca. To us here the plant would be mainly 
valuable for medicinal purposes. 

Ceanothus rigidus, Nuttall. 

California. One of the best of hedge-shrubs, available for dry 
situations. Evergreen ; up to 12 feet high ; the branches 
become densely intricate. In the coast-tracts it is replaced 
by C. thyrsifiorus, Esch., which can also be used for hedges 
and copses, and will live in mere coast-sand. C. prostra,tus, 
Benth., likes to form natural mats on slopes formed by roads 
and slides, which it gradually covers, and with its pretty blue 
flowers soon decorates (Professor Bolander). 

Cedrela Taona, Roxburgh.* 

The Singapore Cedar. A mere variety of this is the Ked 
Cedar of East Australia {Cedrela Australis, Cunn.) The light 
beautiful wood, easily worked and susceptible of high polish, 
is much in request for furniture, for the manufacture of 
pianofortes, for boat-building and a variety of other work. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



47 



As this important tree is largely extirpated in the cedar 
brushes, it is highly desirable to form of it in our rich forest 
gullies independent plantations for future local supply. The 
Red Cedar is hardy at Melbourne, but in our open exposed 
gardens and poor soil of slow growth. 

Cedronella cordata, Bentham. 

United States of North America. A perennial herb, fragrant 
like the following. 

Cedronella triphylla, Moench. 

Madeira and Canary Islands. A shrubby plant with highly 
scented foliage. The volatile oil obtainable from it resembles 
that of Melissa, but is somewhat camphoric. 

■Celtis Australis, Linn6. 

The Lotus-tree of South Europe and North Africa. Of 
longevity, 50 feet high, available for avenues. Berries edible. 
"Wood hard and dense, eligible particularly for turner's and 
and carver's work. 

Celtis Occidentalis, Linne. 

The Huckberry-tree. A fine forest-tree in Ohio, and other 
parts of North America. Height, 80 feet. The variety called 
C. crassifolia is the best. The sweet fruits edible. "Wood elastic 
and fissile. 

Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, Bichard. 

Brazil, in woods of mountains, consociated with Palms and 
¥ern-trees. It is not unlikely, that this herb, which is 
perennial and yields the important medicinal Ipecacuanha 
root, would live in our warmer forest-regions, such as those 
of East Gipps Land. Active principles: Emetin and Ipeca- 
cuanha-acid. 

Cephalotaxus Fortunei, Hooker. 

China and Japan. This splendid yew attains a height of 60 
feet, and is very hardy. 

Ceratonia Siliqua, Linne. 

The Carob-tree of the Mediterranean regions. It attains a 
height of 30 feet and resists drought well ; succeeds best on a 
calcareous subsoil. Wood pale red. The saccharine pods, 
Algaroba or St. John's Bread^ of value for domestic animals. 
The seeds germinate readily. — The exportation of the beans 
for cattle-food from Creta alone is now about 180,000 tons 
annually. (Dr. Masters.) 

Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nuttall. 

California. Rises in favourable spots to a tree 40 feet high, 
with a stem diameter of 2J feet. The wood is the hardest 
known in California. C. parvifolius is of lesser dimensions. 



48 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Cereus Quixo, Gay. 

Chili. This stately Cactus attains a height of 15 feet, and is 
one of the hardiest species. The charming snow-white 
flowers are followed by sweetish mucilaginous fruits, available 
for the table (Philippi). C. giganteus (Engelmann), from 
New Mexico, which attains the stupendous height of 50 feet, 
with a proportionate columnar tliickness, yields also edible 
fruits, and lives unprotected in our clime. It has been intro- 
duced by the writer many years ago. 

Ceroxylon andicola, Humboldt. 

The Wax Palm of New Granada, ascending the Andes to 
11,000 feet. One of the most majestic and at the same 
time one of the most hardy of all palms, attaining occa- 
sionally a height of 180 feet. The trunk exudes a kind of 
resinous wax, about 2 5 lbs. being obtainable at a time from 
each stem; this by admixture to tallow is used for candles. 
There are several other andine palms, which could be reared 
in our forests or in sheltered positions at our dwellings, but 
some of them are not even yet phytographically cii'cum- 
scribed. 

Cervantesia tomentosa, Euiz and Pavon. 

Forest-mountains of Peru. This tree yields edible seeds. 
It is likely to prove hardy in our lower forest-regions. 

Cliaerophyllum bulbosum, Linne. 

Middle Europe and Western Asia. The Parsnip-Chervil. 
A biennial herb. The root a good culinary esculent. 

Cliaeropliyllum sativum, Lamarck. (Anthriscus Cerefolium, 
Hoffmann.) 

The Chervil. Middle and South Europe, Western Asia. 
An annual herb, available for salads and condiments, but the 
root deleterious. 

Cliamaerops excelsa, Thunberg. 

South China. This Fan Palm is highly desirable, although 
not tall as the name would indicate. Has stood 1 6° Cels. 
below freezing-point with only a slight litter. (Count de 
Saporta.) 

Chamaerops Fortunei, Hooker. 

North China. The Chusan Palm. It attains a height of 
about 12 feet and endures like the following species con- 
siderable frost. The leaves can be employed for plaiting 
palm-hats. Other hardy palms might be natm-alized and 
used for various purposes, irrespective of theii* ornamental 
features. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



49 



Chamaerops humilis, Liime. 

The dwarf Fan-Palm of South Europe and North Africa. It 
is very decorative for garden plantations, particularly also 
eligible for scenic effect. 

Chamaerops Hystrix, Fraser. 

The Blue Palmetto of Florida and Carolina. Another dwarf 
Fan-Palm. 

Chamaerops Khasyana, Griffith. 

In the Himalayas at elevations from 4000 to 8000 feet. 
Allied to C. Martiana. 

Chamaerops Martiana, Wallich. 

Ascends the mountains of Nepal to 5000 feet. Attains a 
height of 50 feet and is altogether a noble object. 

Chamaerops Ritchieana, Griffith. 

Arid mountains of Affghanistan; seemingly the only Palm of 
that country. Has also proved hardy even in England. 

Chelidonium majus, Linne. 

Europe and Western Asia. The Celandine. A perennial 
herb of medicinal value. Chemical principles: Chelerythrin 
and Chelidonin; also a yellow pigment: Chelidoxanthin. 

Chenopodium ambrosioides, Linne. 

Tropical America. An annual medicinal herb. Chenopodium 
anthelminticum is a perennial variety of this species. 

Chenopodium auricomum, Lindley. 

From the Darling River to Carpentaria and Arnhem's Land. 
A tall perennial herb, furnishing a nutritious and palatable 
spinage. It will live in arid desert regions. 

Chenopodium Blitum, F. v. Mueller. {Blitum virgatum, 
Linn6.) 

From South Europe to India. An annual herb, extensively 
in use there as a cultivated spinage-plant. The fruits furnish 
a red dye. The genus Blitum was reduced to Chenopodium 
by the writer in Caruel's Giornale Botauico some years ago. 
C. capitatum (Blitum capitatum, Linne) may not be really 
a distinct species. C. Quinoa, Willdenow, from Chili, 
deserves hardly recommendation for culture, though a 
nutritious spinage, it being apt to stray as a weed into 
cultivated fields. Some of these sorts of plants are useful to 
anglers, as attracting fish, when thrown into rivers or 
lakes. 



E 



50 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Chloris truncata, R Brown. 

South-eastern Australia, as far south as Port Phillip. This 
perennial and showy grass is regarded by Mr. Walter Bissill 
as an excellent summer and autumn grass, of ready growth 
and relished by pasture animals. C. ventricosa (E,. Br.) is 
another valuable East- Australian species. 

Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Kunth. 

California, frequent on the mountains. This lily-like plant 
attains a height of eight feet. The heavy bulb is covered 
with many coatings, consisting of fibres, which are used for 
cushions, mattresses, &c. ; large contracts are entered into for 
the supply of this material on a very extensive scale 
(Professor Bolander). The inner part of the bulb serves as a 
substitute for soap, and it might be tried whether it can be 
utilised for technological purposes like the root of Saponaria. 

CMoroxylon Swietenia, Candolle. 

The Satin-wood. Mountains of India. Like the allied 
Plindersias, i^ossibly this tree would prove hardy here in 
naturally sheltered places, the cognate Cedrela Taona 
advancing in East Australia southward to the 35tli degree. 
A resin, valuable for varnishes, exudes from the stem and 
branches. 

Chrysanthemum roseum, Adam. 

South- West Asia. This perennial herb, with C, carneum, 
yields the Persian insect-powder. 

Cicer arietinum, Linne. 

South Europe and Orient. The Gram. An annual herb, 
valuable as a pulse for pasture animals. The seeds can also 
be converted into pea-meal or be used otherwise for culinary 
purposes. 

Cichorium Endivia, Linn6. 

South Europe, Orient, Middle Asia. A biennial plant, used 
since ancient times as a culinary vegetable. 

Cichorium Intybus, Linne. 

Chicory. A well-known peremiial plant, indigenous to 
Europe, North Africa and North and West Asia. The roots 
much used as a substitute for coffee. This plant requires a 
rich deep loamy soil, but fresh manure is detriuiental to the 
value of the root. It is also a good fodder-plant, especially 
for sheep. The root can also be dressed and boiled for 
culinary purposes. The leaves useful for salad. 

Cimicifuga racemosa, Elliott. 

The Black Snake-root of North America. A perennial herb 
of medicinal value, the root possessing emetic properties. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



51 



Cinchona Calisaya, Ruk.* 

Yellow Peru Bark tree. Andes of Peru and Bolivia, 5000 to 
6000 feet above the ocean. This tree attains a height of 40 
feet. It yields the Yellow Bark, and also part of the Crown- 
Bark. It is one of the richest yielders of Quinin, and produces 
besides Cinchonidin. 

Cincliona micrantha, Ruiz and Pa von. 

Cordilleras of Bolivia and Peru. This tree attains a height 
of 60 feet, and froru it part of the Grej and Huanuco Bark 
as well as Lima Bark are obtained. It is com2)aratively rich 
in Cinchonin and Quinidin, contains however also Quinin. 

Cinchona nitida, Ruiz and Pavon. 

Andes of Peru and Ecuador. This tree rises to 80 feet under 
favoui-able circumstances. It also yields G-rej Bark and 
Huanuco Bark, besides Loxa Bark. It will probably prove 
one of the hardiest species. It contains predominantly Cin- 
chonin and Quinidin. 

Cinchona officinalis Linne (partly).* [Cincliona Conda- 
minea, Humboldt). 
Andes of New Grenada and Peru, at a height of 6000 to 
10,000 feet. Yields Crown or Brown Peru Bark, besides 
part of Loxa Bark. Comparatively rich in Quinin and 
Cinchonidin. The temperature of the middle regions of the 
Andes, where this tree grows, is almost the same as that of 
the Canary Islands. Superabundance of moisture is particu- 
larly to this species pernicious. The Crispilla variety endui^es 
a temperature occasionally as low as 27° F. 

Cinchona lancifolia (Mutis) is considered by "Weddell a 
variety of C. officinalis. This grows on places where the 
mean annual temperature is that of Rome, with however 
less extremes of heat and cold. It yields part of the Pitaya 
Bark. 

Cinchona Pitayensis must also be referred to C. officinalis 
as a variety. This attains a height of 60 feet and furnishes 
also a portion of the Pitaya Bark. It is this particular Cin- 
chona, which in Upper India yielded in some instances the 
unprecedented quantity of 1 1 per cent, alkaloids, nearly 6 per 
cent. Quinin, the rest Quinidin and Cinchonin. 

In Java some of the best results were obtained with Cin- 
chona Hasskar liana Miq., a species seemingly as yet not 
critically identified. 

Cinchona succirubra, Pavon.* 

Middle andine regions of Peru and Ecuador. A tree attain- 
ing a height of 40 feet^ yielding the red Peru Bark, rich in 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Quinin and Cinclionidin. It is this species, which is pre- 
dominantly cultivated on the mountains of Bengal. It has 
been found hardy in Lower Gippsland and the Westernport 
district. It grew in Madeira at an elevation of 500 feet, 
after having been planted two and a-half years, to a height of 
20 feet, flowering freely. All these Cinchonas promise to 
become of importance for culture in the warmest regions of 
our forest-land, on places not readily accessible or eligible 
for cereal culture. The Peruvian proverb that Cinchona trees 
like to be "within sight of snow" gives some clue to the con- 
ditions, under which they thrive best. They delight in the 
shelter of forests, where there is an equable temperature, no 
frost, some humidity at all times both in air and soil, where 
the ground is deep and largely consists of the remnants of 
decayed vegetable substances and where the subsoil is open. 
Drippage from shelter-trees too near will be hurtful to the 
plants. Closed valleys and deep gorges, into which cold air 
will sink, are also not well adapted for Cinchona-culture. In 
our colony we ought to consociate the Perubark-plants with 
naturally growing fern-trees, but only in our warmest valleys 
of richest soil. The best temperature for Cinchonas is from 
53° to 66° F.; but they mostly will endure in open places a 
minimum of 32° F.; in the brush shades of the Botanic 
Garden of Melbourne, where years ago already Cinchonas 
were raised by the thousands, they have even resisted 
uninjured a temperature of a few degrees less, wherever the 
wind had no access, while under such very slight cover the 
Cinchonas withstood also a heat of a few degrees over 100° F. 
The plants are most easily raised from seeds, best under some 
cover such as mats, and they are seeding copiously already 
several years after planting. The contents of alkaloids in the 
bark can be much increased by artificial treatment, if the bark 
is only removed on one side of the stem and the denuded part 
covered with moss, under which in one year as much bark is 
formed as otherwise requires three years' growth, such forced 
bark moreover containing the astounding quantity of as much 
as 257o alkaloids, because no loss of these ^^recious substances 
takes place by gradual disintegration through age. The Cin- 
chona-plants are set out at distances of about 6 feet. The 
harvest of bark begins in the fourth or fifth year. The price 
varies in Europe from 2s. to 9s. per lb. according to quality. 
The limits assigned to this literary compilation do not 
admit of entering further into details on this occasion, but I 
may yet add, that in the Darjeeling district over three millions 
of Cinchona plants were in cultivation in 1869, raised in 
Government plantations. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. , 53 

Cinna arundinacea, Linne. 

North America. There recorded as a good fodder-grass ; 
perennial, somewhat sweet-scented. Blyttia suaveolens 
(Fries) is, according to Dr. Asa Gray, a variety with 
pendant flowers. 
Cinnamomum Camphora, ISTees.* 

The Camphor-tree of China and Japan, attaining a height of 
about 40 feet. It endures the occasional frosts of Port 
Phillip, though the foliage will suffer. The wood, like all 
other parts of the tree, is pervaded by camphor, hence resists 
the attacks of insects. 

Cistus creticus, Linne. 

Countries at the Mediterranean Sea. This shrub, with C. 
cyprius (Lam.) furnishes the best Ladanum resin. Other 
species yield a less fragrant product. 

Citrus Aurantium, Linne.* 

The Orange (in the widest sense of the word). A native of 
South Asia. A tree of longevity, known to have attained the 
age of 600 years or more. Any specific differences, to distin- 
guish C. Aurantium from C. medica, if they once existed, are 
obliterated now through hybridisation, at least in the culti- 
vated forms. In Central India a peculiar variety is under 
culture, producing two crops a year. The blossoms of 
February and March yield their ripe fruit in November and 
December, whereas from the flowers of July mature fruits are 
obtained in March and April. To prevent exliaustion only 
alternate fruiting is allowed. As prominent varieties of C. 
Aurantium may be distinguished : — 

Citrus Bigaradia, Duhamel. The Bitter Orange. This furnishes 
from its flowers the Neroli Oil, so delicious and costly as a 
scent. It is stated that Orange-flowers to the value of .£50 
might be gathered from the plants of an acre within a year. 
The rind of the fruit is used for candied orange-peel. Bitter 
principle : Hesperidin in the rind, Limonin in the seed. 

Citrus dulcis, Volkamer. The Sweet Orange, of which many 
kinds occur. The St. Michael Orange has been known to 
bear in the Azores on sheltered places 20,000 fruits on one 
tree in a year. Neroli Oil is obtained from the flowers of 
this and allied varieties. 

Citrus Bergamium, Bisso. From the fruit-rind of this variety 
Bergamotte Oil is obtained, but also oil from the flowers. 
The Mellarosa variety furnishes a superior oil and exquisite 
confitures. 

Citrus decumana, Linn6. The Shaddock of Pompelmos. The 
fruit will exceptionally attain a weight of 20 lbs. The pulp 
and thick rind can both be used for preserves. 



54 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Citrus nohilis, Loureiro. The Mandarin-Orange. The thin peel 
separates most readily from the deliciously flavoured sweet 
pulp. There are large and small fruited Mandarin Oranges; 
the Tangerine variety is one of them. 

Citrus Australasica, F. von Mueller. 

Coast-forests of extra-tropic East Australia. A shi^ubby 
species, with oblong or almost cylindrical fruits of lemon-like 
taste, measuring two to foiu' inches in length. They are 
thus very much larger than those of Atalantia glauca of the 
coast and the desert-interior of tropic Australia, which are also 
of similar taste. These plants are entered together with 
the following on this list, merely to draw attention to them, 
as likely capable of improvement of their fruit through culture. 

Citrus Japonica, Thunberg. 

The Kumquat of Japan. A shrubby Citrus with fi-uits of the 
size of a gooseberry, from which on accoimt of their sweet 
peel and acid pulp an excellent preserve can be prepared. 

Citrus medica, Linne.* 

The Citron (in the widest sense of the word). Indigenous to 
Southern Asia. For convenience's sake it is placed here as 
distinct from the preceding species. As prominent varieties 
of the Citrus medica may be distinguished : — 

Citrus Cedra, Gallesio. The real Citron. From the acid tuber- 
cular fruit essential oil and citric acid can be obtained, irre- 
spective of the ordinary culinary use of the fruit. A large 
variety with thick rind furnishes candied the Citrionate or 
Succade. The Cedra Oil comes from a particular variety. 

Citrus Limonium, Risso. The Real Lemon, From the fruit of 
this is largely pressed the Lemon-juice, while the thin smooth 
aromatic peel serves for the production of volatile oil or for 
condiments. The juice of this fruit is particularly rich in 
citric acid. A large variety is the Rosaline Lemon. 

Citrus Lumia, Risso. The Sweet Lemon, including the Pear- 
Lemon with large pear-shaped fruit. Rind thick and pale; 
pulp not acid. This variety serves for particular condiments. 

Citrus Limetta, Risso. The real Lime. The best lime-juice is 
obtained from this variety, of which the Perette constitutes a 
form. 

Citrus Planchoni, F. von Mueller. {C. Australis, Planchon, 
partly.) 

Forests near the coast of sub-tropic East Australia. A noble 
tree, fully 40 feet high, with globular fruits about the size of 
a walnut, called Native Oranges. The sjDecies has first 
appeared under the above name in the ^' Report on the Vege- 
table Products of the Intercolonial Exliibition of 1867." 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



55 



Cladrastis tinctoria, Rafiiiesque. 

North America. The wood of this tree produces a saffron- 
yellow dye. 

Cochlearia Armoracia, Linne. 

The Horseradish. Middle Europe and Western Asia. 
Perennial. The volatile oil of the root allied to that of 
Mustard. 

Cochlearia officinalis, Linn^. 

Shores of Middle and North Europe, North Asia and North 
America. A biennial herb, like the allied C. Angelica and 
C. Danica valuable as an antiscorbutic; hence deserving 
naturalisation. It contains a peculiar volatile oil. 

Cocos Australis, Martins. 

From Brazil to Uruguay and the La Plata States. One of 
the hardiest of all Palms, hardier even than the Date Palm, 
withstanding unprotected a cold of 8° C. below freezing- 
point, at which temperature oranges and almonds are injured 
or destroyed. 

Coffea Arabica, Linne. 

Mountains of South-West Abyssinia. The Coffee-plant. This 
shrub or small tree has been admitted into this list not with- 
out great hesitation, merely not to be passed. The culti- 
vation within Victorian boundary can only with any prospect 
of success be tried in the warmest and simultaneously 
moistest regions, such as East Gipps Land, frost being detri- 
mental to the Coffee-plant. In Ceylon the Coffee regions are 
between 1000 and 5000 feet above the ocean, but Dr. 
Thwaites observes, that the plant succeeds best at an elevation 
from 3000 to 4500 feet, in places where there is a rainfall of 
about 100 inches a year. The temperature there rises hardly 
ever above 80° F., and almost never sinks below 45° F. 
Coffee requires moist weather whilst it ripens its fruit, and a 
season of drier weather to form its wood. For further parti- 
culars see the papers of the Planters' Association of Kandy. 
Chemical principles: Coffein, a peculiar tannic acid and 
Quina acid. 

Colcliicum auctumnale, Linne. 

Middle and South Europe, West Asia. The Meadow Saffron. 
The seeds and roots of this pretty bulbous-tuberous herb are 
important for medicinal use. The plant has been introduced 
by the writer with a view of being cultivated on moist 
meadows in our ranges. Active principle : Colchicin. 

Colocasia antiquorum, Schott. 

From Egypt through South Asia to the South Sea Islands, 
apparently also indigenous in the warmer parts of East 



56 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Australia. The Taro. The stem-like tuberous starchy roots 
lose their acridity by the process of boiling, roasting or 
baking. It is the Kolkas of the Ai-abs and Egyptians, to 
them one of the most esteemed and abundant vegetables. 
Immense quantities are harvested and kept during the 
winter. The plant proved hardy in the Botanic Garden of 
Melbourne. The tops of the tubers are replanted for a new 
crop. Taro requires a rich moist soil and would gi'ow well 
on banks of rivers. For scenic culture it is a very 
decorative plant. Colocasia esculenta is a variety of this 
species. 

Colocasia Indica, Kunth. (Alocasia Indica, Schott). 

South Asia, South Sea Islands and East Australia. Culti- 
vated for its stem and tubers on swamps or rivulets. This 
stately plant will rise in favourable localities to a height of 
12 feet, the edible trunk attaining a considerable thickness, 
the leaves sometimes measuring three feet in length. In 
using the stem and root for food great care is needed to expel 
by the heating process all acridity. Colocasia odora and C. 
macrorrhiza seem varieties of this species. Several other 
Aroid plants deserve attention for test-culture on account of 
their edible roots, among them Cyi'tosperma edule, Seemann, 
from the Fiji Islands. 

Combretum butyraceum, Caruel. 

The Butter-tree of Caffraria and other parts of South -East 
Africa. The Caffirs call the fatty substance obtained from 
this tree Chiquito. It is largely used by them as an admix- 
ture to their food, and exported also. It contains about one 
quarter Olein and three quarters Margarin. This butter- 
like fat is extracted from the fruit, and is of an aromatic 
flavour. The tree should be hardy in the warmer and milder 
parts of Victoria. 

Conium maculatum, Linne. 

The Hemlock. Europe, North Africa, North and West 
Asia. A biennial herb, important for medicinal purposes. 
It should however not be allowed to stray from its planta- 
tions, as it is apt to be confounded with culinary species of 
Anthriscus, Chaerophyllum and Myrrhis, and may thus cause 
as a most dangerous plant disastrous mistakes. Active prin- 
ciples : Coniin, in the fruit also Conhydrin. 

Conopodium denudatum, Koch. 

Western Europe. The small tuberous roots of this herb, 
when boiled or roasted, are available for food and known as 
Earth Chestnuts. The plant is allied to Carum Bulbocasta- 
num. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



57 



Convolvulus floridus, Linn^ fil. 

Canary Island. A shrubby not climbing or winding species. 
"With C. scoparius it yields the Atlantic Bosewood from 
stem and root. 

Convolvulus Scammonia, Linne. 

Mediterranean regions and Asia Minor. A perennial herb. 
From the root is obtained the purgative resin Scammonia. 

Convolvulus scoparius, Linne fil. 

Teneriffe. One of the Eosewood plants. 

Copernicia cerifera, Martins. 

Brazil. This magnificent Fan-Palm, like so many others of 
this noble order, may prove hardy in our latitudes. It resists 
drought in a remarkable degree, and prospers also on a some- 
what saline soil. This palm in all probability would prove 
fitted for the country along the Murray-river. The stem 
furnishes starch, the sap yields sugar, the fibres of the leaves 
are converted into ropes, which resist decay in water, and can 
also be used for mats, hats, baskets and brooms, and many 
other articles are prepared from the leaves. The inner part 
of the leafstalks serves as a substitute for cork. Mainly 
however this palm is valued for its Carnauba-wax, with 
which the yoimg leaves are coated, and which can be detached 
by shaking ; it is harder than beeswax and is used in candle 
manufacture. Each tree furnishes about 4 lbs. annually. In 
1862 no less than 2,500,000 lbs. were imported into Great 
Britain, realising about £100,000. 

Corcliorus acutangulus, Lamarck. 

Tropical Africa, South Asia and North Australia. This species 
is specially mentioned by some writers as a Jute-plant. — A 
particular machine has been constructed by Mr. Le Franc, of 
New Orleans, for separating the Jute fibre. With it a ton of 
Jute fibre is produced in a day by four men's work, and it 
leaves no butts and refuse. This apparatus can also be used 
for other fibre plants. The seeds of the Corchorus, which 
spontaneously drop, will reiterate the crop. 

Corcliorus capsularis, Linne. 

From India to Japan. One of the principal Jute-plants. 
An annual, attaining a height of about a dozen feet, when 
closely grown, with almost branchless stem. A nearly allied 
but lower plant, Corchorus Cunninghami, F. v. Mueller, 
occurs in tropical and subtropical East Australia. Jute can 
be grown where cotton and rice ripen, be it even in localities 
comparatively cold in the winter, if the summer's warmth is 
long and continuous. The fibre is separated by steeping the 
full-grown plant in water from five to eight days, and it is 



58 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



largely used for rice- and cotton-bags, carpets and other 
similar textile fabrics, and also for ropes. About 60,000 
tons are annually exported from India to England, and a 
large quantity also to the United States. Jute is sown on 
good land, well ploughed and drained, but requires no irri- 
gation, although it likes humidity. The crop is obtained in 
the course of four or five months, and is ripe when the 
flowers turn into fruit capsules. Good paper is made from 
the refuse of the fibre. 

Corchorus olitorius, Linne.* 

South Asia and North Australia, Furnishes, with the fore- 
going species, the principal supply of Jute-fibre. As it also 
is an annual, it can be brought to perfection in our summei^. 
The foliage can be used for spinage. The fibre is not so 
strong as hemp, but very easily prepared. It will not endure 
exposure to water. The allied Corchorus trilocularis, L., of 
Indian origin, is likewise a native of eastern tropical and 
subtropical Australia. 

Cordyline Banksii, J. Hooker. 

New Zealand. This lax and long-leaved Palm-lily attains a 
height of 10 feet; its stem is usually undivided. This and 
the following species have been admitted into this list for a 
double reason, because not only are they by far the hardiest, 
quickest growing and largest of the genus, and thus most 
sought in horticultural trade for scenic planting; but also 
because they furnish from the leaves a superior fibre for ropes 
and other purposes. The small seeds are produced in great 
abmidance, and germinate with extreme readiness. These 
Palm-lilies ought to be naturalised in oui' ranges by mere 
dissemination. 

Cordyline Baueri, J. Hooker. {C. Australis, Endlicher, not 
J. Hooker.) 

Norfolk Island. The stem of this stately species attains a 
height of 40 feet, and becomes in age ramified. It is very 
intimately allied to the following : — 

Cordyline Forsteri, F. v. Mueller. {C. Australis, J. Hooker, 
not Endlicher.) 

New Zealand. The stem of this noble thin-leaved plant 
attains a height of 40 feet, and is branched. Aged leaves 
readily separable; berries, blue. 

Cordyline indivisa, Kunth. 

New Zealand. The stem of this thick and rigid-leaved 
palm-like species rises to a height of 20 feet, and remains 
imdivided. Leaves finally five inches broad; yield the Toi- 
fibre. Aged leaves persistent in a perfectly downward 
position for many years. Panicle at first erect. Berries, white. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



5^ 



Cordyline Ti, Schoot. 

China. The roots in a roasted 'state are edible. The leaves^ 
like those of other species, can be utilised for textile fibre. 

Coriandrum stivum, Linne. 

Orient and Middle Asia. An annual or biennial herb, much 
in use for condiments. The essential oil peculiar. 

Corylus Colurna, Linne. 

The Constantinople Nut-tree, the tallest of Hazels, attaining 
60 feet in height, of rather quick growth. This, as well as- 
the European Hazel {Corylus Avellana, L.) and the Japan 
Hazel {C. heterophyllcij Fischer) might be grown for copses in 
our forest-gullies. 

Corynocarpus laevigata, Forster. 

The Karaka of New Zealand and the principal forest-tree of 
the Chatham Islands, attaining a height of 60 feet. The wood 
is light, and used by the natives for canoes. The pulp of the 
fruit is edible. Cattle browse on the foliage. In rich humid 
soil the tree can be adopted for avenues. 

Corynosicyos edulis. {Cladosicyos edulis, J. Hooker.) 

Guinea. A new cucumber-like plant, with edible fruits 
about one foot long, and three inches in diameter. 

Crambe cordifolia, Steven. 

From Persia and the Caucasus to Thibet and the Himalayas 
up to 14,000 feet. The root and foliage of this Kale afford 
an esculent. C. Kotschyana (Boiss.) is an allied plant. 

Crambe maritima, Linne. 

Sea-Kale. Sand-coasts of Europe and North Africa. A 
perennial herb; the yoimg shoots used as a wholesome and 
agreeable vegetable. 

Crambe Tataria, Wulfen. 

From Southern Europe to the Orient. Perennial. Like- 
wise used for culinary purposes. 

Crataegus aestivalis, Torrey and Gray. 

The Apple Haw. Southern States of North America. The 
small juicy fruit of an agreeable acid taste. 

Crataegus apiifolia, Michaux. 

North America. Highly serviceable for hedges. 

Crataegus Azarolus, Linne. 

Welsh Medlar. South Europe and South -West Asia. The 
pleasantly acidulous fruits are much used for preserves. 

Crataegus coccinea, Linne. 

North- American Whitethorn. A valuable hedge.plant ; also 
very handsome. Spines strong. 



60 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Crataegus cordata, Aiton. 

Southern States of North America. Also much employed 
for hedges. 

Crataegus Crus-Galli, Linne. 

North America. The Cockspur-Thorn. Regarded as one of 
the best species for hedges. Spines long and stout. 

Crataegus Oxyacantha, Linne. 

Europe, North Africa, North and West Asia. The ordinary 
Hawthorn or Whitethorn. Recorded here as one of the most 
eligible among deciduous hedge-plants. 

Crataegus parvifolia, Alton. 

North America. For dwarf hedges. Spines long, slender, 
sharp and numerous. 

Crataegus pyracantha, Persoon. 

The Firethorn. South Europe. This species is evergreen, 
It is likewise adapted for hedges, but slower in groAvth than 
Hawthorn, but not difficult to rear. 

Crataegus tomentosa, Linne. 

North America. Fruit edible. By the species mentioned 
the list of American Hedgethorns is probably not yet 
exhausted. 

Crithmum maritimum, Limie. 

The real Samphire. Sea-shores of Middle and South Europe, 
North Africa and the Orient. A perennial herb. Settlers on 
the coast might readily disseminate and naturalize it. It is 
held to be one of the best plants for pickles, the young leaves 
being selected for that purpose. 

Crocus sativuSj Linne. 

The Dye-Saifron. South Europe and Orient. The stigmata 
of this particular autumnal flowering Crocus constitute the 
costly dye substance. The best is collected from the flowers, 
just as they daily open in succession. At our stage of colo- 
nisation it would not be remunerative to grow Safii'on com- 
mercially; but as the plant is well adapted for our clime, it 
might be j)lanted out into various unoccupied mountain locali- 
ties, with a final view to naturalise it, and to render it thus 
available at a later period from native sources. 

Crocus serotinus, Salisbury. (C. odorus, Bivona.) 

South Europe. Also this species produces Safii'on rich in 
pigment. The bulbs of several are edible. 

Crotalaria Burhia, Hamilton. 

Beludschistan, Affghanistan, Scinde. The perennial herb 
grows in arid places and yields like the following Sunn-fibre. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



61 



Crotalaria juncea, Linne. 

The Sunn-Hemp. Indigenous to South Asia, and also widely- 
dispersed through tropical Australia. An annual herb, rising 
under favourable circumstances to a height of 10 feet. In 
our colony Sunn can only be cultivated in the warmest and 
moistest localities. It comes in four or five months to 
maturity. The plant can also be grown as a fodder-herb for 
cattle. It requires rich friable soil. If a superior soft fibre 
is desii-ed, then the plant is pulled while in flower; if strength 
is the object, then the plant is left standing until it has 
almost ripened its seeds. The steeping process occupies about 
three days. For the purpose of obtaining branchless stems it 
is sown closely. 

Crotalaria retusa, Linne. 

Asia, America and Australia within the tropics. A perennial 
herb. Its fibre resembles that of C. juncea, and is chiefly 
used for ropes and canvas. Others of the multitudinous 
species of Crotalaria deserve to be tested for their fibres. 

Croton lacciferus, Linne. 

Ceylon, up to 3000 feet. Suitable for the warmer forest- 
regions here, to obtain from this tree its peculiar exuding 
lac-resin. 

Crozophora tinctoria, Necker. 

South Europe, North Africa and Orient. An annual herb. 
The turnsole-dye is prepared by exposure of the juice to the 
air, or by treating it with ammonia. 

Gryptomeria Japonica, Don. 

Japan and Northern China. A slender evergreen tree, 100 
feet high. It requires forest-valleys for successful growth. 
The wood is compact, very white, soft and easy to work. 
In the Azores preferred even to the Finns Haleppensis for 
timber culture, on accoimt of its still more rapid growth in 
that insular clime. 

Cucumis cicatrisatus, Stocks. 

Scinde, where it is called "Wungee." The edible ovate fruit 
is about 6 inches long. 

Cucumis CitrulluSj Seringe. {Citrullus vulgaris, Schraeder.) 
Mediterranean regions. The Water-Melon. It is simply- 
mentioned here, to indicate the desirability of naturalising it 
in the interior-deserts, where no Cucurbita and only a single 
kind of edible Cucumis (C. acidus, Jacquin), with fruits not 
larger than a pigeon's egg, is indigenous. In South African 
deserts it has become spontaneously established, and retained 
the characters of the cultivated fruit. 



62 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Cucumis Colocynthis, Linne. (CitrullusColocynthis,^ch.r2i^ev). 
From the Mediterranean regions to India. An annual herb. 
The medicinal extract of Colocynth is prepared from the small 
gourd of this species. Active principle : Colocynthin. 

Cucumis Conomon, Thunberg. 

Japan. An annual. The large fruit is used for preserves. 

Cucumis Melo, Linne. 

The Melon. Originally from the country about the Caspian 
Sea. The best varieties might also be naturalised in our sand- 
deserts, particularly in places where some moisture collects. 
Some of the Bokhara varieties are remarkably luscious and 
large. Apparently remunerative results have been gained in 
Belgium from experiments to cultivate Melons for sugar and 
treacle. The seeds, thus obtained in quantity, become avail- 
able for oil-pressing. The root contains Melonemetin. 

Cucumis Momordica, Eoxburgh. 

Cultivated in India. It produces Cucumbers two feet long, 
bursting slowly when ripe into several divisions. Young the 
fruit is used like Cucumbers, aged like Melons. 

Cucumis sativus, Linne. 

The Cucumber. Egypt. Indicated here merely for complete- 
ness' sake, also because Gherkin-pickling ought to become a 
more extended local industry. Dr. G-. King brought under 
notice and culture the Chinese Cucumber "Solly-Qua," which 
attains a length of seven feet. It must be trained on walls 
or trellises, to afford to the fruit sufficient scope for 
suspension. 

Cucumis utilissimus, Boxburgh. 

Mountains of Bengal. An annual like the other species. 
Fruit of the size and shape of an ostrich's egg with the 
fiaA^our of Melons. These fruits will keep for several 
months. 

Cucurbita maxima, Duchesne. 

Large Gourd. Turkey. Instances are on record of fruits 
having weighed over 2 cwt. Also this species is eligible for 
naturalisation in the interior. Amongst other purposes it 
serves for calabashes. 

Cucurbita Melopepo, Linne. 

The Squash. May be regarded as a variety of C. Pepo. It 
will endure storage for months. 

Cucurbita moschata, Duchesne. 

The Musky Gourd. Doubtless also from the Orient. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



63 



Cucurbita Pepo, Linne. 

The Pumpkin and Vegetable Marrow. Countries on the 
Caspian Sea. Its naturalisation in the desert would be a 
boon. The seeds on pressure yield a fixed oil; they are also 
anthelmintic. C. melanosperma, A. Braun, is not edible. 

Cudrania Javensis, Trecul. 

New South Wales and Queensland, South and East Asia to 
Japan, East Africa. This climbing thorny shrub can be 
utilised for hedges. Fruit edible, of pleasant taste; the root 
furnishes a yellow dye. 

Cuminum Cymimum, Linne. 

North Africa. The fruits of this annual herb are known as 
Cumin and used for certain condiments, as also in medicine. 
Cuminum Hispanicum, Merat, is similar. Essential oil 
peculiar. 

Cupressus Benthami, Endlicher. 

Mexico, at 5000 to 7000 feet. A beautiful tree, 60 feet high. 
The wood is fine-grained and exceedingly durable. 

Cupressus Lawsoniana, Murray.^ (Chamcecyparis Lav> 
soniana, Pari.) 

Northern California. This is a splendid red-flowered cypress, 
growing 100 feet high, with a stem of 2 feet in diameter, and 
furnishes a valuable timber for building purposes, being clear 
and easily worked. 

Cupressus Lindleyi, Klotzsch. 

On the mountains of Mexico. A stately cypress, up to 120 
feet high. It supplies an excellent timber. 

Cupressus macro carpa, Hartweg. 

California, from Monterey to Noyo, in the granite as well as 
sandstone formation, sometimes in Sphagnum-moors. This 
beautiful and shady tree attains the height of 150 feet, with 
a stem of 9 feet in circumference, and is one of the quickest- 
growing of all conifers, even in poor dry soil. One of the 
best shelter-trees on sea-sands, naturally following the coast- 
line, never extending many miles from the shores, and occur- 
ring in localities where the temperature does not rise above 80° 
E., nor sinks below the freezing-point (Bolander). 

Cupressus Nutksensis, Lamb. {(Jhamcecyparis Nutkcmsis^ 
Spach.) 

The Yellow Cedar or Cypress of Alaska and the neighbour- 
ing States. Height of tree, 100 feet. Timber hard, durable, 
tough and close, also scented, worked with ease, used for 
boat-building and other purposes, the bast for mats and ropes. 
Can be trimmed for hedge-growth. 



64 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Cupressus obtusa, F. von Mueller. {Retinospora obtusa, S. 
and Z.) 

Japan. Attains a height of 80 feet; stem 5 feet in circum- 
ference. It forms a great part of the forests at Nipon. The 
wood is white-veined and compact, assuming, when planed, a 
silky lustre. It is used in Japan for temples. There are 
varieties of this species with foliage of a golden and of a 
silvery-white hue. 

Two other Japanese cypresses deserve introduction, 
namely: C. breviramis (Chamcecyparis hreviramea, Maxim.), 
and C. pendens {ChamcBcyparis pendula, Maxim.) 

Cupressus pisifera, F. von Mueller. {Chamcecyparis pisifem, 
S. and Z.) 

Japan. It attains a height of 30 feet, producing also a 
variety with golden foliage. 

Cupressus sempervirens, Linne. 

Common Cypress of South Europe. Height of tree up to 
80 feet. It is famous for the great age it reaches, and for 
the durability of its timber, which is next to imperishable. 
At present it is much sought for the manufacture of musical 
instruments. 

Cupressus tliurifera, Humboldt, B. and K.* 

Mexican White Cedar; 3000 to 4500 feet above sea-level. A 
handsome pyramidal tree, upwards of 40 feet high. 

Cupressus thuyoides, Linne. {Chamcecyparis sphceroideay 
Spach). 

White Cedar of North America ; in moist or morassy ground. 
Height of tree 80 feet; diameter of stem 3 feet. The wood 
is light, soft, and fragrant; it turns red when exposed to the 
air; it is extensively used for a great variety of purposes. 
The aged wood resists the succession of dryness and moisture 
better than any other cypress. 

Cupressus torulosa, Don.* 

Nepal Cypress. Northern India; 4500 to 8000 feet above 
sea-level. Average ordinary height 40 feet, but much larger 
dimensions are on record, requiring perhaps confirmation. 
The reddish fragrant wood is as durable as that of the 
Deodar Cedar, highly valued for furniture. The tree seems 
to prefer limestone soil. 

Cycas Normanbyana, F. v. Mueller. 

A noble Queensland species, deserving introduction, and 
capable of being shipped to long distances in an upgrown 
state without emballage. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



65 



Cycas revoluta, Thunberg. 

The Japan Fern-Palm. The trunk attains in age a height of 
about six feet, and is rich in sago-like starch. The slow- 
growth of this plant renders it to us valuable for no other 
purpose than scenic decorative culture ; it endures the climate 
of Melbourne without protection. Cycas angulata, E.. Br., 
may also prove hardy, and would prove a noble horticultural 
acquisition, as it is the most gigantic of all Cycadese, attain- 
ing a height of 70 feet in troj^ical East Australia. Like the 
Zamia stems also the trunks of Cycas admit of translocation 
even at an advanced age. 

Cymopterus glomeratus, Candolle. 

Western States of North America. Boot edible (Dr. 
Kosenthal). 

Cynara Cardunculus, Linne. 

The Cardoon. Mediterranean regions. A perennial herb. 
The bleached leaf- stalks serve as esculents. 

Cynara Scolymus, Linne. 

The Artichoke. South Europe and North Africa. The 
receptacles and the base of the flower scales well-known as 
a vegetable. The plant is perennial and here merely men- 
tioned as entitled to extended culture in grouping this with 
other stately plants. Several other species are worthy of 
cultivation. 

Cynodon Dactylon, Persoon.* 

Widely dispersed over the warmer parts of the globe, thus 
as indigenous reaching the northern parts of our colony. 
An important grass for covering bare barren land, or binding 
drift-sand, or keeping together the soil of abrupt declivities, 
or consolidating earth-banks against floods. It is not 
without value as a pasture-grass, resists extreme drought, 
and may become of great importance to many desert tracts. 
The dispersion is best effected by the cree^^ing rooting stems, 
cut into short pieces ; each of these takes root readily. In 
arable land this grass, when once established, cannot easily 
be subdued. The stems and roots are used in Italy for 
preparing there the Mellago graminis. Roxburgh already 
declared this grass to be by far the most common and useful 
of India, that it flowers all the year, and that it forms 
three-fourths of the food of the cows and horses there. 

Cynosurus cristatus, Linne. 

The Crested Dogstail-Grass. Europe, North Africa, West 
Asia. A perennial grass, particularly valuable as withstand- 
ing drought, the roots penetrating to considerable depth. 
The stems can also be used for bonnet plaiting. Though 



F 



66 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



inferior in value for hay this grass is well adapted for per- 
manent pasture, as it forms a dense turf without suffocating 
other grasses or fodder-herbs. 

Cyperus corymbosus, Rottboell. 

India. This stately perennial species may be chosen to 
fringe our lakes and ponds. It is extensively used for mats 
in India. 

Cyperus esculentus, Linne. 

South Europe, West Asia, various parts of Africa. Produces 
the " Chufa" or Ground Almond, an edible root which 
contains 27 per cent, of starch, 17 per cent, of oil and 12 
per cent, of saccharine substance. This plant does not spread 
like the C. rotundus, and can be reared on sand-land, though 
in rich loose soil the harvest is far more plentiful. The 
tubers, of which 100 to 150 can be obtained from each plant, 
are consumed either raw or cooked. Hogs root them up for 
food. The oil surpasses in excellence of taste all other oils 
used for culinary purposes. The roasted tubers are a fair 
substitute for coffee. The root of the North American C. 
phymatodes (Muehlenberg) is also nutty. 

Cyperus Papyrus, Liime. 

The Nile Papyrus. Though no longer strictly an utilitarian 
plant, as in ancient times, it could scarcely be passed on this 
occasion, as it ought to become valuable in the horticultural 
trade. Its grand aspect recommends it as very decorative 
for aquatic plantations. 

Cyperus proliferus, Linne fil. 

Canary Islands. The "Tagasaste." This tall herb is recom- 
mended as a fodder-plant in countries exposed to drought. 

Cyperus Syriacus, Parlatore. 

The Syrian or Sicilian Papyrus. This is the Papyrus-plant 
usual in garden cultivation. The plants in our Botanic 
Garden attain a height of eight feet, but suffer somewhat 
from frost. Other tall Cyperi deserve introduction, for 
instance C. giganteus, Pottboell, from West India and 
Guiana, these kinds of plants being hardier than others from 
the tropics. 

Cyperus tegetum, Poxburgh. 

India. This Galiiigale-rush might be naturalised on river- 
banks, to obtain material for the superior mats made of it in 
Bengal. The fresh stems are slit longitudinally into three or 
four pieces, each of which curls round by exsiccation, and can 
then be worked into durable and elegant mats. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



67 



Cyperus textiliS, Thunberg. {Cyperus vaginatus, K. Brown.) 
Widely dispersed over the Australian continent, but not yet 
noticed in Tasmania and New Zealand. It is restricted to 
swampy localities, and tlius is not likely to stray into ordinary 
fields. It is our best indigenous fibre-plant, and it is like- 
wise valuable as being with ease converted into pulp for good 
writing-paper, as shown by me some years ago. Its j^erennial 
gi'owtli allows of regular annual cutting. Within Victorian 
territory this Galingale-rush is particularly common on the 
Murray-flats. 

Cytisus SCOparius, Link. [Spartium scoparlum, Linne.) 

The Broom-bush. Europe, North Asia, Of less significance 
as a broom-plant than as one of medicinal value. It can 
also be used for tamiing purposes. Most valuable for arrest- 
ing drift-sand. An alkaloid (Spartein) and a yellow dye 
(Scopaj-in) are obtainable from this Broom-bush. 

Dacrydium Colensoi, Hooker. 

New Zealand. A beautiful tree, growing 50 feet in height 
and producing hard and incorruptible timber; chiefly eligible 
for our ali^ine regions. 

Dacrydium cupressinum, Solander. 

New Zealand. Native name, Rima; the Ked Pine of the 
colonists. This stately tree acquires the height of 200 feet, 
and furnishes a hard and valuable wood, very lasting for 
fences, but readily decaying in waterworks. Mr. Kirk 
recommends the timber on account of its great strength for 
girders and heavy beams anywhere under cover. With other 
New Zealand conifers particularly eligible for our forest- 
valleys. A most suitable tree for cemeteries, on account of 
its pendulous branches. 

Dacrydium Franklini, Hooker fil. 

Huon Pine of Tasmania; only found in moist forest recesses, 
and might be planted in our dense fern-tree gullies. Height 
of tree, 100 feet; stem circumference, 20 feet. The wood is 
highly esteemed for ship-building and various artisans' work. 

Dactylis caespitosa, Forster. {Poa Forsteri, Steudel.) 

Fuegia, Falkland's Island, South Patagonia. The Tussock- 
grass. Thrives in cold countries near the sea in pure sand, 
at the edge of peat-bogs. It would likely prosper in our 
Alpiiie moors. It is perennial, and reaches to a height of 
seven feet. It is very nutritious, and much sought by herds. 
The base of the stem is nutty and edible. 

Dactylis glomerata, Linne.* 

Eiu'ope, North Africa, North and Middle Asia. The Cocks- 



68 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



foot-gi^ass. Perennial. One of the best of tall pasture 
grasses, ada])ted as well for dry as moist soil, thus even avail- 
able for wet clays. It will live also under the shade of trees 
in forests. Its yield of fodder is rich and continuous, but its 
stems are hard. It is already largely cultivated, and has 
become naturalised. It is generally liked by cattle, unless 
when by understocking or neglect it has been allowed to 
become rank. Langethal observes: — "What the Timothy- 
grass is for the more diy sandy soil, that is the Cocksfoot- 
grass for more binding soil, and no other (European) grass 
can be compared to it for copiousness of yield, particularly if 
the soil contains a fair quantity of lime. J^t grows quickly 
again after the first cutting and comes early on in the season. 
The nutritive power of this grass is of the first class." 

Dammara alba, Humph. {D. Orientcdis, Lamb.) 

Agath Dammar. Indian Archipelagus and mainland. A 
large tree 100 feet high, with a stem of 8 feet in diameter; 
straiglit and branchless for two-thirds its length. It is of 
great importance on account of its yield of the transparent 
Dammar resin, extensively used for varnish. 

Dammara Australis, Lambert.* 

Kauri Pine. North island of New Zealand. This mag-nifi- 
cent tree measures, under favourable circumstances, 180 feet 
in height and 17 feet in diameter of stem; the estimated 
age of such a tree being 700 or 800 years. It furnishes an 
excellent remarkably durable timber, straight-grained, and 
much in use for masts, boats, superior furniture, casks, and 
particularly sought for decks of ships, lasting for the latter 
purpose twice as long as the deal of many other pines. It is 
also available for railway break-blocks and for carriages, and 
regarded as one of the most durable among timber of the 
conifer?©. Braces, stringers, and tie-beams of wharves re- 
mained, according to Professor Kirk, for very many years in 
good order under much traffic. In bridge-building the Kauri 
timber gave also excellent results ; it can also be used advan- 
tageously for railway sleepers. Kauri ought to be extensively 
introduced into oui' denser forests. Auckland alone exports 
about <£20,000 worth of Kauri timber annually. It is easily 
worked, and takes a high polish. It yields besides the Kauri 
resin of commerce, which is largely got from under the stem 
of the tree. The greatest part is gathered by the Maoris in 
localities formerly covered with Kauri forests; pieces weigh- 
ing 100 lbs. have been found in such places. 

Dammara macrophylla, Lindley. 

Santa Cruz Archipelagus. A beautiful tree, 100 feet high, 
resembling D. alba. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



69 



Dammara Moorei, Lindley. 

New Caledonia. Height of tree about 50 ieet. 

Dammara obtusa, Lindley. 

New Hebrides. A fine tree, 200 feet higli, with a long clear 
trunk; resembling D. Australis. 

Dammara ovata, Moore. 

New Caledonia, This tree is rich in Dammar resin. 

Dammara robusta, Moore. 

Queensland Kauri. A tall tree, known from Rockingham's 

Bay and Wide Bay. It thrives well even in open, exposed, 

dry localities at Melbourne. 
Dammara Vitiensis, Seemann. 

In Fiji. Tree 100 feet high; probably identical with Lindley's 

D. longifolia. 
Danthonia Cunninghami, J. Hooker. 

New Zealand. A splendid alpine fodder-grass with large 

panicles. 

Danthonia nervosa, J. Hooker. 

Extra-tropic Australia. One of the best of nutritious 
swamp-grasses, 

Danthonia pectinata, Lindley. 

New South Wales, Queensland and North Australia,' in the 
arid interior regions. A perennial desert-grass, resisting 
drought ; sought with avidity by sheep, and very fattening to 
them. 

Danthonia triticoides, Lindley. 

Of nearly the same natural distribution as the preceding, 
and equalling that species in value. Both so important as to 
deserve rearing even in their native countries. 

Daucus Carota, Linne. 

Europe, North Africa, extra-tropic Asia east to Japan. The 
Carrot. Admits of naturalisation along our shores. Beyond 
the ordinary culinary utilisation it serves for the distillation 
of a peculiar oil. The chemical substances Carotin and 
Hydrocarotin are derived from it. 

Debregeasia edulis, Weddell. 

The Janatsi-itsigo or Toon-itsigo of Japan. Berries of this 
bush edible, fibre valuable for textile fabrics. A few Indian 
species, with fibre resembling that of Boehmeria, ascend to 
the Himalayas for several thousand feet, and may therefore 
be hardy here, namely, T>. velutina, D. Wallichiana, D. 
hypoleuca; the latter extends to Abyssinia, where it has 
been noticed at elevations of 8000 feet. On mountains in 
Java occurs D. dichotoma. 



70 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Dendrocalamus giganteus, Mimro. 

Malacca and the adjacent islands. Habit of Gigantochloa 
maxima, therefore one of the mightiest of all Bamboos. 

Dendrocalamus strictus, ISTees. 

India, particularly Bengal. Grows on drier ground than. 
Bambusa arundinacea. It is also smaller and quite straight. 
Its strength and solidity render it fit for many select technic 
purposes. 

Desmodium triflorum, Candolle. 

In tropical regions of Asia, Africa and America. A densely 
matted perennial herb, alluded to on this occasion as recom- 
mendable for places too hot for ordinary clover and as 
representing a large genus of plants, many of which may 
prove of pastoral value. Dr. Boxburgh already stated that 
it helps to form the most beautiful turf in India, and that 
cattle are very fond of this herb. Colonel Drury informs us, that 
it is springing up in all soils and situations, supplying there 
the place of Trifoliimi and Medicago. 

Digitalis purpurea, Linne. 

Greater part of Europe. The Foxglove. A biennial and 
exceedingly beautiful lierb of great medicinal value, easily 
raised. Chemical principles: Digitalin, Digital etin and three 
peculiar acids. 

Dioscorea aculeata, Linne.* 

The Kaawi-Yam. India, Cochin- China, South Sea Islands. 
Stem prickly, as the name implies, not angular. Leaves 
alternate, undivided. It ripens later than the following 
species, and requires no reeds for staking. It is propagated 
from small tubers. This Yam is of a sweetish taste, and the 
late Dr. Seemann regarded it as one of the finest esculent 
roots of the globe. A variety of a bluish hue, cultivated in 
Central America (for instance at Caracas), is of very delicious 
taste. In the warmest parts of our colony this and the 
following species are likely to come to perfection. 

Dioscorea alata, Linne.* 

The Uvi-Yam. India and South Sea Islands. The stems 
are four-angled and not prickly. The tubers, of which there 
are many varieties, will attain under favourable circumstances 
a length of eight feet, and the prodigious weight of one 
hundred pounds! This species, and the preceding one, are 
the two principal kinds cultivated in tropical countries. 
D. alata is in culture supported by reeds. It is propagated 
from pieces of the old root, and comes in warm climes to 
perfection in about seven months. The tubers may be baked 
or boiled. It is this species, which has been successfully 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



71 



cultivated in New Zealand, and also in tlie Southern States 
of North America. 

Dioscorea globosa, Eoxburgh. 

India. Roxburgh states this to be the most esteemed Yam 
in Bengal. 

Dioscorea hastifolia, Nees. 

Extra-tropic Western Australia, at least as far south as 32°. 
It is evidently one of the hardiest of the Yams, and on that 
account deserves j^articularly to be drawn into culture. The 
tubers are largely consumed by the aborigines for food; it is 
the only plant on which they bestow any kind of cultivation, 
crude as it is. 

Dioscorea Japonica, Thunberg.* (D. Batatas, Decaisne.) 
The hardy Chinese and Japan Yam. This species, which is 
not prickly, has been cultivated some years in our Botanic 
Garden. The material here for comparison is not complete, 
but seems to indicate, that D. transversa, K. Br., and D. 
punctata, R. Br., are both referable to D. Japonica. If this 
assumption should prove correct, then we have this Yam 
along the coast tracts of North and East Australia as far 
south as latitude 33°. In Australia we find the wild root of 
good taste. 

Dioscorea nummularia, Lamarck. 

The Tivoli Yam. Continental and Insular India, also South 
Sea Islands. A high climbing prickly species, with opposite 
leaves. Boots cylindiical, as thick as an arm; theii- taste 
exceedingly good. 

Dioscorea oppositifolia, Linne. 

India and China. Not prickly. One of the edible Yams. 

Dioscorea pentaphylla, Linne. 

Continental and Insular India, also South Sea Islands. Like- 
wise a good Yam. A prickly species, with alternate divided 
leaves. 

Dioscorea purpurea, Eoxburgh, 

India. In Bengal considered next best to D. alata. 

Dioscorea quinqueloba, Thunberg. 

Japan, and there one of several Yam-plants with edible 
tubers. Among numerous congeners are mentioned as 
providing likewise root-vegetables : D. piperifolia (Humboldt) 
from Quito, D. esurientum (Fenzl) from Guatemala, D. 
tuberosa and D. conferta (Yelloza) from South Brazil, D. 
Cayennensis (Lamarck) from tropical South America, D, 
triphylla (Linne) from tropical Asia, D. deltoidea (Wallich) 
from Nepal. Of these and many other species the relative 



72 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



quality of the roots, and the degi*ee of facility of their field 
cultivation, require to be more ascertained. 

Dioscorea sativa, Linne. 

South Asia, east as far as Japan, also in the South Sea 
Islands, and North and tropical East Australia, like^vise re- 
corded from tropical Africa. Stem cylindrical, not prickly. 
The acrid root requires soaking before boiling. It has proved 
hardy in the Southern States of North America. 

Dioscorea spicata, Roth. 

India, Root used like those of other species. 

Dioscorea tomentosa, Koenig. 

Ooyala Yam. India. The nomenclature of some of the 
Asiatic sjDecies requires further revision. 

Dioscorea trifida, Linne fil. 

Central America. One of the Yams there cultivated. 
Various other tuberous Dioscoreje occur in tropical countries; 
but their respective degree of liardiness, taste and yield are 
not recorded or ascertained. The length of the Victorian 
warm season is probably sufficient for ripening all these 
Yams. 

Diospysos Ebenum, Koenig.* 

Ceylon, where it furnishes the best kind of Ebony- wood. It 
is not uncommon up to 5000 feet in that island, according to 
Dr. Thwaites, hence I would recommend this large and 
valuable tree for test plantations in East Gippsland and in 
other lowland forest-regions of our colony, where also D. 
qusesita and D. oppositifolia (Thwaites), the best Calamander 
trees and D. Melanoxylon, should be tried. Many other 
species of Diospyros could probably be introduced from the 
mountains of various tropical regions, either for the sake of 
their ebonj^-like wood or theii- fruit. Black Ebony-v^ood 
sinks in water. The price in England ranges fi'om £8 to 
£10 per ton, from 700 to 1000 tons being imported into 
Britain annuall}^ for pianoforte-keys, the string-holders of 
musical instruments and other select purj^oses. The 
following species yield Ebony-wood, according to Hiern, some 
of which may prove hardy. Indian : D. Ebenum Koen., 
D. melanoxylon Roxb., D. silvatica Roxb., D. Gardneri Thw.^ 
D. hirsuta L. fil., D. discolor, Willd., D. Embryopteris Pers., 
D. Ebenaster Retz., D. montana Roxb., D. insignis Thw., 
D. Tupru Hamilt., D. truncata Zoll., D. ramifiora Wall.; 
African: D. Dendo Welw., D. mespiliformis Hochst.; 
Mauritius : D. tesselaria Poii-et ; Madagascar : D. haplostylis 
Boivin, D. microrhombus Hiern. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



73 



Diospyros Kaki, Linn^ fil. 

The Date-plum of Cliina and Japan. A slow-growing not 
very productive tree, here recorded for completeness. The 
fruit is yellow or pink or dark purple, variable in size, but 
never larger than an ordinary apple; it can readily be dried 
on strings. A hard and soft variety occur. It has ripened 
at Sydney. 

Diospyros Lotus, Linne. 

From Northern China to the Caucasus. The ordinary Date- 
plum. The sweet fruits of this tree, resembling black 
cherries, are edible, and also used for the preparation of syrup. 
The wood, like that of D. chloroxylon, is known in some 
places as green Ebony ; it must however not be confounded 
Avith other kinds, such as are furnished by some species of 
Excoecaria, Nectandra and Jacaranda. 

Diospyros Virginiana, Linne. 

The North American Ebony or Parsimon. A tree 60 feet 
high. Wood very hard and blackish. The sweet variety 
yields a good table fruit. 

Diposis Bulbocastanunij Candolle. * 

Chili. The tubers of this perennial herb are edible (Pliilippi). ' 

Dipsacus fullonum, Linne. 

Fuller's Teazel. Middle and South Europe and Middle 
Asia. A tall biennial herb. The thorny fruit-heads in use 
for fulling in cloth factories. The import during one of the 
last years into England was valued at X5000. The plant is 
most easily raised. The use of these Teazels has not yet 
been superseded by any adequate machinery. 

Dolichos Lablab, Linne. 

Warmer parts of Africa; probably thence spread widely 
through the tropics. An annual herb, sometimes lasting 
through several years. The young pods as well as the ripe 
seeds available for culinary use, but not of all varieties. It 
delights in rich soil, and ripens in hot countries within 
three months ; its yield is about fortyfold according to Rox- 
burgh. The whole j^lant forms excellent stable-feed for cattle. 

Dolichos uniflorus, Lamarck. 

Tropical and sub-tropical Africa and Asia. An annual herb, 
well adapted for stable pulse. 

Dorema Ammoniacum, Don. 

Persia, on mountains up to 4000 feet. A tall perennial herb 
yielding the Gum-resin Ammoniacum, which might be 
obtained from plants to be introduced into our snowy 
mountains. 



74 SELECT PLANTS EEADILY ELIGIBLE 

Dracocephalum Moldavica, Liime. 

North and Middle Asia. An annual showy scent-herb. 

Drimys Winteri, E. and G. Forster. 

Extra-tropical South America. The Canelo of Chili, sacred 
under the name of Boighe to the original inhabitants. 
Attains in river- valleys a height of 60 feet. The wood 
never attacked by insects (Dr. Philippi) ; thus the Australian 
species may be equally valuable. 

Ecballion Elaterium, Richard. 

Mediterranean regions and Orient. The Squirting Cucumber. 
An annual. The powerful purgative Elaterium is j^repared 
from the pulp of the fruit. Chemical principles: Elaterid, 
Elaterin, Hydroelaterin. 

Ehrharta Diplax, F. v. Mueller. {Ificrolcena avenacea, J. 
Hooker. 

New Zealand. This tall perennial grass is fond of wood- 
lands, and deserves introduction. It is likely to prove a rich 
pasture-grass. A few other Australian species, particularly 
of the section Tetrarrhena, are readily accessible to us, and 
so indeed also the South African Ehrhartas, all adapted for 
our clime, the majority j^erennial, and several of superior 
value. Ehrharta caudata, Munro, is indigenous in Japan. 
Ehrharta stipoides, La Billardiere. 

Extra-tropic Australia, also New Zealand. A perennial 
grass, which keeps beautifully green all through the year. 
For this reason its growth for pasturage should be en- 
couraged, particularly as it Avill live on poor soil. Mr. 
W. H. Bacchus, of Ballarai, considers it nearly as valuable 
as Kangaroo-Grass, and in the cool season more so. He 
finds it to bear over-stocking better than any other native 
grass, and to maintain a close turf. It is however not always 
copiously seeding. 

Elaeagnus parvifolius, Boyle. 

From China to the Himalayas. This bush has been intro- 
duced as a hedge-plant into North America, and, according 
to Mr. Meehan, promises great permanent success, as it 
achieved already a high popularity in this respect. Several 
other species might well be experimented on in the same 
manner. 

Elegia nuda, Kunth. 

South Africa, A rush, able with its long root to bind 
moving sand ; it also affords good material for thatching 
(Dr. Pappe). Many of the tall Bestiacese of South Africa 
would prove valuable for scenic effect in the gardens and 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



75 



conservatories, and among these may specially be mentioned 
Cannamois ceplialotes (Beanv). 
Eleusine Coracana, Gaertner. 

Southern Asia, east to J apan. Though annual, this grass is 
worthy of cultivation on account of its height and nutritive- 
ness. The laro-e orrains can be used like Millet. E. Indica 

o o 

(Graertner) only differs as a variety. It extends to tropical 
Australia and is recorded also from many other tropical coun- 
tries. 

Eleusine stricta, Roxburgh. 

India. The increase of grain of this annual grass in rich 
soil is at times five-hundredfold. E. Tocusso, Fresenius, is a 
valuable kind from Abyssinia, seemingly allied to E. stricta. 
The Arabian and Himalaian E. flagellifera, Nees, is peren- 
nial. Other species of Eleusine are deserving of trial. 

Elymus arenarius, Linne.* 

The Sea Lyme-Grass. Europe and North Asia, on sand- 
coasts. One of the most important and vigorous of grasses 
for binding drift-sand on the sea-shores. The North Ameri- 
can E. mollis, Trinius, is allied to this species. 

Elymus condensatus, Presl. 

The Bunch-Grass of British Columbia and California. This 
is favourably known as adapted for sandland. 

Embothrium coccineum, R. and G. Forster. 

From Chili to Magellan's Straits. The Notra or Ciruelillo 
of Chili. A tree of exquisite beauty, but seldom extending 
to beyond 30 feet in height. The wood is utilised for 
furniture. E. lanceolatum is merely a variety (Dr. Philippi). 
The equally gorgeous E. emarginatum of the Peruvian 
Andes and E. Wickhami from Mount Bellenden-Ker of 
North Queensland deserve, with the East Australian allied 
Stenocarpus sinuatus, a place in any sheltered gardens or parks 
of the warm temperate zone. 

Encephalartos Denisonii, F. v. Mueller. 

New South Wales and Queensland. This noble Pine-Palm 
is hardy here, and to be regarded as a most desirable 
acquisition to our garden sceneries, along with E. spiralis, E. 
Preissii and the South African species. All admit of 
translocation even when of large size and when many years 
old. The stems, with an unusual tenacity of life, remain 
sometimes dormant after removal for several years. 

Engelhardtia spicata, Blume. 

The spurious Walnut-tree of the mountains of Java and the 
Himalayas. It reaches a height of 200 feet. 



76 



seleOt plants readily eligible 



Ervum Lens, Linne. {Lens esculenta, Moencli.) 

Mediterranean regions, Orient. The Lentil. Annual, afford- 
ing in its seeds a palatable and nutritious food. A calcareous 
soil is essential for the prolific gi'owth of this plant. The 
leafy stalks, after removal of the seeds, remain a good stable- 
fodder. The variety called the Winter Lentil is more prolific 
than the Summer Lentil. 

Erythroxylon Coca, Lamarck.''^ 

Peru. This shrub is famed for the extraordinarily stimu- 
lating property of its leaves, which pass under the names of 
Spadic and Coca. They contain two alkaloids, Cocain and 
Hygrin, also a peculiar tannic acid. More than .£600,000 
worth is annually collected. The Peruvians mix the leaves 
with the forage of mules, to increase their power of enduring 
fatigue. Whether any of the many other species of Erythro- 
xylon possess similar j^roperties seems never yet to have been 
ascertained. 

Eucalyptus acmenoides, Schauer. 

New South Wales and East Queensland. The wood used in 
the same way as that of E. obliqua (the Stringybark-tree), 
but superior to it. It is heavy, strong, durable, of a light 
colour, and has been found good for palings, flooring-boards, 
battens, rails, and many other purposes of house carpentry 
(Rev. Dr. Woolls). 

Eucalyptus amygdallna, La Billardiere. 

In our sheltered springy forest-glens attaining not rarely a 
height of over 400 feet, there forming a smooth stem and 
broad leaves, producing also seedlings of a foliage different to 
the ordinary state of E. amygdalina, as occurs in more open 
country. This species or variety, which might be called 
Eucalyptus regnans, represents the loftiest tree in British 
territory, and ranks next to the Sequoia Wellingtonia in size 
anywhere on the globe. The wood is fissile, well adapted for 
shingles, rails, for house-building, for the keelson and planking 
of ships and other purposes. La Billardiere's name applies ill 
to any of the forms of this species. Seedlings raised on rather 
barren ground near Melbourne have shown the same amazing- 
rapidity of growth as those of E. globulus; yet, like those 
of E. obliqua, they are not so easily satisfied with any soil. It 
has endured the frosts of the milder parts of England, with 
E. polyanthemos, and E. viminalis. In New Zealand it has 
survived the cold, where E. globulus succumbed. E. amyg- 
dalina, E. urnigera, E. coccifera, E. rostrata and E. corym- 
bosa have proved at Rome, according to the Rev. M. Gildas, 
more hardy than E. globulus, E. diversicolor, E. resinifera, 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



77 



E. longifolia and E. melliodora. Professor Balfour observed 
tliat E. vimiiialis lias stood since thirty years in tlie open air 
at Haddingion (Soutli Scotland), attaining a lieiglit of 50 feet 
and a base of 8 feet in cii'cumference ; shelter against hard 
winds in these cases is imperative The now Avell-known 
medicinal Eucalyptus oil, the distillation of which was initiated 
by the witer, is furnished in greater or smaller proportion by 
all the different species. It Avas first brought extensively 
into commerce by Mr. Bosisto, who has the credit of having 
ascertained many of the properties of this oil for technic appli- 
cation. 

Eucalyptus botryoides, Smith. 

From East Gipps Land to Soutli Queensland. One of the 
most stately among an extensive number of species, 
remarkable for its dark-green shady foliage. It delights on 
river-banks. Stems attain a length of 80 feet without a 
branch, and a diameter of 8 feet. The timber usually 
sound to the centre, adapted for water-work, waggons, knees 
of boats, &c. Posts of it very lasting, as no decay was 
observed in fourteen years. 

Eucalyptus brachypoda, Turczaninow. 

Widely dispersed over the most arid extra-tropical as well as 
tropical inland regions of Australia. One of the best trees 
for desert tracts ; in favourable places 150 feet high. Wood 
brown, sometimes very dark, hard, heavy and elastic, prettily 
marked ; thus used for cabinet-work, but more particularly 
for piles, bridges and railway sleepers (Pev. Dr. Woolls). 

Eucalyptus calophylla, E. Brown. 

South- West Australia. More umbrageous than most 
Eucalypts and of comparatively rapid growth. The wood is 
free of resin when grown on alluvial land, but not so when 
produced on stony ranges. It is preferred to that of E. 
marginata and E. cornuta for rafters, spokes and fence rails j it 
is strong and light, but not long lasting undergi'ound. The 
bark is valuable for tanning, as an admixture to Acacia 
bark. 

Eucalyptus citriodora, Hooker. 

Queensland. It combines with the ordinary qualities ot 
many Eucalypts the advantage of yielding from its leaves a 
rather large supply of volatile oil of excellent lemon-like 
fragrance. 

Eucalyptus cornuta, La Billardiere. 

South- West Australia. A large tree of rapid growth, 
preferring a somewhat humid soil. The wood is used for 
various artizan's work, and there preferred for the strongest 



78 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



shafts and frames of carts and otlier work requiring hardness, 
toughness and elasticity. 

Eucalyptus crebra, F. v. Mueller. 

The Narrow-leaved Ironbark-tree of New South Wales and 
Queensland. Wood reddish, hard, heavy, elastic and 
durable, much used in the construction of bridges, also for 
waggons, piles, fencing, &c. E. melanophloia, F. v. M., 
the Silver-leaved Ironbark-tree, and E. leptophleba, E. 
trachyphloia and E. drepanophylla are closely allied species of 
similar value. They all exude astringent gum-resin in 
considerable quantity, resembling kino in appearance and 
property. 

Eucalyptus diversicolor, F. v. Mueller. 

The Karri of South-west Australia. A colossal tree, excep- 
tionally reaching the height of 400 feet, with a proportionate 
girth of the stem. Furnishes good timber for ship and boat 
planks, particularly for masts, likewise for wheels. Fair 
progress of growth is shown by the young trees, planted even 
in dry exposed localities in Melbourne. The shady foliage and 
dense growth of the tree promise to render it one of our best 
for avenues. In its native localities it occupies fertile, rather 
humid valleys. 

Eucalyptus Doratoxylon, F. v. Mueller. 

The Spear-wood of South- West Australia, where it occurs in 
sterile districts. The stem is slender and remarkably 
straight, and the wood of such firmness and elasticity, that 
the nomadic natives wander long distances to obtain it as 
material for their spears. 

Eucalyptus eugenioides, Sieber. 

New South Wales. Regarded by the Rev. Dr. Woolls as a 
fully distinct species. Its s^Dlendid wood, there often called 
blue-gum-tree wood, available for many purposes, and largely 
utilised for shipbuilding. 

Eucalyptus globulus, La Billardiere. 

Blue-Gum-tree of Victoria and Tasmania. This tree is of 
extremely rapid growth, and attains a height of 400 feet^ fur- 
nishing a first-class wood ; shii)builders get keels of this tim- 
ber 120 feet long; besides this they use it extensively for 
planking and many other parts of the ship, and it is considered 
to be generally superior to American Rock Elm. A test of 
strength has been made between some Blue Gum, English 
Oak, and Indian Teak. The Blue Gum carried 14 lbs. weight 
more than the Oak and 17 lbs. 4 ozs. more than Teak upon 
the square inch. Blue-Gum wood, besides for shipbuilding, 
is very extensively used by carpenters for all kinds of out- 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



79 



door work, also for fence-rails, railway-sleepers — lasting about 
nine years — for shafts and spokes of drays, and a variety of 
other purposes. E. globulus is hardier than Orange and 
Lemon plants. 

Eucalyptus gomphocephala, Candolle. 

The Tooart of South-west Australia; attains a height of 120 
feet, the clear trunk up to 50 feet long. The wood is close- 
grained, hard, and not rending. It is used for shipbuilding, 
wheelwright's work, and other purposes of artisans. 

Eucalyptus goniocalyx, F. v. Mueller. 

From Cape Otway to the southern parts of New South 
Wales. A large tree which should be included among those 
for new plantations. Its wood resembles in many respects 
that of E. globulus. For house -building, fence-rails and 
similar purposes it is extensively employed in those forest- 
districts where it is abundant, and has proved a valuable 
timber. 

Eucalyptus Gunnii, J. Hooker. 

Victoria, Tasmania and New South Wales, at alpine and sub- 
alpine elevations. The other more hardy Eucalypts comprise 
E. coriacea, E. alpina, E. urnigera, E. coccifera and E. 
vernicosa, which all reach heights covered with snow for 
several months in the year. 

Eucalyptus hemipliloia, F. v. Mueller. 

New South Wales and South Queensland. To be regarded 
as a timber-tree of great excellence, on the authority of the 
E-ev. Dr. WooUs. It is famous for the hardness and 
toughness of its timber, which is used for shafts, spokes, 
plough-beams and similar utensils. 

Eucalyptus Leucoxylon, F. v. Mueller. 

The ordinary Ironbark-tree of Victoria and some parts of 
South Australia and New South Wales. It attains a height 
of 100 feet, and supplies a valuable timber, possessing great 
strength and hardness ; it is much prized for its durability by 
carpenters, shipbuilders, &c. It is largely employed by waggon- 
builders for wheels, poles, &c.; by shipbuilders for top-sides, 
treenails, the rudder (stock), belaying-jDins, and other purposes; 
it is also used by turners for rough work. This is considered 
the strongest wood in our colony. It is much recommended 
for railway-sleepers, and extensively used in underground 
mining work. It is very extensively employed for the handles 
of axes and other implements by Victorian manufacturers. As 
the supply of its very durable timber is falling short, and as it 
is for some purposes superior to that of almost any other Euca- 
lypt, the regular culture of this tree over wide areas should be 



80 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



fostered, especially as it can be raised on stony ridges not 
readily available for ordinary husbandry. The wood is some- 
times pale, or in other localities rather dark. The tree is gene- 
rally restricted to the lower Silurian sandstone and slate for- 
mation with ironstone and quartz. It is rich in kino. E. 
Leucoxylon has, next to E. rostrata, thriven best about Luck- 
now (in India) among the species tried there for forest-culture. 
E. sideroxylon is a synonym. 

Eucalyptus maculata. Hooker. 

The Spotted Gum-tree of New South "Wales and South 
Queensland. A lofty tree, the wood of which is employed 
in ship-building, wheehviight's and cooper's work. The 
heartwood as strong as that of British Oak (Rev. Dr. 
Woolls). 

Eucalyptus marginata, Smith.* 

The J arrah or Mahogany-tree of South-West Australia, famed 
for its indestructible wood, which is attacked neither byChelura 
nor Teredo nor Termites, and therefore so much sought for 
jetties and other structures exposed to sea- water, also for any 
underground work, and largely exported for railway-sleepers. 
Vessels built of this timber have been enabled to do away 
with all copper-plating. It is very strong, of a close grain and 
a slightly oily and resinous nature; it works well, makes a 
fine finish, and is by shipbuilders here considered sujDerior to 
either Oak, Teak, or indeed any other wood. . The tree grows 
chiefly on ironstone ranges. At Melbourne it is not quick of 
growth, if compared to our Blue Gum (E. globulus, Lab.) 
or to our Stringybark (E. obliqua, I'Her.), but it is likely to 
grow with celerity in our ranges. Instances are on record of 
the stem having attained a girth of 60 feet at 6 feet from the 
ground through the formation of buttresses. 

Eucalyptus obliqua, L'Heritier.^ 

The ordinary Stringybark tree, attaining gigantic dimensions. 
The most extensively distributed and most gregarious of all 
Eucalypts, from Spencer's Gulf to the southern parts of New 
South Wales, and in several varieties designated by splitters 
and other wood-workers by difierent names ; most extensively 
iised for cheap fencing rails, palings, shingles and any other 
rough wood-work, not to be sunk undergTOund nor requiring 
great streng-th or elasticity. The bulk of wood obtained 
from this tree in very poor soil is perhaps larger than that of 
any other kind, and thus this species can be included even 
here, where it is naturally common and easily redisseminated, 
among the trees for new forest-plantations in barren woodless 
tracts of our omi country, to yield readily and early a supply 
of cheap and easily fissile wood. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



81 



Eucalyptus paniculata, Sinitli. 

The White Ironbavk-tree of New South Wales. All the 
trees of this series a-re deserving of cultivation, as their 
wood, though always excellent, is far from alike, and that 
of each species preferred for special purposes of the artisan. 

Eucalyptus phoenicea, F. v. Mueller. 

Carpentaria and Arnhem's Land. Of the quality of the 
timber hardly anything is known, but the brilliancy of its 
scarlet flowers recommends this species to a place in any 
forest or garden-plantation. For the same reason also 
E. miniata, from North Australia, and E. ficifolia, from 
South- West Australia, should be brought extensively under 
cultivation. 

Eucalyptus pilularis, Smith. 

The Black-butt tree of South Queensland, New South Wales 
and Gipps Land. One of the best timber-yielding trees 
about Sydney, of rather rapid growtli (Rev. Dr. Wool is). It 
is much used for flooring-boards. 

Eucalyptus platypliylla, F. v. Mueller. 

Queensland. Regarded by the Rev. Julian Tenison Woods 
as one of the best of shade-trees, and seen to produce leaves 
sometimes a foot and a half long and a foot wide. This tree is 
available for open exposed localities, where trees from deep 
forest-valleys would not thrive. 

Eucalyptus polyanthemos, Schauer. 

East Australia. A tree up to 150 feet high, which furnishes 
an extremely hard and lasting timber, in great demand for 
mining purposes, also for wheelwright's work; for fuel this 
wood is unsurpassed. 

Eucalyptus resinifera, Smith. 

The Red Mahogany Eucalypt of South Queensland and New 
South Wales. A superior timber-tree, according to the Rev. 
Dr. WooUs, the wood being much prized for its strength and 
durability. It has proved one of the best adapted for a tropi- 
cal clime. 

Eucalyptus robust a. Smith. 

New South Wales. The timber in use for ship-building, wheel- 
wright's work and many implements, such as mallets, &c. 

Eucalyptus rostrata, Schlechtendal.* 

The Red Gum of Victoria, South Australia and many river 
flats in the interior of the Australian continent. Although a 
native tree of this colony, it has been introduced into this list 
on account of its wood being of extraordinary endurance 
undergi'ound, and for this reason so highly valued for fence- 



82 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



posts, piles, and railway, sleepers; for the latter purpose it will 
last at least a dozen years, and, if well selected, much longer. 
It is also extensively used by shipbuilders for main-stem, 
stern-post, inner-post, dead-wood, floor-timbers, futtocks, 
transoms, knight-head, hawsepieces, cant, stern, quarter and 
fashion timber, bottom-planks, breasthooks and riders, wind- 
lass, bowrails, &c. It should be steamed before it is worked 
for planking. Next to the Jarrah from West Australia, this 
is the best wood for resisting the attacks of sea worms and 
white ants. Eor other details of the uses of this and other 
native trees refer to the Heports of the Victorian Exhibitions 
of 1862 and 1867. The tree attains a height of fully 100 
feet. The supply for our local wants falls already short, and 
cannot be obtained from Tasmania, where the tree does not 
naturally exist. E. rostrata was observed by Dr. Bonavia in 
the province of Oude to thrive well in places where E. globu- 
lus, E. obliqua and E. marginata perished under the extreme 
vicissitudes of the clime. It will live in swamps. 

Eucalyptus siderophloia, Bentham. 

The Large-leaved or Red Ironbark-tree of New South Wales 
and South Queensland. According to the Rev. Dr. Woolls 
this furnishes one of the strongest and most durable timbers 
of New South Wales ; with great advantage used for railway- 
sleepers and for many building purposes. It is harder even 
than the wood of E. sideroxylon, but thus also worked with 
more diflS.culty. 

Eucalyptus Stuartiana, F. v. Mueller. 

South-East Australia. A splendid tree, attaining a height of 
200 feet, and furnishing a very dui'able tough wood. 

Eucalyptus tereticornis, Smith.* 

From East Queensland to Gipps Land. Closely allied to E. 
rostrata and seemingly not inferior to it in value. 

Eucalyptus tesselaris, F. v. Mueller. 

North Australia and Queensland. Furnishes a brown, 
rather elastic wood, not very hard, available for many kinds 
of artisan's work, and particularly sought for staves and 
flooring. The tree exudes much astringent gum-resin 
(P. O'Shanesy). — Many other Eucalypts could have been 
mentioned as desii^able for wood culture, but it would have 
extended this enumeration beyond the limits assigned to it. 
Moreover, the quality of many kinds is not yet sufficiently 
ascertained, or not yet fully appreciated even by the artisans 
and woodmen. All the Eucalypts are valuable for the 
production of tar, pitch, acetic acid, potash and various dye 
substances. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



83 



Euclea myrtina, Burchell. 

South Africa. Beriy small, black, but edible. To us this 
plant would hardly be more than an ornamental bush. 

Euclea undulata, Thunberg. 

South Africa. Berry small, red, edible. Other shrubby 
species from the same portion of the globe yield also esculent 
fruits, which under superior culture may vastly improve. 

Eucryphia cordifolia, Cavanilles. 

The Muermo or XJlmo of Chili. This magnificent evergreen 
tree attains a height of over 100 feet, producing a stem of 
sometimes 6 feet in diameter. The flowers are much sought 
by bees. For oars and rudders the wood is preferred in Chili 
to any other (Dr. Philippi). We possess congeneric trees in 
Tasmania (E. Billardieri) and in New South Wales (E. 
Moorei). 

Eugenia cordifolia, Wight. 

Ceylon, up to 3000 feet high. Fruit of one inch diameter. 

Eugenia Hallii, Berg. 

Quito. Fruit of large size. 

Eugenia maboides, Wight. 

Ceylon, up to 7000 feet elevation. Fruit of the size of a 
small cherry (Dr. Thwaites). 

Eugenia Malaccensis, Linn6. 

The large Bose- Apple. India. Although strictly a tropical 
tree, it has been admitted into this list as likely adapted for 
our warmer forest-regions. The leaves are often a foot long. 
The large fruits of rosy odour are wholesome and of 
agreeable taste. E, Jambos, L., also from India, produces 
likewise excellent fruit. 

Eugenia myrtifolia, Sims. 

East Australia. A handsome bush with palatable fruits. 

Eugenia Nhanica, Cambessedes. 

South Brazil. The berries, which are of plum size, are there 
a table-fruit. 

Eugenia pyriformis, Cambessedes. 

Uvalho do Campo of South Brazil. Fruit of pear size. 

Eugenia revoluta, Wight. 

Ceylon, up to heights of 6000 feet ; berry one inch in 
diameter. 

Eugenia rotundifolia, Wight. 

Ceylon, up to 8000 feet, rejoicing therefore in a cool or even 
cold climate. 

, G 2 



84: SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Eugenia supra-axillaris, Spring. 

Tlie Tata of South Brazil. Fruit large. 

Eugenia Zeyheri, Harvey. 

South Africa. A tree attaining 20 feet in height. The- 
berries are of cherry size and edible. The relative value of 
the fruits of many Asiatic, African and American species of 
Eugenia remains to be ascertained ; many of them furnish 
doubtless good timber, and all more or less essential oil;, 
some j)rohably also superior fruit. All such, even tropical 
trees, should be tested in East Gipps Land and other warm 
tracts of our colony, inasmuch as many of them endure a 
cooler clime than is generally supposed. Hence Anona 
muricata, L., the Soursop bush of West India, should also 
be subjected to test culture for the yield of its sweet fragrant 
melon-like fruit, and not less so Anona squamosa, L., the 
Sweetsop shrub or tree of Central America, for the sake of 
its very pleasant fruit. 

Eupatorium triplinerve, Yahl. (E. Ayapana, Yentenat.) 
Central America. A perennial somewhat shrubby herb, 
possibly hardy in the warmer parts of our colony. It is 
used as a medicinal plant, also as an alexipharmic. It con- 
tains Eupatorin and much essential oil, peculiar to the plant. 

Euryale ferox, Salisbury. 

From tropical Asia to Japan. Though less magnificent than 
the grand Victoria Regia, this closely allied Waterlily is 
much more hardy, and would live unpi-otected in ponds and 
lakes of our colony. Though not strictly an industrial plant, 
it is not without utility, and undergoes some sort of cultiva- 
tion in China for yielding its edible roots and seeds. 

Euryangium Sumbul, Kaufmann. 

Central Asia. Yields the true Sumbul-root. 

Excaecaria sebifera, J. M. {Stillingia sehifera, Michaux.) 
The Tallow-tree of China and Japan. The fatty coating of 
the seeds yields the vegetable tallow. The wood is so hard 
and dense as to be used for printing blocks ; the leaves furnish 
a black dye. The tree endures the night-frosts of our open 
lowlands, though its foliage sufiers. 

Fagopyrum cymosum, Meissner. 

The perennial Buck- Wheat or rather Beech- Wheat of the 
Indian and Chinese highlands. Can be used with other species 
for spinach and for obtaining from the leaves a blue dye. 

Fagopyrum emarginatum, Babington. 

Chinese and Himalayan Mountains, where it is cultivated for 
its seeds. Annual. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



85 



Fagopyrum escluentum, Moench. 

Central Asia. The ordinary Buck-Wheat. This annual 
herb succeeds on the poorest soil. The crushed amylaceous 
seeds can be converted by boiling or baking into a palatable 
and wholesome food. As an agrarian plant it can with ad- 
vantage be raised as a first crop on sandy heath-land, newly 
broken up, for green manure. The period required for the 
eye 1 us of its vegetation is extremely short. Thus it can be 
reared on our higher Alps. 

Fagopyrum Tataricum, Moench. 

Middle and North Asia. Yields for the higher mountain 
regions a still safer crop than the foregoing, otherwise the 
remarks offered in reference to F. esculentum apply also to 
F. Tataricum. 

Fagopyrum triangulare, Meissner. 

In the Himalayan Mountains, ascending naturally to regions 
11,500 feet high. An annual. F. rotundatum, Babington, 
seems a variety of this species. It is cultivated for food like 
the rest. 

Fagus Cunninghami, Hooker. 

The Victorian and Tasmanian Beech, A magnificent ever- 
green tree, attaining large dimensions, and only living in 
cool damp rich forest-valleys, not rarely 200 feet high. The 
wood much used by carpenters and other artisans, the Myrtle- 
wood of the trade. It requires to be ascertained by actual 
tests in the forests, whether the allied tall evergreen New 
Zealand Beeches possess any advantage over ours for forest- 
culture; they are — Fagus Menziesii (Hooker) the Red Birch 
of the colonists; Fagus fusca (Hooker) the Black Birch; 
Fagus Solandri (Hooker) the White Birch. A magnificent 
beech, Fagus Moorei (F. von Mueller) occurs in New Eng- 
land. 

Fagus Dombeyi, Mirbel. 

The Evergreen Beech of Chili, called there the Coigue or 
Coihue. Of grand dimensions. Canoes out of its stem can 
be obtained of a size to carry ten tons freight. The wood is 
still harder than that of the following species, with the 
qualities of which it otherwise agrees (Dr. PhilijDpi). This 
species extends to the Chonos grouj) and perhaps still further 
south, and thus might be of value even for Middle European 
forest culture. 

Fagus obliqua, Mirbel. 

The Boble of Chili, called Coyam by the original inhabitants. 
A tall tree with a straight stem, attaining three to four feet 
diameter. Wood heavy and durable, well adapted for posts, 



86 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

beams, girders, rafters, joists, &c., but not for flooring. One 
of tlie few Chilian trees witb deciduous foliage (Dr. Philippi). 
Its value as compared to that of the European Beech should 
in our forest-j^lantations be tested. 

Fagus procera, Poeppig. 

Another deciduous Beech of Chili, where it passes by the 
names of Keule or Bauli. Of still more colossal size than 
the Roble. Wood fissile, but well adapted for staves ; it is 
filler in grain than that of F. obliqua, and much used for 
fui'niture (Dr. Philippi). 

Fagus silvatica, Linne. 

The deciduous Beech of Britain, of most other parts of Europe 
and extra- tropical Asia, and as Fagus ferruginea. Ait., in a 
particular variety, extending through North America. The 
trunk has been measured in height 118 feet, the head 350 
feet in diameter; the wood is hard, extensively used by 
joiners and ship-builders and the manufacturers of various 
implements ; the w^ood resists great pressure. Beech-tar con- 
tains a considerable proportion of paraffine ; the ash from any 
portion of this tree is rich in phosphate of lime. An allied 
Beech, Fagus Sieboldii, EndL, occurs in Japan. All these 
could here be grown to advantage only in our springy 
mountain-forests. 

Fatsia papyrifera, Bentham. {Arabia papy^-i/era, Hooker; 
Panax jxtpyrifer, F. v. Mueller.) 
Island of Formosa. The Pice-paper plant, hardy in the low- 
lands of Victoria, and of scenic effect in garden-plantations; 
the pith furnishes the material for the so-called rice-paper. 

Ferula galbaniflua, Boissier. 

Persia; on mountains 4000 to 8000 feet high. This tall 
perennial herb might be transferred to our Alps, for obtain- 
ing locally from it the gum-resin Galbanum. 

Ferula longifolia, Fischer. 

South Pussia. The aromatic long roots furnish a pleasant 
vegetable (Dr. Posenthal). 

Festuca coiron, Steudel. 

Chili. A valuable perennial fodder-grass, according to the 
testimony of Dr. Philippi. 

Festuca distichopliylla, J. Hooker. 

Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, New South Wales. 
This dwarf, creeping gi^ass is of great value for binding soil, 
forming rough lawns, edging garden-plots on arid places, and 
covering coast-sand. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



87 



Festuca dives, F. v. Mueller.* 

Victoria, from West Gipps Land to Dandenong and the 
sources of the rivers Yarra and Gonlburn. One of the most 
magnificent of all sylvan grasses, not rarely 12 feet and 
exceptionally , to 17 feet high. E-oot perennial. This grass 
deserves to be brought to any forest-tracts, as it prospers in 
shade ; along rivulets in deep soil it assumes its grandest 
forms. The large panicle affords nutritious forage. 

Festuca elatior, Linne,* 

The Meadow Fescue. Euroj)e, North Africa, North and 
Middle Asia. A perennial grass, attaining a height of 
several feet. There are several varieties of this species. 
The tallest follows rivers readily as far down as the tides 
reach. The ordinary form is well adapted for permanent 
pastures, has tender leaves, jDroduces excellent hay and is 
early out in the season. It can be mixed advantageously 
with F. ovina. It is superior to ryegrass in produce and 
improves with age. F. arundinacea, Schreb., F. pratensis, 
Huds. and F. loliacea, Huds. are varieties of this species. 

Festuca flava, F. v. Mueller. (Poa flava, Gronov ; Tricuspis 
sesleriodes, Torr. ; Uralepis cuprea, Kunth.) 
The tall Redtop Grass of the Eastern States of North 
America. A perennial sand-grass, with wide panicles. 

Festuca gigantea, Yillars. 

Europe and Middle Asia. A perennial good forest-grass. 

Festuca heterophylla, Lamarck. 

Mountains of Europe. This perennial grass attains a height 
of five feet ; it produces a proportionately great bulk of 
fodder, and serves as an admixture to grasses of hay or 
pasture-lands, particularly the former (Lawson). It is best 
fitted for our alpine and highest forest-tracts, which in course 
of time and perhaps early so, will be sought for close pastoral 
occupation, when territorial areas will become less easily 
acquired. 

Festuca Hookeriana, F. v. Mueller. 

Alps of Australia and Tasmania. A tall perennial grass, 
evidently nutritious, required to be tried for pastoral culture 
and perhaps destined to become a meadow-grass of colder 
countries. 

Festuca litoralis, La Billardiere. 

Extra-tropic Australia and New Zealand. An important 
grass for binding drift-sand on sea-shores. 



88 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Festuca ovina, Linne. 

Sheep-Fescue. Europe, Nortli and Middle Asia, North 
America, found also in South America and the Alps of 
Australia and New Zealand. This species like F. elatior is 
obtainable with facility. F. duriuscula, L., and F. rubra, L., 
are varieties. A perennial grass, thriving on widely different 
soil, even moory and sandy gi'ound. It yields a good produce, 
maintains its virtue, resists drought and is also well adapted 
for lawns and the swards of parks. 

Festuca purpurea, F. v. Mueller. (Uraleins purpurea^ 
Nuttall ; Tricicspis jjurpm^ea, A. Gray. 
South-East coast of North America. A tufty sand-grass, 
but annual. 

Festuca silvatica, Yillars. 

Middle and South Europe. A notable forest-grass. F. 
drymeia (Mert. and Koch), a grass with long creeping roots, 
is closely allied. Both deserve here test culture. 

Festuca spadicea, Linne. 

Alps of Europe. This grass would thrive on the heights of 
our snowy mountains. Perennial. 
The space does not admit of entering here into further 
details of the respective value of many species of Festuca 
which might advantageously be introduced from various parts 
of the globe for rural purposes. 

Ficus Carica, Linne. 

Orient. The ordinary Fig-tree. It attains an age of several 
hundred years. In our latitudes and clime a prolific tree. 
The most useful and at the same time the most hardy of 
half-a-thousand recorded species of Ficus. The extreme 
facility with which it can be propagated from cuttings, the 
resistance to heat, the comparatively early yield and easy 
culture recommend the Fig-tree to be chosen, where it is an 
object to raise masses of tree- vegetation in widely treeless 
landscapes of the warmer zones. Hence the extensive 
plantations of this tree, made in formerly woodless parts of 
Egypt; hence the likelihood of choosing the Fig as one of 
the trees for extensive planting through favourable portions 
of our desert-wastes, where moreover the fruit could be dried 
with particular ease. Caprification is unnecessary, even in 
some instances injurious and objectionable. Two main- 
varieties may be distinguished, that which produces two 
crops a year and that which yields but one. The former in- 
cludes the grey or purple Fig, which is the best, the white 
Fig and the golden Fig, the latter being the finest in appear- 
ance but not in quality. The main variety, which bears only 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



89 



one crop a year, supplies the greatest quantity of Figs for 
drying, among which the Marseillaise and Bellonne are con- 
sidered the best. The Barnisote and the Aubique produce 
delicious large fruits, but they must be dried with fire-heat, 
and are usually consumed fresh. The ordinary drying is 
effected in the sun. For remarks on this and other points 
concerning the Fig, the valuable tract recently published by 
the Kev. Dr. Bleasdale should be consulted. The first crop 
of figs grows on wood of the preceding year, the last crop 
however on wood of the current year. Varieties of particu- 
lar excellence are known from Genoa, Savoy, Malaga, Anda- 
lusia. 

PiCUS columnaris, Moore and Mueller. 

The Banyan-tree of Lord Howe's Island, therefore extra 
tropical. One of the most magnificent productions in the 
whole empire of plants. Mr. Fitzgerald, a visitor to the 
island, remarks that the pendulous air-roots, when they touch 
the ground, gradually swell into columns of the same 
dimensions as the older ones, which already became converted 
into stems, so that it is not apparent which was the parent 
trunk ; there may be a hundred of stems to the tree, on 
which the huge dome of dark evergreen foliage rests, but 
these stems are all alike, and thus it is impossible to say 
whence the tree comes or whither it goes. The allied Fig- 
trees of continental East Australia have great buttresses, but 
only now and then a pendulous root, approaching in 
similarity the stems of Ficus columnaris. The Lord Howe's 
Island Fig-tree is more like F. macrophylla than F. 
rubiginosa ; but F. columnaris is more rufous than either. 
In humid, warm sheltered tracts of Victoria, this grand 
vegetable living structure may be raised as an enormous 
bower for shade and for scenic ornament. The nature of the 
sap, whether available for caoutchouc or other industrial 
material, requires yet to be tested. 

Ficus Cunninghami, Miquel. 

Queensland, in the eastern dense forest-regions. Mr. 
O'Shanesy designates this as a tree of sometimes monstrous 
growth, the large spreading branches sending down roots, 
which take firm hold of the ground. One tree measured 
was 38 feet in circumference at two feet from the ground, the 
roots forming wall-like abutments, some of which extended 
20 feet from the tree. Several persons could conceal them- 
selves in the large crevices of the trunk, while the main 
branches stretched across a space of about 100 feet. A 
kind of caoutchouc can be obtained from this tree. A still 



90 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



more gigantic Fig-tree of Queensland is F. colossea (F. y. M.)^ 
but it may not be equally liardy, not adYancing naturally to 
extra-tropic latitudes. This reminds of the great Council-tree, 
F. altissima. 

Ficus elastica, Eoxburgh.* 

Upper India. A large tree, yielding its milk-sap copiously 
for caoutchouc. Already Koxbm-gh ascertained 60 years ago, 
that India-rubber could be dissolYcd in Cajaput oil (so similar 
to our Eucalyptus oil), and that the sap yielded about one- 
third of its weight caoutchouc. This tree is not of quick 
gTovsrtli in the changeable and often dry clime of Melbourne, 
but there is eYory prospect, that it would adYance rather 
rapidly in any of our extensiYely unutilised forest-gullies, 
and that copious plantations of it there would call forth a 
new local industry. Mr. S. K.urz states, that also F. laccifera 
(Roxburgh) from Silhet is a caoutchouc Fig-tree, and that 
both this and F. elastica yield most in a ferrugineous clay 
soil on a rocky substratum; farther, that both can bear 
dryness, but like shade in youth. SeYeral other species of 
tropical Figs, as well American as Asiatic, are known to 
produce good caoutchouc, but it is questionable whether any 
of them would prosper in our southern latitudes ; neYerthe- 
less for the conservatories of botanic gardens all such plants 
should be secured with a view of promoting public 
instruction. 

Ficus Indica, Linne. 

The Banyan-tree of India, famed for its enormous expansion 
and air roots. Although not strictly an utilitarian tree, it is 
admitted here as one of the most shady trees, adapted for the 
warmer and moister regions of this colony. At the age 
of 100 years, one indiYidual tree will shade and occupy about 
one and a-half acres, and rest on 150 stems or more, the 
main stem often with a circumference of fifty feet, the 
secondary stems with a diameter of several feet. At Mel- 
bourne, the tree suffers somewhat from the night-frosts. 

Ficus macrophylla, Desfontaines.* 

The Moreton Bay Fig-tree, which is indigenous through a 
great part of East Australia. Perhaps the grandest of our 
avenue-trees, and among the very best to be planted, although 
in poor dry soil its growth is slow. In our latitudes it is 
quite hardy in the lowland. The foliage may occasionally be 
injured by grasshoppers. Easily raised from seed. 

Ficus rubiginosa, Desfontaines. 

New South Wales. One of the most hardy of all Fig-trees, 
and very eligible among evergreen shade-trees. It is 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



91 



estimated that the genus Ficus comprises about 600 species, 
many occurring in cool mountain-regions of tropical 
countries. The number of those, which would endure our 
clime, is probably not small. 

Ficus Sycamorus, Linn6. 

The Sycamore Fig-tree of the Orient, copiously planted along 
the roadsides of Egypt. The shady crown extends to a width 
of 120 feet. Though introduced, we have as yet no local 
means of raising this tree in quantity, and must therefore rely 
on fresh importations of cuttings or more particularly seeds. 
Fitzroya Patagonica, J. Hooker.* 

Chili, as far south as Chiloe. The Alerce of the Chilians. 
Grows on swampy moory places. A stately tree, 100 feet 
high. The diameter of the stem reaches sometimes the 
extraordinary extent of 15 feet. The wood is almost always 
red, easily split, light, does not warp, stands exposure to the 
air for half a century, and in Yaldivia and Chiloe almost all 
buildings are roofed with shingles of this tree (Dr. Philippi). 
The outer bark produces a strong fibre, used for caulking 
ships. Like Libocedrus tetragona this tree should be 
extensively planted in our unutilised swampy moors in the 
mountains. 

Flacourtia Ramontchi, I'Heritier. {F. sajnda, Eoxburgh). 
India up to Beloochistan. This and F. cataphracta (Roxb.) 
form thorny trees with somewhat phnn-like fruits. With 
other species they can be adopted for hedge-copses. 

Flemingia tuberosa, Dalzell. 

Western India. The tubers of this herb are said to be edible. 
Another species, F. vestita, is on record as cultivated in 
North- Western India for its small esculent tubers. 

Flindersia Oxleyana, F. v. Mueller. 

The Yellow Wood of New South Wales and Queensland. 
Other species occur there, among which F. Bennettiana is 
the best for avenue purposes. 

Flueggea Japonica, C. Eichard. 

China and Japan. The mucilaginous tubers can be used for 
food, a remark which applies to many other as yet 
disregarded liliaceous plants. 

Foeniculum oflQcinale, Allioni. 

The Fennel. Mediterranean regions, particularly on lime- 
stone soil. A perennial or biennial herb, of which two 
primary varieties occur — the so-called sweet variety having 
fruits almost twice as large as the other. The herb and 
fruits are in use as condiments and the latter also for medicine. 
The fruits are rich in essential oil, containing much Anethol. 



92 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Fourcroya Cubensis, Haworth. 

West India and continental tropical America. A smaller 
species than the following, but equally utilised for fibre and 
impenetrable hedges. F. flavo-viridis (Hooker), from Mexico, 
is still smaller. 

Fourcroya gigantea, Yentenat. 

Central America. With species of Yucca, Agave, Dracaena, 
Cordjline, Phormium, Doryanthes and this and a few other 
Fourcroyas, we have gigantic liliaceous plants available indus- 
trially for fibre. Frost injures the leaves of this species. 
Scaj^e up to 30 feet high. 

Fourcroya longaeva, Karw. and Zucc. 

High mountains of Guatemala and Mexico, at an elevation 
of about 10,000 feet. One of the most gigantic and magnifi- 
cent of all liliaceous or amaryllideous plants, in volumen only 
surpassed by Dracaena Draco, the Dragon-tree of the Canary 
Islands. This is the only known higli-stemmed species, the 
trunk attaining a height of 50 feet, and huge panicle of 
flowers 40 feet more. It dies, like many allied plants, after 
flowering. The species is recorded here as a fibre-plant, 
but with us would mainly or solely be kept for its ornamental 
gi-andeiu'. 

Fragaria Chiloensis, Aiton. 

In various of the colder parts both of North and South 
America. Chili-Strawberry. 

Fragaria collina, Ehrhart. 

In various parts of Europe. Hill-Strawberry. 

Fragaria grandiflora, Ehrhart. {F. Ananas, Miller.) 

Yarious colder parts of America. Closely allied to F. 
Chiloensis. Ananas- Strawberry. 

Fragaria Illinoensis, Prince. 

North America. Hovey's Seedling and the Boston kind from 
this plant. 

Fragaria pratensis, Duchesne. {Fragaria elatior, Ehrhart.) 
In mountain-forests of Europe. Cinnamon- Strawberry. 
Hautbois. 

Fragaria vesca, Linne. 

Naturally very ^videly dispersed over the temperate and 
colder parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Wild Wood Straw- 
berry. From this typical form probably some of the other 
Strawberries arose. Middle forms and numerous varieties 
now in culture were produced by hybridisation. These 
plants, though abounding already in our gardens, are men- 
tioned here, because even the tenderest varieties could be 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



93 



naturalised in our ranges. Any settler living near some 
brook or rivulet might readily set out some plants which with 
others, similarly adapted, would gradually spread with the 
current. 

Fragaria Virginiana, Miller. 

North America. Scarlet Strawberry. 

Fraxinus Americanaj Linne.* 

The White Ash of North America. A large tree, 80 feet 
high, which delights in humid forests. Timber valuable, 
better resisting extreme heat than the common Ash. The 
E-ed Ash (Fraxinus pubescens, Lam.), the Green Ash (F. 
viridis, Mich.), the Black Ash (F. sambucifolia, Lam.), and 
the Carolina Ash (F. platycarpa, Mich.), are of smaller size. 

Fraxinus Chinensis, Roxburgh. 

It is this Ash on which a peculiar wax is produced by 
Coccus Pela, perhaps also on some species of Ligustrum. 
About 40,000 lbs. are exported annually according to Mr. 
Bernardini. F. ornus is well adapted for a promenade-tree, 
and is earlier in foliage than F. excelsior, F. Americana and 
most other Ash-trees. 

Fraxinus excelsiorj Linn6. 

The ordinary Ash of Europe and West Asia. Height 80 feet, 
of comparatively quick growth, known to attain an age of 
nearly 200 years. Rich soil on forest-rivulets or river-banks 
suit it best; wood remarkably tough and elastic, used for 
agricultural and other implements, for oars, axletrees and 
many other purposes. Six peculiar kinds of Ash-trees occur 
in Japan, some also in the Indian highlands; all might be 
tried here. 

Fraxinus floribunda, Don. 

Nepal Ash, 40 feet high. 

Fraxinus Oregana, Nuttall. 

California and Oregon Ash. A tree up to eighty feet in 
height, preferring low-lying alluvial lands. The wood of this 
fine species is nearly white, tough and durable, often used for 
oars and handles of implements. Though allied to F. sam- 
bucifolia it is very superior as a timber-tree. Ash-trees will 
grow readily in the shade of other trees. 

Fraxinus Ornus, Linne.* 

The Manna- Ash of the Mediterranean regions. Height about 
30 feet. It yields the medicinal manna. 

Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michaux.* 

The Blue Ash of North America. One of the tallest of the 
Ashes, 70 feet high, with an excellent timber. 



94 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Fraxinus viridis, Micliaux. 

The Green Ash of North America. Height 70 feet; wood 
excellent. 

Frenela ActinostrobuSj Mueller (Actinostrobus ^Ji/ramic^a^is, 
Miq.) 

From South- West Australia. Though only a shrub, it is placed 
here on record as desii'able for introduction, because it grows 
on saline desert-flats, where any other conifers will not 
readily succeed. It may become important for coast cultiva- 
tion. 

Frenela Macleayna, Parlatore. 

New South Wales. A handsome tree, of regular pyramidal 
growth, attaining a height of 70 feet; the timber is valuable. 

Frenela Parlatorei, F. v. Mueller. 

South Queensland. Kecommended by Mr. F. M. Bailey as 
a shade-tree. It attains a height of sixty feet. Several 
other Frenelas are worthy of forest-culture. 

Frenela verrucosa, A. Cunningham. 

Also several other species from Victoria and other parts of 
Australia are among the trees, which may be utilised for 
binding the coast- and desert-sand. They all exude Sandarac. 

Garcinia Travancorica, Beddome. 

Madras Presidency, up to elevations of 4500 feet. This 
seems to be the hardiest of the superior Gamboge trees, 
hence there is some prospect of its prospering in our warmer 
forests. 

Garuleum bipinnatum, Lessing. 

South Africa. A peremiial herb of medicinal proj^erties, 
and like numerous other plants there and elsewhere, praised 
as an alexipharmic, but all requiring close reinvestigation in 
tliis resi^ect. 

Gaultiera Myrsinites, Hooker. 

North California, Oregon, British Columbia. The fruit 
of this procvimbent shrub is said to be delicious. It would 
prove adapted for our alps. 

Gaultieria Shallon, Pursh. 

North- Western America. This handsome spreading bush 
would yield its pleasant edible berries in abundance, if 
planted on our sno^vy mountains, where it would likely be- 
come naturalised. 

Gaylussacia frondosa, Torrey and Gray. ^ 

The Blue Tangleberry of North America. A bush with 
deciduous foliage. Berry sweet. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



95 



Gaylussacia resin osa, Torrey and Gray. 

The Black Huckleberry of North America. A dwarf shrub 
with deciduous leaves. It likes swampy woodlands, and thus 
would find ample space in our forest-ranges. Berry of 
pleasant taste. Perhaps some of the South American species 
produce also edible fruits. 

Geitonoplesium eymosum, Allan Cunningham. 

Through the whole East Australian forests. It is mentioned 
here to draw attention to the fact, that special culture may 
convert this into an Asparagus plant, as Mr. P. O'Shanesy 
has found, that the young shoots offer a fair substitute for 
Asparagus. 

Gelsemium nitidum, Michaux. 

Southern States of North America and Mexico. A twining 
shrubby plant of medicinal value, long since introduced into 
Australia by the writer, like numerous other jDlants of 
industrial or therapeutical importance. Active principle 
Gelseminin. The scent of the flowers has also come into use 
as a cosmetic. 

Genista monosperma, Lamarck. 

Mediterranean regions. One of the best of broom-bushes 
for arresting sand-drift. G. sphserocarpa, Lamarck, is of 
like use, and comes also from the Mediterranean Sea. 

Gentiana lutea, Linne. 

Sub- Alpine tracts of Middle and South Europe. A peren- 
nial most beautiful herb, yielding the medicinal Gentian-root. 
It could be easily raised in our higher mountains. Chemical 
principles: Gentian-bitter and Gentianin. 

Gigantochloa apus, Kurz. (Bambusa apus, Eoemer and 
Schultes.) 

Indian Archipelagus, at elevations up to 5000 feet. Height 
of stem to 60 feet. When young it is used for strings and 
ropes. 

Gigantochloa aspera, Kurz. 

Java. Found by Zollinger to attain a maximum height of 
170 feet. 

Gigantochloa atter, Kurz. 

Java, in the region from 2000 to 4000 feet. Height of stems 
to 70 feet. One of the extensively cultivated species. 

Gigantochloa maxima, Kurz. 

Java. Height to 120 feet, the stems nearly a foot thick. 
One of the most extensively cultivated of all Asiatic bamboos, 
ascending into mountain regions. 



96 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Gigantochloa nigro-ciliata, Kurz. {Oxytenanthera nigro- 
ciliata, Munro.) 
Continental and insular India. Steins to 130 feet lonsr. 

Gigantochloa robusta, Kurz. 

Mountains of Java. Height to 100 feet, Kurz noticed in 
Java the early growth to be nearly 18 feet in a month, the 
principal branches only commencing when the shoot had 
reached a height of about 70 feet. Some Java bamboo is 
known to measure at a height of about 120 feet still 22 
inches in girth. 

Gigantochloa verticillata, Munro. {Bamhusa verticillatay 
Blume.) 

The Whorled Bamboo of India. It attains a height of 
100 feet ; in damp heat it grows at the astonishing celerity of 
40 feet in about three months, according to Bouche. The 
young shoots furnish an edible vegetable like G. Apus and 
Bambusa Bitung. 
Ginkgo biloba, Linne. {Salisburia adiantifolia, Smith.) 

Ginkgo-tree. China and Japan. A deciduous fan-leaved 
tree, 100 feet high, with a straight stem 12 feet in diameter. 
The wood is white, soft, easy to work, and takes a beautiful 
polish. The seeds are edible, and when pressed yield a good 
oil. Ginkgo-trees are estimated to attain an age of 3000 
years. 

Gladiolus edulis, Burchell. 

Interior of South Africa. The bulb -like roots are edible, and 
taste like chestnuts when roasted. 

Gleditscllia triacanthos, Linne. 

The deciduous Honey Locust-tree of North America. Height 
up to 80 feet. Wood hard, coarse-gi-ained, fissile. Sown 
closely, this plant forms impenetrable, thorny, not readily 
combustible hedges. An allied species, the G. horrida, 
Wilkl, in East Asia. The Water Locust-tree of North 
America (G. monosperma, Walt.) will grow in swamps to 80 
feet. 

Glycine bispida, Bentham. {Soja Idsinda, Moench.) 

An annual herb of India, China and Japan. The beans are 
one of the main ingredients of the condiment known as Soja. 
Glycine Soja, Siebold and Zuccarini, is said to be a distinct 
plant, but probably serving the same purpose. 

Glycyrrbiza echinata, Linne. 

South Europe and Orient. Erom the root of this herb at 
least a portion of the Italian Liquorice is prepared. The 
root is thicker than that of the following. The Russian 
Liquorice-root is derived from this species. It is less sweet. 



I 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



97 



Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linn^. 

South Europe. The extract of the root of this herb consti- 
tutes the ordinary Liquorice. The plant grows here most 
vigorously. The Liquorice of some utility in medicine, but 
also used in porter breweries. Chemical principle: Glycyr- 
rhizin. 

Gonioma Kamassi, E. Meyer. 

South Africa. This small tree furnishes the yellow Kamassi- 
wood, much sought for carpenter's tools, planes and other 
select articles of wood- work ; also for wood engraving, 
according to Dr. Bappe. Elowers deliciously fragi'ant. 

Gordonia lasianthus, Linne. 

The Loblolly Bay. North America. A handsome tree, 
growing to a height of 60 feet ; flowers snowy white. The 
wood is extremely light, of a rosy hue and fine silky texture, 
but unfit for exposure. The bark is extensively employed 
for tanning in the Southern States. Available for swampy 
coast-lands. 

Gossypium arboreum, Linn^.* 

The Tree-Cotton. India, Arabia. A tall perennial species, 
but not forming a real tree, yielding cotton in the first 
season already. Leaves long-lobed. Bracts with few teeth. 
Betals yellow or in age pink or purple. Seeds brown, dis- 
connected, after the removal of the cotton-fibre greenish- 
velvety. The cotton of long staple, but a variety occurs 
with short staple. The New Orleans Cotton (G. sanguineum, 
Hassk.) belongs to this species. Dr. Seemann connects also 
the ordinary G. herbaceum, L. , as a variety with G. arboreum. 
The cotton-fibre is crisp, white, opaque and not easily 
separable. 

Gossypium Barbadense, Linn6.* 

West India. Sea Island Cotton. Leaves long-lobed. Petals 
yellow. Seeds disconnected, black, after the removal of the 
cotton-fibre naked. The cotton of this species is very long, 
easily separable and of a silky lustre. This species requires 
low-lying coast-tracts for attaining to perfection. Perennial, 
and yielding like the rest a crop in the first season. Culti- 
vated largely in the Southern States of North America, also 
in South Europe, North Africa, Queensland and various other 
countries. 

Gossypium herbaceum, Linne.* 

Scinde, Cabul and other parts of tropical and sub-tropical 
Asia, much cultivated in the Mediterranean countries. 
Perennial. Leaves short-lobed. Petals yellow. Seeds dis- 
connected, after removal of the cotton-fibre grey-velvety. 

H 



98 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Distinguished and illustrated by Parlatore as a species, re- 
garded by Seemann as a variety of G. arboreiim. Staple 
longer than in the latter kind, white, opaque, not easily 
seceding. Even this species, though supposed to be herba- 
ceous, will attain a height of 12 feet. A variety with 
tawny fibre furnishes the Nankin Cotton. 

Gossypium hirsutum, Linne.'^ 

Upland or Short-staple Cotton. Tropical America, culti- 
vated most extensively in the United States, Southern 
European and many other countries. Perennial. Seeds 
broAvnish-green, disconnected, after the removal of the 
cotton-fibre greenish- velvety. Staple long, white, almost of 
a silky lustre, not easily separable. A jDortion of the 
Queensland Cotton is obtained from this species. It neither 
requires the coast-tracts nor the highly attentive culture of 
G. Barbadense. 

Gossypium religiosum, Linne.* {G. Peruvianum, Cavan). 
Tropical South America. Kidney Cotton, Peruvian or 
Brazilian Cotton. Leaves long-lobed. Petals yellow. Seeds 
black, connected. The cotton is of a very long staple, white, 
somewhat silky and easily seceding from the seeds. A 
tawny variety occurs. This is the tallest of all cotton Bushes, 
and it is probably this species, which occurs in the valleys of 
the Andes as a small tree, bearing its cotton while frosts 
whiten the ground around. 

Gossypium Taitense, Parlatore. {G. religiosum, Banks and 
Solander). 

In several islands of the Pacific Ocean. A shrub. Petals 
white. Seeds discomiected, glabrous after the removal of the 
fulvous cotton-fibre, which secedes not with readiness. 

Gossypium tomentosum, Nuttall.^ {G. Sandvicense, Parlat.; 
G. religiosum, A. Gray). 
Hawaia. Perennial. Petals yellow. Seeds disconnected, 
after the removal of the tawny cotton-fibre, fulvous-velvety, 
not easily parting with their cotton. The Cotton-roots 
are a powerful remedial agent, which, however, should 
only be used by legitimate medical practice. The barks of 
Hamamelis Yirginiana and Viburnum prunifolium are anti- 
dotes (Phares and Durham). 

For limitation of species and varieties Parlatore's " Specie dei 
Cotoni" (Florence, 1866) and Todaro's " Osservazioni su 
Cotone " may be consulted ; information on culture may be 
sought in Porter's ''Tropical Agriculturist" and in Mallet's 
work on Cotton" (London, 1862). 

There are many parts of our colony, in which all these species 
of Gossypium could be cultivated, and where a fair or even 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 99 

prolific Cotton-crop may be obtained. Good Cotton for 
instance bas been produced on the Goulburn Kiver, the 
Loddon, the Avoca and the Murray Rivers, particularly in 
places where water could be applied. All cultivated kinds of 
Cotton-plants are either naturally perennials or become such 
in favourable climes, although they may be treated strictly as 
annuals. Some of them will indeed in particular instances 
grow to the height of 20 feet. The geographic parallels, 
between which Cotton-culture is usually placed, are stretching in 
various girdles between the 36"^ N.L. and 36° S.L. The 
primary advantages of this important culture are : A return 
in a few months, comparatively esay field operations, simple 
and not laborious process of collecting the crop, and require- 
ment of but little care in the use of the gin-machine in 
finally preparing the raw material for the market, the woolly 
covering of the seeds constituting the cotton of commerce. 
The oil obtained by pressure from the seeds is useful for 
various technic purposes, and the oil-cake can be used like 
most substances of similar kind for very fattening stable-feed. 
Sea Island Cotton was raised in splendid perfection in the 
northern parts of Victoria fully fifteen years ago from seeds, 
extensively distributed by the writer ; but the want of cheap 
labour has hitherto militated against the extensive cultivation 
of the Cotton, and so also against the culture of tea and 
many other industrial plants. Cotton having been raised far 
away from the influence of the sea-air, it would be worthy of 
attempts, to naturalise various kinds of Cotton in the oases 
of our deserts, irrespective of regular culture. Our native 
Gossypium of the interior produces no fibre worth collecting. 
Cotton-plants have a predilection for gently undulating or 
sloping ground, with light soil and a moderate supply of 
moisture. In the most favourable climes, such as that of 
Fiji, Cotton produces flowers and fruits throughout the year, 
but the principal ripening falls in the dry season. From 
two hundred to three hundred plants or more can be placed 
on an acre. As many as seven hundred pods have been 
gathered from a single plant at one time, twelve to twenty 
capsules yielding an ounce of mercantile Cotton. Weeding is 
rendered less onerous by the vigorous growth of the plants. 
Cotton comes well in for rotation of cro]DS. Major Clarke has 
ascertained that crossing cannot be effected between the 
Oriental and Occidental kinds of cotton. A high summer 
temperature is needed for a prolific Cotton harvest. Intense 
heat, under which even maize will suffer, does not injuriously 
affect Cotton, provided the atmosphere is not dry in the 
extreme. The soil should not be wet, but of a kind that 
naturally absorbs and retains humidity, without over satura- 
H 2 



100 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



tion. In arid regions it is necessary to irrigate the Cotton- 
plant. Heavy rains at the ripening period are injurious if 
not destructive to the Cotton-crop. Dry years produce the 
best returns, yet aqueous v^apotu: in the air is necessary for 
the best yield. In colder localities the balls or capsules 
continue to ripen after the frosts prevent the formation of 
new ones. Porous soils resting on limestones and meta- 
morphic rocks are eminently adapted for Cotton-culture. 
The canebrake soil of the North American Cotton-regions, 
absorbs ammonia to a prodigous extent. 

Grevillea robusta, Cunningham. 

Our beautiful Lawn-tree, indigenous to the subtropical part of 
East Australia, 100 feet high, of rather rapid growth, and 
resisting drought in a remarkable degree; hence one of the 
most eligible trees for desert-culture. Our cultivated trees 
yield now already an ample supply of seeds. The wood is 
valued particularly for staves of casks. 

Grumilea cymosa, E. Meyer. 

South Africa. Dr. Pappe describes the wood of this tree as 
beautifully citron-yellow. 

Guadua angustifolia, Kunth. {Bamhusa Guadua, Hum- 
boldt and Bonpland.) 
New Granada, Ecuador and probably others of the Central 
American States. This Bamboo attains a height of 40 feet, 
and might prove hardy in sheltered places of our lowlands. 

Guadua latifolia, Kunth. {Bamhusa latifolia, Humboldt 
and Bonpland.) 

One of the tall Bamboos of Central America, from whence 
several other lofty Bamboos may be obtained, among them 
the almost climbing Chusqueas. This Gaudua is stouter than 
any Indian Bamboo. In tropical America native Bamboos 
are planted for hedges. 

Guevina Avellana, Molina. (Quadria heferophylla, Euiz and 
Pa von.) 

The evergreen Hazel-tree of Chili, extends from Middle Chili 
to the Chonos Archipelagus. One of the most beautiful trees 
in existence, attaining a height of 30 feet. The snowy white 
flower-spikes produced simultaneously with the ripening of the 
coral-red fruit. In the cooler southern regions the tree attains 
considerable dimensions. The wood tough and elastic, used for 
boatbuilding (Dr. Philippi). The fruit of the allied Brabejum 
stellatifolium can only be utilised with caution and in a 
roasted state as an article of diet, because it is noxious or 
even absolutely poisonous in a raw state. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



101 



Guilandina Bonduc, Linn^. 

Widely dispersed through the intertropical regions of both 
hemispheres with G. Bonducella, L. Both would be well 
adapted for hedges in the warmer parts of our colony. 

Guizotia oleifera, Candolle. 

India and probably also Abyssinia. The Ramtil-oil is pressed 
from the seeds of this annual herb, which yields its crop in 
three months. The oil is much used like Sesamum-oil, as 
well for culinary as technic purposes. 

Gunnera Chilensis, Lamarck. 

Caracas to Patagonia, chiefly on clifls. A most impressive 
plant for scenic groups in gardens. Darwin measured leaves 
8 feet broad and 24 feet in circumference. The acidulous 
leaf-stalks serve as a vegetable ; the thick roots are used for 
tanning and dyeing. G. macrophylla, Blume, is a native of 
Java and Sumatra, where it occurs on mountains, up to 6000 
feet. 

Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lamarck. 

The Chicot. A North American timber and avenue tree, 
attaining a height of 80 feet; allied to Gleditschia, but, as 
the name implies, thornless. The wood is strong, tough, 
compact, hne-grained, and assumes a rosy colour. 

Hagenia Abyssinica, Willdenow. {Brayera antlidmintliica, 
Kunth). 

Abyssinia, at elevations from 3000 to 8000 feet. A tall 
tree, admitted in this list because its flowers have come into 
medicinal use. It is, moreover, quite eligible for ornamental 
plantations. 

Harina caryotoides, Eoxburgh. 

Assam, Chittagong and Darjeeling. A dwarf, tufted, hardy 
Palm, desirable for decorative purposes. 

Harpullia Hillii, F. v. Mueller. 

The Tulip-wood of Queensland. One of the most valuable 
of the numerous kinds of trees indigenous there for select 
cabinet-work. 

Hedeoma pulegioides, Persoon. 

The Pennyroyal of North America. An annual herb of 
aromatic taste, employed in medicine. 

Hedysarum coronarium, Linn^.* 

The Soola Clover. South Europe. One of the best of peren- 
nial fodder-herbs. It carries with it also the recommendation 
of being extremely handsome. 



102 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Heleocharis tuberosa, Eoemer and Schultes. 

China, where it is called Matai or Petsi. This rush can be 
subjected to regular cultivation in ponds for the sake of its 
edible wholesome tubers. H. plantaginea and H. fistulosa of 
India and our o^ti native H. sphacelata are allied plants. 

Helianthus annuus, Linne.* 

The Sunflower. Peru. This tall showy and large-flowered 
annual is not without industrial importance. As much as 
fifty bushels of seeds, or rather seed-like nutlets, have been 
obtained from an acre under very favourable circumstances, 
and as much as fifty gallons of oil can be pressed from such a 
crop. The latter can be used not only for machinery, but 
even as one of the best for the table. Otherwise the seeds 
afibrd an excellent fodder for fowl. The stalks furnish a 
good textile fibre and the blossoms yield a brilliant lasting 
yellow dye. About six poimds of seeds are required for an 
acre. The plant likes calcareous soil. Several allied North 
American species deserve perhaps rural culture. The return 
from a Sunflower-field is attained \\T.thin a few months. 

Helianthus tuberosus, Linne. 

Brazil. Sunflower Artichoke. Inappropriately passing under 
the name Jerusalem Artichoke. The tubers are saccharine 
and serve culinary purposes. As fodder, they increase the 
milk of cows to an extraordinary degree. The foliage serves 
also well as fodder. The plant is propagated from the 
smallest but undivided tubers, placed like j)otatoes, but at 
greater interstices. The root is not susceptible to frost. The 
plant Avould be valuable for our alps. The yield is as large 
as that of potatoes, with less labour, and continues from year 
to year in fairly-treated land, uninterruptedly and spon- 
taneously. The stem is rich in textile fibre. The percentage 
of crystalline sugar is largest during the cold season, namely 
5-6/100. During the summer the starch-like Inuliii prevails. 
This plant can only be brought to full perfection in a soil 
rich in potash. 

Helicbrysum lucidum, Henckel. {H. hracteatum^ Will- 
denow.) 

Throughout the gi-eater part of Australia. The regular 
cultivation of this perennial herb would be remunerative 
to supply its everlasting flowers for wreaths, just like those 
of H. orientale, Tournefort, from Candia, are largely gi'own 
and sold in South Europe to provide grave-wreaths. 
Furthermore, the lovely Helipterum Manglesii, F. v. M., 
from West Australia, could for like purposes be profitably 
reared on a large scale with several other Australian 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



103 



everlastings. Some South African species of Helichrysum 
and Helipterum are also highly eligible for these purposes of 
decoration. 

Heliotropium Peruvianum, Liiine. 

Andes of South America. A perennial somewhat shrubby 
plant. Among various species of Heliotrop this one can best 
be utilised for the distillation of the scented oil. 

Helleborus niger, Linne. 

Forest-mountains of Middle and South Europe. The Christ- 
mas E-ose of British Gardens. A perennial handsome herb. 
The roots are used in medicine. 

Hemarthria compressa, K. Brown. 

South Asia, South Africa, extra-tropic Australia. This 
perennial, though somewhat harsh, grass is recommendable 
for moist pastures, and will retain a beautiful greenness 
throughout the year. H. uncinata is a closely allied plant. 

Heracleum Sibiricum, Linne. 

Colder regions of Europe and Asia. A very tall biennial 
herb with leaves of enormous size. Recently recommended 
for sheep-fodder in the Alpine regions. The plant could also 
be turned to account for scenic effect in horticulture. 

Hibiscus cannabinus, Linne. {H. radiatus, Cavanilles.) 

Tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia. An annual showy 
herb. The stem yields a hemp-like fibre. Stems up to twelve 
feet high without ramification if closely sown. Kich soil on 
the Nile has yielded over 3000 lbs. of clear fibre from 
one acre. The bearing strength is often found to be more 
than of the Sunn-fibre. The leaves serve as sorrel-spinach. 
Several other Hibisci can be utilised in the same manner. 

Hibiscus esculentus, Liime. 

West India and Central America. A tall herb. The muci- 
laginous seed-capsules are known as Ochro, Bandakai or 
Gobbo, and used as culinary vegetables. Our summers bring 
them to maturity. The leaves of this and allied species can 
be used as pot-herbs. 

Hibiscus Ludwigiij Ecklon and Zeyher. 

South Africa. A tall shrubby and highly ornamental 
species, desirable also as yielding a fibre of great strength 
and toughness. 

Hierochloa redolens, B. Brown. 

South-eastern Australia, almost confined to the Alps; in Tas- 
mania and New Zealand also found in the lowlands, occurring 
likewise in the Antarctic islands and the southern extremity 
of America. A tall perennial nutritious grass, with the 



104 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



odour of Antlioxantliiim. It is worthy of dissemination on 
moist pasture-land. H. borealis of the colder regions of the 
Northern Hemisphere accompanies here in the south H. 
redolens, but is a smaller grass. These grasses are particu- 
larly valuable for their fragrance as constituents of hay, the 
odorous principle, like in Anthoxanthum, Melilotus and 
Asperula, being Cumarin. Hierochloas are particularly 
appropriate for cold, wet, moory grounds. 

Hippocrepis comosa, Limie. 

The Horseshoe- Yetch. Middle and South Europe, North 
Africa. A perennial fodder-herb, not without importance. 
Likes stony ground, hence adapted for our "stony rises;" but 
delights, lil^e most leguminous herbs, in limestone soil. The 
foliage is succulent and nutritious. Langethal recommends 
it for a change after Saintfoin i:»astures fail. It furnishes not 
quite as much, but an earlier fodder. 

Holcus lanatus, Linne.* 

Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. A well-known and 
easily disseminated j^erennial pasture-grass, of considerable 
fattening property. For rich soil better grasses can be 
chosen, but for moist, moory, or sandy lands and also for 
forests it is one of the most eligible grasses, yielding an 
abundant crop ; it is however rather disliked by cattle as 
well as horses. 

Holcus mollis, Linne.^ 

Of nearly the same geographic range and utility as the pre- 
ceding species. Particularly admissible for sandy forest-land. 

Holoptelea integrifolia, Planchon. (Ulmus integrifolia, 
Koxburgh.) 

The Elm of India, extending from the lowlands to subalpine 
regions. A large tree, with timber of good quality. Foliage 
deciduous. 

Hordeum deficiens, Steudel. 

The Red Sea Barley. One of the two -rowed Barleys, culti- 
vated in Arabia and Abyssinia. Allied to this is H. macro- 
lepis (A. Br.), a native of Abyssinia. 

Hordeum disticlion, Linne. 

Central Asia. The ordinary two-rowed Barley. To this 
species belong: the ordinary English Barley, the Chevalier, 
the Annat, the Dunlop, the long-eared, the black, the large, 
the Italian and the Colden Barley, along with other kinds. 
A variety with grains free from the bracts constitutes the 
Siberian and the Haliday Barley, which however is less 
adapted for malt. Dry barley-flour, heated at the tempera- 
ture of boiling water during several hours, constitutes Hufe- 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



105 



land's meal for invalids. Barley-culture might be carried 
on in many parts of our Alps. Marly and calcareous lands 
are particularly fit for its culture. It resists moderate spring 
frosts. 

Hordeum liexastichon, Linn6. 

Orient. The regularly six-rowed Barley. This includes 
among other varieties the Bed, the Scotch, the Square and 
the Bear Barley. Seeds less uniform in size than those of 
H. distichon. The so-called skinless variety is that in which 
the grain sej)arates from the bracts. Langethal observes, that 
it is most easily raised, requires less seed-grain than ordinary 
barley, has firmer stems, is less subject to the rust disease and 
to bending down. 

Hordeum secalinum, Schreber. {H. pratense, Hudson.) 

Europe, North and Middle Asia, North America. Perennial. 
Famed as the best fattening grass of many of the somewhat 
brackish marsh pastures on the North Sea. It never fruits 
when kept down by cattle, and suppresses finally nearly all 
other grasses and weeds. 

Hordeum vulgare, Linn6. 

Orient. The four-rowed Barley, though rather six-rowed 
vvdth two prominent rows. Several varieties occur, among 
them : the Spring, Winter and Black Barley, the Russian, 
the French, the Naked and the Wheat Barley. Pearl Barley 
is obtained from the Winter variety, which also surpasses 
Summer Barley in rigour of stems and rich and early yield, it 
being the earliest cereal in the season ; the straw is copious 
and nutritious, and the grain is rich in gluten, hence far 
better adapted for flour than for malt. Summer Barley also 
passes under the name of Sand Barley; it is inferior in yield to 
H. distichon, but is content with a less fertile, even sandy soil, 
and comes in a month's less time to ripeness. In alpine 
regions with a summer of sixty or seventy days without frost 
it still ripens. The Naked Barley is superior to many other 
varieties for peeled Barley, but inferior for brewing ; the grain 
is also apt to drop (Langethal). Malt is important as an 
antiscorbutic remedy. Chemical principles of malt : Asparagin ; 
a protein substance: Diastase; an acid and Cholesterin-fat. 

Hordeum zeocriton, Linne. 

Central Asia. Also a two-rowed Barley. To this species 
belong the Sprat, the Battledore, the Fulham and the Putney 
Barley, the Bice Barley, the Turkish Barley and the Dinkel. 
This species might be regarded as a variety of H. distichon. 
The grains do not drop spontaneously and this variety is 
securer than others against sparrows, requires however a 
superior soil, and is harder in straw (Langethal). 



106 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Hovenia dulcis, Thunberg. 

Himalaya, China, Japan. The pulpy fruit-stalks of this tree 
are edible. H. inaequalis, D. C, and H. acerba, Lindl., are 
mere varieties of this species, 

Humulus Lupulus, Linne.* 

The Hop-plant. Temperate zone of Europe, Asia and North 
America. This twining perennial unisexual plant has proved 
to yield enormously on river-banks in rich soil or on fertile 
slope, where irrigation could be effected, particularly so 
within our territory along the river-valleys of Gipps Land 
and in other similar localities. A pervious especially alluvial 
soil, fertile through manure or otherwise, appliances for 
irrigation natural or artificial, and also shelter against storms, 
are some of the conditions for success in Hop-growth, and 
under such conditions the rearing of Hops will prove thus 
far profitable in countries and localities of very different 
mean temperature. A dry summer-season is favourable to 
the ripening and gathering of Hops. On the Mitchell River, 
in Gipps Land, 1500 lbs. have been obtained from an acre. 
In Tasmania large crops have been realised for very many 
years. The plant might be readily naturalised on river- 
banks and in forest-valleys. The scaly friiit-cones form the 
commercial Hops, whose value largely depends on the minute 
glandular granules of Lupuline. Hops impart their flavour 
to beer, and principally by their tannic acid prevent acetous 
fermentation and precipitate albuminous substances from the 
malt. Hop-pillows are recommended to overcome want of 
sleep. Many of the substitutes of Hops are objectionable 
or deleterious. The refuse Hops of breweries possess 
double the value of stable manure. Active principles of Hop 
leaves and fruits : A peculiar volatile and a bitter acid sub- 
stance. The fibre of the stem can be made into cords and paper. 

Hydnum imbricatum, Linne. 

In pine-forests of Europe. A wholesome Mushroom of deli- 
cious taste, which we should endeavour to naturalise in our pine 
plantations. Other recommendable European species are : — 
H. erinaceum, Pers,, H. coralloides, Scop., H. album, Pers., 
H. diversidens. Fries, H. auriscalpium, Linne, H. subsqua- 
mosum, Batsch, H. Isevigatum, Sw., H. violascens. Alb., 
H. infundibulum, Sw., H. fuligineo-album, Schm., H. 
graveolens, Brot., H. Caput Medusae, Nees, H. Hystrix, 
Fries. These and other edible fungi are given on the 
authority of Bosenthal's valuable work. 

Hydrangea Thunbergi, Siebold. 

Japan. The leaves of this shurb give a peculiar Tea, called 
there the ''Tea of Heaven." 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



107 



Hydrastis Canadensis, Linne. 

North America. The Yellow Poccoon. A perennial herb, 
utilised in medicine. The root contains two alkaloids: 
Berberin and Hydrastin. The root tinges brilliantly yellow, 
admitting of its nse along with indigo for rich green colours. 

Hymenaea Courbaril, Linne. 

Tropical and Southern sub-tropical America. A tree of 
colossal size and remarkable longevity. Timber hard, 
extremely ponderous, close-grained, used for select wheel- 
work, trenails, beams and planks in various machinery. A 
fragrant amber-like resin, knoA\Ti as AVest India Copal, 
exudes from the stem. The beans of the pod are lodged in a 
mealy pulp of honey-like taste, which can be used for food. 
The possibility of the adaptability of this remarkable 
tree to the warmer parts of Victoria needs to be ascertained. 

Hymenanthera Banksii, F. v. Mueller. 

South-East Australia, New Zealand, ISTorfolk Island. A tall 
spiny shrub, well-adapted for close hedges, where rapid 
gTowth is not requii^ed. It stands clipping well. Flowers 
profusely fragTant. 

Hyoscyamus niger, Linne. 

The Henbane. Eiu'ope, North Africa, extra-tropic Asia. 
An important medicinal herb of one or two years' duration. 
It contains a peculiar alkaloid : Hyoscyamin. 

Hyphaene Argun, Martins- 

Nubia. Probably hardy in the warmer parts of our colony. 

Hyphaene coriacea, Gaertner. 

Equatorial Eastern Africa. The dichotomous Palm of the 
sea-coast regions. It attains a height of 80 feet. 

Hyphaene crinita, Gaertner. {H. Thehcdca, Martins.) 

Abyssinia, Nubia, Arabia and Egypt, as far as 31° N., and 
southward to the Zambesi, Nyassa and Sofala. The Ginger- 
bread-Palm or Doum-Palm. It is much branched and attains 
a height of about 30 feet. The mealy husk of the fruit is 
edible. Grows away from the sea. 

Hyphaene ventricosa. Kirk. 

Zambesi. Loftier than the other species. Stem tui'gid 
towards the middle. Fruit large. 

Hypochoeris apargioides. Hooker and Arnott. 

Chili. A perennial herb. The root is used for culinary pur- 
poses like that of the Scorzonera Hispanica. 

Hypochoeris Scorzonerae, F. von Mueller. {Achyrophorus 
Scorzonerce, CandoUe.) 
Chili. Of the same use as H. apargioides. Allied species of 
probably similar utility exist in Western South America. 



108 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Ilex Cassine, Linne. 

Soutliern States of North America. A Tea-bush, to whicli 
also remarkable medicinal properties are ascribed. 

Ilex Paraguensis, St. Hilaire. 

Uruguay, Paraguay and Southern Brazil. The Mate. This 
Holly-bush is inserted into this list rather as a stimulating 
medicinal plant, than as a substitute for the ordinary Tea- 
plant. Chemical principles: Coflfein, Quina-acid and a 
peculiar tannic acid, which latter can be converted into 
Yiridin-acid. 

Illicium anisatum, Linne. 

China and Japan. The Star-Anis. An evergreen shrub or 
small tree. The starry fruits used in medicine and as a con- 
diment. Their flavour rests on a peculiar volatile oil with 
Anethol. This species and a few others deserve culture also 
as ornamental bushes. 

Imperata arundinacea, Cp-illo. 

South Europe, North Africa, South and East Asia, Australia. 
Almost a sugar-cane in miniature. Valuable for binding 
sand, especially in wet localities. 

Indigofera Anil, Linne. 

Recorded as indigenous to West India, and as extending 
naturally through Continental America from Carolina to 
Brazil. A shrub several feet high. Pods sickle-shaped, 
short, compressed. One of the principal Indigo plants under 
cultivation both in the eastern and western hemispheres. 
Only in the warmest parts of our colony can we hope to pro- 
duce Indigo with remunerative success. But many of the 
hardier species seem never yet tested for pigment. Already 
114 are recorded alone from extra-tropical Southern Africa. 
An Indigofera of Georgia, said to be wild, perhaps I. Anil, 
yields an excellent product. The pigment in all instances is 
obtained by maceration of the foliage, aeration of the liquid 
and inspissation of the sediment. 

Indigofera argentea, Linne. (/. coerulea, Roxburgh). 

Tropical and extra-tropical Northern Africa, Arabia, India. 
A shrub several feet high, closely allied to I. Anil, and like- 
wise a good Indigo-plant. 

Indigofera tinctoria, Linne. 

Warmest part of Asia, as far east as Japan, recorded also 
from tropical Africa and even Natal. A shrubby plant, 
attaining a height of six feet. Pods straight, cylindrical, 
many-seeded. Extensively cultivated in warm zones for 
Indigo, and probably hardy in our northern and eastern low- 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



109 



land regions. Tlie plant is frequently sold fresh by the 
grower to the factories. The Indigo-plant requires a rich 
friable soil, neither too moist nor too dry. The seeds are 
sown in furrows abovit a foot apart, and in hot damp climes 
the plant can already be cut in about two months, as soon as 
it begins to flower; in six or eight weeks it yields a second 
crop, and under favourable circumstances as many as four 
crops can be gathered in a year. The plants have to be re- 
newed every year as the old ones do not yield such an 
abundant produce. Bright sunshine favours the development 
of the dye-principle, but frequent rains cause a more luxu- 
riant growth (Hartwig). 

Inula Helenium, Linn^. 

The Elecampane. Middle and South Europe, Middle Asia 
eastward to Japan. A perennial herb. The bitter and 
somewhat aromatic root, for the sake of its stimulating and 
tonic properties, is used in medicine. It contains also the 
amylaceous Inulin and the crystalline Helenin. 

Ipomoea Batatas, Poiret.* {Batatas edulis, Choisy). 

The Sweet Potato. Tropical South America. First brought 
to Europe from Brazil. It proved well adapted also for our 
part of Australia and for New Zealand. The tubers afford 
a palatable food, more nutritious than ordinary potatoes. 
Varieties with red, white and yellow roots occur. Each 
tuber weighs generally from 31bs. to 51bs., but may occa- 
sionally attain to 561bs. The yield is from 200 to 300 bushels 
from an acre. 

Ipomaea Batatilla, Gr. Don. 

Cooler regions of Venezuela. The tubers serve as sweet 
potatoes. Similarly useful I. plantanifolia, Poem, et Schult., 
from Central America, and I. mammosa, Choisy, from 
Amboina. 

Ipomoea paniculata, P. Brown. 

Almost a cosmopolitan plant on tropical coasts; thus indi- 
genous to North Australia and the warmer parts of East 
Australia. The tubers also of this species are edible. If 
hardy, the plant would deserve cultivation. 

Ipomoea purga, Wenderoth. 

Mountains of Mexico. The true J alap. This species yields 
the medicinal Jalap root. It has recently been cultivated 
with apparent success even at New York. Thus it is entitled 
to a trial in our warm woodlands. Active principle: the 
resinous Convolvulin. I. Orizal)ensis, Ledanois, yields also 
Jalap, according to Hanbury. 



110 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

IpomcBa simulans, Hanbury. 

Mexico. From this species the Tampico Jalap, or rather the 
Sierra Gorda Jalap, is derived. I. operculata, Mart., yields 
the Brazilian Jalap. 

Isatis indigotica, Fortune. 

North China. Perennial, almost shrubby. The use is 
similar to that of the following plant. 

Isatis tinctoria, Linne. 

Dyer's Woad. From the Mediterranean regions through 
part of the Orient, apparently extending as far as Japan. 
A tall herb of two years' duration. The blue dye is obtained 
from the fermented leaves. It succeeds best in rich limestone 
ground. Many other species of Isatis, mostly Asiatic, may 
produce perhaps dye with equal advantage. Boissier enu- 
merates merely as Oriental twenty-eight kinds. 

Jasminum grandiflorum, Limie. 

From India to Japan. Flowers wliite. Extensively culti- 
vated in South Europe. The delicate scent is withdrawn 
either by fixed oils or alcoholic distillation. The pecuniary 
yield obtainable from Jasmin cultivation seems vastly over- 
rated, even if inexpensive labour should be obtainable. 

Jasminum odoratissimum, Linne. 

Madeira. Shrubby like the rest. Flowers yellow. Used 
like the foregoing and following for scent. This may be pre- 
pared by spreading upon wool or cotton, slightly saturated 
with olive oil or other fixed oil, the flowers, and covering 
them with other layers so prepared. The flowers are re- 
newed from time to time until the oil is thoroughly pervaded 
by the scent, when the latter is withdrawn by alcohol. 
Other modes of extracting the oil exist. 

Jasminum officinale, Linne. 

From the Caucasus to China. Flowers white. This is the 
principal species cultivated in South Europe for its scent. 

Jasminum Sambac, Aiton. 

From India to Japan. It would probably endure our cool 
season in the northern and eastern regions. It has the 
richest perfume of all. The bush attains a height of twenty 
feet, and is almost climbing. The flowers are white, and 
must be collected in the evening before expansion. The 
relative value of many other species of Jasmin, nearly all 
from the warmest parts of Asia, seems in no instance to have 
been ascertained, so far as their oils or scents are concerned. 
Our Australian species are also deliciously fragrant, amongst 
which J. lineare, Br., occurs in our Victorian deserts, while 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



Ill 



also J. didymum, Forst.; J. racemosum, F. v. M.; J. simpli- 
cifolium, Forst.; J. calcareum, F. v. M. and J. suavissimum, 
Lindl., reach extra-tropic latitudes. 

Jubaea spectabilis, Humboldt. 

The tall and stout Coquito-Palm of Chili. Well adapted for 
our extra-tropic latitudes. A kind of treacle is obtained 
from the sap of this Palm. The small kernels are edible. 

Juglans cinerea, Linne.* 

The Butternut-tree of North America. About 50 feet high; 
stem-diameter 4 feet. Likes rocky places in rich forests. 
Wood lighter than that of the Black Walnut, durable and 
free from attacks of insects. It is particularly sought for 
panels of coaches, corn-shovels, wood dishes and similar 
implements, as it is not liable to split, nor heavy. The 
leaves, bark and husk are of medicinal importance, and so 
are those of other species. 

Juglans cordiformis, Maximowicz. 

Japan. This species approaches in many respects J. 

Sieboldiana. 
Juglans Mandscliurica, Maximowicz. 

Corea and Mandschurica. This Walnut is allied to J. cinerea 

of North America. 

Juglans nigra, Linne."^ 

Black Walnut-tree. Attains a height of 70 feet; trunk 4 
feet in diameter; found in rich forest-land in North America. 
Wood purplish-l3rown, turning dark with age, strong, tough, 
not liable to warp or to split ; not attacked by insects. Wood 
stored for many years is the best for gun-stocks. For the 
sake of its compactness, durability and its susceptibility to 
high polish, it is much sought for elegant furniture, stair- 
rails and other select purposes. Seed more oily than the 
European walnut. 

Juglans regia, Linne.* 

The ordinary Walnut-tree of Europe, but of Central Asiatic 
origin; it attains a height of fully 80 feet, and lives many 
centuries. Wood light and tough, much sought for gun- 
stocks, furniture and other things. The shells of the nut 
yield black pigment. Trees of choice quality of wood have 
been sold for £600, the wood being the most valuable of 
Middle Europe. In some departments of France a rather 
large quantity of oil is pressed from the nuts, which, besides 
serving as an article of diet, is used for the prej^aration of 
fine colours. To obtain first-class fruit, the trees are grafted 
in France (Michaux). An almost huskless variety occurs in 
the north of China. Can be grown in cold localities, as it lives 



112 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



at 2000 feet elevation in Middle Europe. Tlie Californian 
Walnut-tree (J uglans rupestris, Engelmann) and tlie Chinese 
Walnut-tree (Jugians Mandchimca, Maxim.) ought to be 
introduced here. 

Jugians Sieboldiana, Maximowicz. 

Throughout Japan, where it fonns a large tree. 

Jugians stenocarpa, Maximowicz. 

From the Amoor territory. Allied to J. Mandschurica. 

Juniperus Bermudiana, Linne.* 

The Pencil-Cedar of Bermuda and Barbadoes. This species 
grows sometimes 90 feet high, and furnishes a valuable red 
durable wood, used for boatbuilding, furniture and particu- 
larly for pencils, on account of its pleasant odour and special 
fitness. Many of the jDlants called Thuya or Biotia INIeldensis 
in gardens, belong to this species. 

Juniperus brevifolia, Antoine. 

In the Azores up to 4800 feet j a nice tree with sometimes 
silvery foliage. 

Juniperus Cedrus, Webb. 

A tall tree of the higher mountains of the Canary Islands. 

Juniperus Chinensis, Linne.* 

In temperate regions of the Himalaya, also in China and 
Japan. This tree is known to rise to 75 feet. Probably 
identical with the Himalayan Pencil-Cedar (Juniperus 
religiosa, Boyle) j it is remarkable for its reddish close-grained 
wood. 

Juniperus communis, Linne. 

One of the three native contferse of Britain, attaining under 
favourable circumstances a height of nearly 50 feet, of medici- 
nal uses; the berries also used in the preparation of gin. 

Juniperus drupacea, La Billardiere. Plum-Juniper. 

A very handsome long-leaved Juniper, the Habhel of Syria. 
It attains a height of 30 feet, and produces a sweet edible 
fruit, highly esteemed throughout the Orient. 

Juniperus excelsa, Bieberstein. 

In Asia Minor, 2000 to 6000 feet above the sea-level. A 
stately tree, 60 feet high. 

Juniperus flaccida, Schlechtendal. 

In Mexico, 5000 to 7000 feet high. A tree of 30 feet in 
height, rich in resin, similar to Sandarac. 

Juniperus foetidissima, Willdenow. 

A tall and beautiful tree in Armenia and Tauria, 5000 to 
6500 feet. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



113 



Juniperus Mexicana, Schiede. 

Mexico, at an elevation of 7000 to 11,000 feet. A straight 
tree, 90 feet high, stem 3 feet diameter, exuding copiously a 
resin similar to Sandarac. 

Juniperus occidentalis, Hooker. 

North California and Oregon, at 5000 feet. A straight tree, 
80 feet high, with a stem of 3 feet diameter. 

Juniperus Phoenicea, Linne. 

South Europe and Orient. A small tree, 20 feet high, 
yielding an aromatic resin. 

Juniperus procera, Hochstetter. 

In Abyssinia. A stately tree, furnishing a hard useful timber. 

Juniperus recurva, Hamilton. 

On the Himalayas, 7500 to 15,000 feet high, A tree 
attaining 30 feet in height. 

Juniperus sphaerica, Lindley. 

North China. A handsome tree, 40 feet high. 

Juniperus Virginiana, Linne. 

North American Pencil Cedar or Eed Cedar. A handsome 
tree, 50 feet high, supplying a fragrant timber, much esteemed 
for its strength and durability; the inner part is of a beau- 
tiful red colour, the outer is white; it is much used for 
pencils. It is not bored by insects. The tree grows best 
near the sea. 

Juniperus Wallichiana, J. Hooker and Thomson. 

From the Indus to Sikkim, at elevations from 9000 to 15,000 
feet. Attains a height of 60 feet. Desirable for transfer to our 
Alps. Wood similar to that of J. excelsa. (Stewart and Br andis. ) 

Justicia Adhatoda, Linne. 

India; enduring the climate of the lowlands of Victoria. 
This bush possesses anti-spasmodic and febrifugal properties. 
It can be utilised also as a hedge-plant. 

Kentia Baueri, Seemann. 

The Norfolk Island Palm. Height forty feet. 
Kentia Belmoriana, Moore and Mueller. 

The Curly Palm of Lord Howe's Island. About 40 feet high. 

With its congeners, evidently destined to grace our gardens, 

and to become also important for horticultural traffic abroad. 
Kentia Canterburyana, Moore and Mueller. 

Umbrella Palm of Lord Howe's Island. Likewise a tall and 

hardy palm. 
Kentia Mooreana, F. von Mueller. 

Dwarf Palm of Lord Howe's Island, where it occurs only on 

the summits of the mountains. 



I 



114 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Kentia sapida, Blume. 

The Nika-Palm of New Zealand and tlie Chatham Islands. 
It also attains a height of fortj feet, and is one of the hardiest 
of all Palms. The unexpanded flower-spikes can be converted 
as Palm-cabbage into food. 

Koeleria cristata, Persoon. 

Widely dispersed over the globe. A perennial grass of fair 
nutritive quality, sustaining itself on dry soil. The closely 
allied K. glauca can be sown Avith advantage on coast-sand. 

Krameria triandra, Ruiz. 

Chili, Peru and Bolivia, at elevations from 3000 to 8000 feet. 
This pretty little shrub can be grown on sandy ridges in an 
equable clime. It produces the medicinal Batanhia root, 
well-known also as a dentifrice. Some other species have 
similarly astringent roots, particularly K. Ixine (Loefling), 
from Central America and West India. Some could be 
chosen to aid in adorning and diversifying our gardens. 

Lactuca sativa, Linne. 

South Asia. The ordinary annual Lettuce, in use since 
remote antiquity. It is not without value, especially as a 
sedative, for medicinal purposes. L. Scariola, Linne, seems 
to be the wild state of the garden Lettuce. L. altissima, 
Bieberstein, is a variety attaining a height of nine feet. 
All yield Lactucarium. 

Lactuca virosa, Linne. 

Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. A 
biennial. The inspissated juice of this Lettuce forms the 
sedative Lactucarium. 

Lapageria rosea, Buiz and Pavon. 

Chili. A half- woody Climber with large showy flowers. The 
berries, which are of the size of a hen's egg, are sweet and edible. 

Lardizabala biternata, Ruiz and Pavon. 

Chili. A climber with stems of enormous length. Might 
be naturalised in our forests for obtaining the tough fibre for 
cordage. In its native country the torrified stems are used 
instead of ropes, according to Dr. PhiKppi. 

Laserpitium aquilegium, Murray. 

Middle and South Europe. The stems of this perennial 
herb are edible. The fruits serve as a condiment. 

Lathyrus Cicera, Linne. 

Countries at or near the Mediterranean Sea; also, Canary 
Islands. An annual, similar in its use to L. sativus, furnish- 
ing a tender palatable fodder, on sandy soil. L. Clymenum, 
L., from the same regions, serves similar purposes. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



Lathyrus macrorrhizus, Wimmer. (Orobus tuherosus, 
Linne). 

Europe, West Asia. This herb would establish gradually pas- 
turage in sterile forest-regions, and could with some allied 
species be disseminated in our Alps. 

Lathyms pratensis, Linn^. 

Europe, North and Middle Asia. The Meadow Pea. A 
good perennial pasture-herb. It can also be utilised for forest 
pastures, like L. silvestris. The yield is considerable, and 
the herbage, though bitter, relished by sheep. The plant 
spreads easily, particularly on fresh ground. L. tuberosus 
(L.) can likewise be utilised as a fodder-herb; its tubers are 
edible but very small. 

Lathyrus sativus, Linn^. 

Middle and South Europe. The J arosse. An annual forage- 
herb; the pods also available for culinary purposes. Superior 
according to Langethal's observations to Yetches in quality of 
fodder and seed, but inferior in yield, content with a lighter 
soil, hence often chosen for first sowing on sandlands. Lime 
in the soil increases the return. Can only be used with great 
caution, as its frequent or continuous use induces, like L. 
Cicera, paralysis, not only to man, but also to horses, cattle, 
and birds. Probably other species of Lathyrus could advan- 
tageously be introduced. 

Laurelia aromaticaj Poiret. 

Southern Chili. A colossal tree, in Yaldivia the principal 
one used for flooring. Wood never bored by insects, and 
well apt to stand exposure to the open air, far superior to 
that of L. serrata, the Youvan or Huahuoa, which tree 
predominates over L. aromatica, in the far south of Chili 
(Dr. Philippi). 

Laurus nobilis, Linne.* 

Asia Minor. The Warrior's Laurel of the ancients. The 
leaves are in much request for various condiments, and the 
peculiar aroma of these Bay-leaves cannot be replaced by any 
others, unless those of Lindera Benzoin. 

Lavandula angustifolia, Ehrhart. (Z. vera, Candolle.) 

Countries around and near the Mediterranean Sea. The 
Lavender-plant, of somewhat shrubby growth, from which by 
distillation the best Oil of Lavender is prepared. It lives on 
dry soil, but is less hardy than the following. 

Lavandula latifolia, Yillars. (L. spica, Candolle.) 

South Europe, North Africa. Also from this species much 
Lavender-oil is obtained. 

I 2 



116 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Lavandula Stoechas, Linne. 

South Europe, North Africa. Topped Lavender. This shrub 
can also be utilised for oil-distillation and other purposes, for 
which the two other Lavenders are used. The quality of the 
oil of these species seems to differ according to their locality 
of growth. 

Lavatera arborea, Linne. 

Tree-Mallow of Middle Europe and the countries at the 
Mediterranean Sea. A tall biennial plant of rapid gi'owth. 
The ribbon-like bast is produced in greater abundance than in 
most other malvaceous plants. The Tree-Mallow might easily 
be naturalised on our shores. Perhaps it might serve with 
allied plants for green manure. 

Lawsonia alba, Lamarck. 

North and Middle Africa, Persia, Arabia, India and Noi-th- 
Western Australia. The Henne or Henna-Bush. It may 
become of use as a dye-plant in parts of our colony free of 
frost The orange pigment is obtained from the ground 
foliage. The plant can also be used for garden-hedges. 

Leersia oryzoides, Swartz. 

Middle and South Europe, various parts of Asia, Africa and 
America. A perennial nutritious swamjD-grass. Other Leer- 
sias from both hemispheres are deserving of introduction. 

Lepidium latifolium, Linne. 

Europe, North Africa, Middle and North Asia. A perennial 
herb of peppery acridity, much used for some select sauces. 

Lepidium sativum, Linne. 

The Cress. Orient. Annual. Irrespective of its culinary 
value, Cress is of use as one of the remedies in cases of scurvy. 
Active principle : a volatile oil and the bitter Lepidin. 

Lepidosperma gladiatum, La Billardiere. 

The Sword-Sedge of the sea-coasts of extra-troj)ic Australia. 
One of the most important plants for binding sea-sand, also 
yielding a paper material as good as SjDarta. 

Leptospermum laevigatum, E. von Mueller. (Fabrida 
Icevigata, Gaertner. ) 
• The "Sandstay." Sea-shores and sand-deserts of extra-tropic 
Australia, but not extending to Western Australia. This 
shrub or small tree is the most effectual of all for arresting 
the progress of drift-sand in a clime like ours. It is most 
easily raised by simply scattering in autumn the seeds on the 
sand and covering them loosely with boughs. 

Lespedeza striata, Hooker and Arnott.'^ 

China and J apan. An annual herb, which in North America 
has proved of gi-eat use. Mr. Meehan states it to be identical 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



117 



with the Hoop Koop plant, and that it has taken possession of 
much waste land in the Southern States. It grows there won- 
derfully on the hot dry soil, and the cattle like it amazingly. 

Leucadendron argenteum, Brown. 

The Silver-tree of South Africa is included on this occasion 
among forest-trees, because it would add to the splendour of 
our woods, and thrive far better there than in our gardens. 
Moreover, with this tree many others equally glorious might 
be established in our mild forest-glens as a source of horticul- 
tural wealth, were it only to obtain in future years a copious 
supply of seeds. Mention may be made of the tall Magnolia 
trees of N. America (Magnolia grandiflora, L., 100 feet highj 
M. umbrella. Lam., 40 feet; M. acuminata, 80 feet; M. 
cordata, Michx., 50 feet; M. Fraseri, Walt., 40 feet; 
M. macrophylla, Michx., 40 feet); M. Yulan, Desf , of China, 
50 feet; Magnolia Campbelli, Hook., of the Himalayas, 150 
feet high and flowers nearly a foot across; M. sphserocarpa, 
Roxb., also of the Indian Highlands, 40 feet; the Mediter- 
ranean Styrax-tree (Styrax officinalis, L.); Stenocarpus 
sinuosus, Endh, of East Australia (the most brilliant of the 
Proteacese) ; the crimson and scarlet Hatas of New Zealand 
(Metrosideros fiorida, Sm.; M. lucida, Menz.; M. robusta, 
Cunn., 80 feet high; M. tomentosa, Cunn., 40 feet); Fuchsia 
excorticata, L., also from New Zealand, stem two feet in 
diameter; the crimson-flowered Eucalyptus ficifolia of West 
Australia; Rhododendron Falconeri, Hooker, from Upper India^ 
50 feet high, leaves 18 inches long. In the sassafras gullies, 
here alluded to, also may be planted the great Melaleuca 
Leucadendron, L., the true Asiatic Cajaput-tree, which grows 
to a height of 100 feet; even the North European Holly 
(Ilex Aquifolium), which occasionally rises to 60 feet, though 
both from regions so distant. 

Levisia rediviva, Pursh. 

North- West America. The root of this herb is large and 
starchy, formerly extensively used by the native inhabitants. 
The plant deserves trial- culture. 

Leyssera gnaplialioides, Linne. 

South Africa. A perennial herb of aromatic scent and 
taste. Much used there as a medicinal tea. 

Liatris odoratissima, Willdenow. 

Southern States of North America. A perennial herb 
occurring on swampy places. 

Libocedrus Chilensis, Endlicher. 

In cold valleys on the southern Andes of Chili, 2000 to 5000 
feet. A fine tree, eighty feet high, furnishing a hard resinous 
wood of a yellowish colour. 



118 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Libocedrus decurrens, Torrey. 

White Cedar of California, gi'owing on high mountains. 
A ttains a height of fully 200 feet, with a stem twenty-five 
feet in circumference. 

Libocedrus Doniana, Endlicher. 

North Island of New Zealand, up to 6000 feet elevation. A 
forest-tree 100 feet high, stem three feet and more in 
diameter. The wood is hard and resinous, of a dark reddish 
colour, fine-gi^ained, excellent for planks and spars. 

Libocedrus tetragona, Endlicher.* 

On the Andes of North Chili, at an elevation of 2000 to 5000 
feet, growing as far south as Magelhaen's Straits, especially 
in moist moory localities. This species has a very straight 
stem and grows 120 feet high. The wood, though soft and 
light, is resinous and will resist underground decay for a 
century and more, like that of Fitzroya Patagonica ; for 
railway-sleepers this timber is locally preferred to any other 
(Dr. Philippi); it is also highly esteemed for various artisan's 
work ; it is quite white. 

Ligustrum Japonicum, Thunberg. 

The Japan Privet. A shrub, evergreen or nearly so, promising 
to become a valuable hedge-plant. It gTows like the ordinary 
European Privet readily from cuttings. 

Limonia acidissimaj Linne. 

India, up to 4000 feet ; hardy in England. This shrub or 
small tree has fruit of extreme acidity. 

Lindera Benzoin, Blume. 

From Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, there called the Spice 
Laurel. An aromatic bush, one of the hardiest of the order. 
The aroma of the foliage much like that of the bay-leaves. 

Linum usitatissimum, Linne.* 

The Flax-plant. Orient. A well-known annual, which yields 
the fibre for linen and the linseed oil. Flax-culture is doubt- 
less destined to become an important industry among us. 
Few plants find a wider congeniality of soil and climate, and 
few give a quicker return. Good and deep soil, particularly 
of forests, well-drained, is requisite for successful Flax-culture. 
The Flax belongs to the potash plants. Change of seed-grain 
is desirable. Thick sowing extends the length and flexibility 
of the fibre. To obtain the best fibre, the plant must be 
pulled when the seeds commence to ripen. If the seeds are 
allowed in part to mature, then both fibre and seeds may be 
turned to account. If the seed is left to ripen completely, 
then the fibre is generally discarded. The seed yields by 
pressure about 22 per cent, of oil. The residue can either be 
prepared as linseed meal or be utilised as admixture to stable- 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



119 



fodder. The demand for both fibre and oil is enormous. The 
value of our import of raw fibre in 1871 was already <£15,634, 
while the import of oil was .£22,469. Two principal varieties 
are under culture: a tall sort, with smaller flowers, closed 
capsules, and dark seeds; a dwarf sort, more branched (even 
if closely sown), with larger flowers and capsules, the seed- 
vessels opening spontaneously and with elasticity, while the 
seeds are of a pale colour. None of the perennial species of 
Linum are so manageable in culture as the ordinary annual 
Flax. 

Lippia citriodora, Kunth. 

Peru, Chili, La Plata States, Brazil. An evergreen shrub, 
yielding scented oil. 

Liquidambar Altingia, Blume. 

At the Red Sea and in the mountains of India and New 
Guinea, at 3000 feet, and probably hardy in the warmer 
parts of our colony. The tree attains a height of 200 feet. 
It yields the fragrant balsam known as liquid Storax. 

Liquidambar orientalis, Miller."^ (Z. imherhe, Alton.) 

Asia Minor. Also this tree yields liquid Storax, which 
is vanilla-scented, containing much Cumarin, and thus used 
for imparting scent to some sorts of tobacco and cigars, also 
for keeping moths from woollen clothing. Its use in 
medicine is more limited than in perfumery. 

Liquidambar styraciflua, Linne. 

The Sweet Gum-tree. In morasses and on the springs of 
the forests of North America, with a wide geographic range. 
The tree attains vast dimensions of its crown; the stem ten 
feet in diameter. The terebinthine juice hardens, on ex- 
posure, to a resin of benzoin odour. Wood fine-grained. 

Liriodendron tulipifera, Linne. 

The Tulip-tree of North America. One of the largest trees 
of the United States, and one of the grandest vegetable pro- 
ductions of the temperate zone. In deep fertile soil it 
attains a height of sometimes 140 feet, with a straight, clear 
stem up to nine feet in diameter. The Tulip-wood, also in- 
appropriately called Poplar, is highly esteemed and very ex- 
tensively used wherever this tree abounds, uniting lightness 
with strength and durability. It is of a light yellow colour, 
fine-grained, compact, is easily worked and takes a good 
polish. It is employed for house-building, inside as well as 
outside, for bridges, for furniture, coach-building, implements, 
and a variety of other purposes. As this tree is difiicult to 
transplant, it should be grown on the spot where it is to 
remain. Though of slow growth, it would be a great acquisi- 
tion for the rich lands of our mountain-forests. 



120 SELECT PLANTS KEADILY ELIGIBLE 

Lithospermum canescens, Lehmann. 

North American Alkannet. This, as the vernacular name 

indicates, offers also a dye-root. 
Lithospermum hirtum, Lehmann. 

North American Alkanna. A showy perennial herb; the 

root yields a red dye. 
Lithospermum longiflorum, Sprengel. 

North America. A red pigment can also be extracted from 

the root of this species. 
Livistona Australis, Martins. 

East Australia. Our own and only Palm-tree in Victoria, 

occurring in East Gipps Land (in the latitude of Melbourne), 

and there attaining a height of 80 feet. The young leaves 

can be plaited as a material for cabbage-tree hats. 
Livistona Chinensis, K Brown. 

South China and Japan. A very decorative Fan-palm, hardy 

in our lowlands. 

Lolium perenne, Linne. * 

Europe, North Africa, Western Asia. The perennial Rye- 
grass, mentioned here for completeness' sake. L. Italicum 
(Al. Br.), the Italian Rye-grass, seems to be only a variety. 
One of the most important of all pasture-grasses, also almost 
universally chosen for lawn-culture. It jDroduces an abun- 
dance of seeds, which are readily collected and easily vegetate. 
It comes early to perfection. Nevertheless the produce and 
nutritive powers are considerably less than those of Dactylis 
glomerata, Alopecurus pratensis and Festuca elatior; but it 
pushes forward earlier than the last-mentioned grass, while 
the ripening of seeds is less defective than in Alopecurus. 
Bye-grass though naturally living but a few years, maintains 
its ground well by the ease with which it disseminates itself 
spontaneously. Several sorts, which scarcely can be called 
varieties, are under cultivation. Bye-grass stands the dry 
heat of our summers well. It is likely to spread gradually 
over the whole of the Australian continent, and may ]3lay an 
important part in our pastoral affairs and also in ameliorating 
the clime of the desert districts. Sheep should not be con- 
tinually kept on Bye-grass pasture, otherwise they may 
become subject to fits similar to those produced by L. temu- 
lentum. It is one of the best grasses to endure traffic on 
roads or paths, particularly on soil not altogether light. It is 
one of the few among important grasses which can be sown 
at any season. The Italian Bye-grass is preferentially chosen 
as an early temporary shelter for tenderer but more lasting 
grasses on pastures, thus also famishing a good collateral 
return in the first season. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



121 



Lotus corniculatis, Linne. 

Birdsfoot-Trefoil. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle 
Asia, extra-tropical Australia. A deep-rooting perennial 
herb, readily growing on pasture-land, sandy links and 
heathy places. This plant is well deserving cultivation on 
light inferior soil, on which it will yield a greater bulk of 
herbage than any of the other cultivated clovers ; it is highly 
nutritious, and eaten with avidity by cattle and sheep. 
From the great depth to which its roots penetrate, it is not 
liable to be injured by drought. It well fills out vacant 
places between higher fodder-herbs on meadows ; it is always 
somewhat saline and welcome among hay. L. tenuis, 
Kitaibel, is a valuable variety of the coasts. The nearly 
allied L. major yields a still greater amount of herbage, it is 
particularly suited for bushy and moist localities, and it 
attains its greatest luxuriance on soils which have some peat 
in their composition (Lawson). Here in Australia this 
Lotus shows a decided predilection for wet meadows. 

Lotus Tetragonolobus, Linne. 

Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. Though annual, this 
herb is highly valued for sheep pastures. The green pods 
serve as a substitute for Asparagus. The allied L. siliquosus, 
Linne, is perennial, and occurs in a succulent form on sea- 
coasts. 

Lupinus albus, Linn^. 

The White Lupine. Countries at the Mediterranean Sea, 
also in the Orient. An annual quick-growing herb, valuable 
for fodder and for green manure. It is famed as the "Tra- 
moso" in Portugal, to suppress sorrel and other obstinate 
weeds by its close and easy growth. The lentil-like seeds, 
after the bitter principle (Lupinin) has become removed 
through boiling or soaking in salt water, become edible. The 
Mediterranean blue-flowered Lupine (L. angustifolius, L.) is 
superior to the yellow Lupine for seed harvest, but inferior 
in other respects. It would lead too far to enumerate here 
many others of the numerous species of Lupines, of which 
unquestionably very many are eligible for agrarian purposes, 
while all are acceptable as hardy, elegant and easily grown 
garden-plants. One (L. perennis, L.) extends in America to 
the Northern States of the Union and Canada; fourteen are 
recorded from South Europe, seventeen from Brazil, and 
numerous species from other parts of America, where the 
limits of the genus are about Monte Video southward and 
about Nootka Sound northward. The majority of the species 
are perennial. The Egyptian L. Termis, Forsk., is closely 
allied to L. albus, and of equal use. 



122 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Lupinus arboreus, Sims.* 

South America. This and another somewhat shrubby species, 
namely L. albifrons (Bentham), of California, have been 
used there for the reclamation of sand, on account of their 
long tap roots, the latter having been traced to depths of 
twenty-five feet, while the stems were only three feet high. 
The germination is easy and the growth rapid on the sand- 
downs. For aiding the young Lupines for the first two 
months, to get hold of the sand, barley is sown with them, 
as the latter sprouts in a few days and holds the sand in the 
second week; the Lupine subsequently covers the sand with 
a dense vegetation in less than a year. 

Lupinus Douglasii, Agardh. 

California. This somewhat woody species can, along with L. 
arboreus and L. Chamissonis, Escholtz (L. albifrons, 
Bentliam), like many perennial Lupines from other countries, 
be used for binding the sand. 

Lupinus luteus, Linne. 

The Scented Yellow Lupine. Countries in the vicinity of 
the Mediterranean Sea. This likewise annual species is pre- 
dominantly in use through Middle Europe to improve sandy 
soil. It can also be employed like some other Lupines as a 
fodder-herb. About 901bs. of seeds are required for an acre. 
Langethal observes : "What the Saintfoin does for the poorest 
limestone or marly soil, that the Yellow Lupine carries out 
for sand-land." Mr. Joseph Augustin speaks of a yellow- 
flowering Lupine which attains in the Azores sometimes a 
height of twelve feet in three months. 

Lupinus varius, Linne. 

The Blue Lupine. Also a Mediterranean annual, used like 
the above congeners ; but a few others are under cultivation 
as Blue Lupines. Some of the American, particularly Cali- 
fornian species, are regarded for agrarian purposes superior 
to the Mediterranean kinds. 

Lycium Afrum, Linn6. 

Africa and South- West Asia. Can with many other species 
be utilised as a hedge-bush. 

Lycopodium dendroideum, Michaux. 

North America. This, with L. lucidulum, Michaux, has 
become there a great article of trade, being in request for 
bouquets and wreaths, and both plants, after having been 
dyed of various colours, are used as ornaments in vases, &c. 
(Meehan). These clubmosses are mentioned here to draw 
attention -to similar plants indigenous in this colony, viz., 
L. varium, L. clavatum, L. densum, L. laterale and 
Selaginella uliginosa. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



123 



Lygeum Spartum, Linne. 

Regions at the Mediterranean Sea. This perennial grass 
serves much like the ordinary Esparto-grass. 

Lyperia crocea, Ecklon. 

South Africa. The flowers of this shrub produce a fine 
orange dye, and are also in use for medicinal purposes. 

Maba geminata, R. Brown. 

One of the Ebony-trees in Queensland. Wood, according to 
Mr. O'Shanesy, black towards the centre, bright-red towards 
the bark, close-grained, hard, heavy, elastic and tough. It 
takes a high polish, and is recommended for veneers. Maba 
fasciculosa, F. v. M., has the outer wood white and pink. 
Several other species exist in Queensland, which may likely 
give good substitutes for Ebony-wood. 

Macadamia ternifolia, F. von Mueller (Belicia ternifolia^'F. M.) 
The Nut-tree of sub-tropic East Australia, attaining a height 
of 60 feet; hardy, as far south as Melbourne; in our forest- 
valleys likely of fair celerity of growth. The nuts have the 
taste of hazels. 

Madura aurantiaca, Kuttall, 

The Osage Orange, or North American Bow-wood^ or Yellow- 
wood. Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana. This thorny deciduous 
shrub or tree can be well trained into hedges. It is unisexual, 
and will in favourable localities on rich river banks attain a 
height of sixty feet, with a stem two to three feet thick, thus 
becoming available as a timber-tree. It resists severe frosts. 
The saplings furnish stakes for vines, which are very lasting. 
The wood serves well for bows, buggy-shafts, carriage-poles, 
and similar articles. The root yields an excellent dye. Our 
own thorny Madura Calcar Galli (Morus Calcar Galli, A. 
Cunningh.) of extra-tropical East A.ustralia, which moreover 
possesses small edible fruits, deserves attention for live fences. 
Neither of the two is readily subject to blight or attacks of 
insects. The latter produces suckers and from the root a 
yellow dye. M. tinctoria (D. Don), which furnishes the Fustic- 
wood of Central and South America, may prove hardy here. 

Magnolia macrophylla, Michaux. 

Eastern States of North America. Although not cultivated 
for any special purposes of the arts or of technics, yet this 
tree is admitted here into this list as one of the grandest of 
its kind, as well in foliage as flowers. It attains a height of 
forty feet, its leaves are from one to three and a-half feet 
long, while its flowers attain a diameter of fully one foot, 
M. grandiflora, L., attains on the Mississippi a height of 
eighty feet. 



124 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Maharanga Emodi, A. de Candolle. 

Nepal. The root produces like that of Alkamia tinctoria a 
red dye. 

Mallotus Philippinensis, J. M. {Rottlera tinctoria, Rox- 
burgh.) 

South Asia and East Australia, in jungle-country, extending 
into New South Wales. Though not of great importance 
this bush should not be passed on this occasion, inasmuch as 
the powdery substance investing the seed capsules constitutes 
the Kamala, which can be employed not only as an orange 
dye, but also as an anthelmintic remedy. The Hindoo silk- 
dyers use it for an orange colour, obtained by boiling the 
Kamala with carbonate of soda. 

Mangifera Indica, Linne. 

South Asia. An evergreen tree, up to 70 feet high. Possibly 
the Mango Tree could be made to bear its delicious fruit in 
the warm and humid forest regions of East Gippsland. In 
the Himalayas its culture for fruit ascends to 3500 feet. 

Manihot Aipi, Pohl. 

The Sweet Cassava. Tropical South America, but traced as 
far south as the Parana River. The root is reddish and 
harmless; it can therefore be used, unlike those of the follow- 
ing s]oecies, without any further preparations than boiling as 
a culinary esculent, irrespective of its starch being also avail- 
able for Tapioca. Both are somewhat woody plants, several 
feet high, and they are too important to be left altogether 
unnoticed on this occasion, although we have no evidence 
that they will prove productive even in those parts of Vic- 
toria which are free of frost. The Aipi has ligneous tough 
fibres, stretching along the axis of the tubers, while generally 
the roots of the following species are free of this central 
woody substance. 

Manihot utilissima, Pohl. 

The Bitter Cassava or Tapioca-plant. Tropical South 
America. Closely allied to the former, producing varieties 
with roots of poisonous acridity, and with tubers perfectly 
harmless. The tubers attain a length of three feet ; they can 
be converted into bread or cakes, the volatile poison of the 
milky sap being destroyed through pressing of the grated 
root in first instance, and the remaining acridity is expelled 
by the heating process. The starch, heated in a moist state, 
furnishes the Tapioca. Manihot is abundantly cultivated at 
Caracas, where the singularly uniform temperature through- 
out the year is only 60° to 70° F. It is a very exhausting 
crop, and stands thus in need of rich soil and manuring. 
The propagation is effected by cuttings froui the ligneous 



FOR VICTORIAN INDSTRIAL CULTURE. 



125 



part of the stem. The soil, destined for Cassava, must not 
be wet. In warm countries the tubers are available in about 
eight months, though they still continue to grow afterwards. 
The growth of the plant upwards is checked hj breaking 
off the buds. The Bitter Cassava is the more productive 
of the two. The yellowish tubers attain sometimes a 
weight of 301bs. They do not become soft by boiling like Aipi. 

Maoutia Puya, Weddell. 

India, on mountains up to 4000 feet. It is taller than 
Boehmeria nivea, and furnishes a similar fibre. This shrub 
belongs to a tribe of the Nettle order, not possessing burning 
acridity. None of the true Nettles, such as the Girardinias, 
nor allied stinging plants have been recommended in this 
index, although from some an exquisite fibre is derived, as 
the writer wishes to guard against the introduction of any 
burning species, which possibly might disseminate itself in a 
mischievous manner in our ranges^ and then probably could 
not again be suppressed. 

Maranta arundinacea, Linne. 

The true Arrowroot-plant. West India, Florida, Mexico to 
to Brazil. The plant is introduced into this list not without 
hesitation, as it seems to require a warmer clime than ours 
to attain perfection. It furnishes most of the West Indian 
Arrowroot, although other species, such as M. nobilis, M. 
AUouya, M. ramosissima, are also cultivated for a similar 
starch of their tubers. Porcher observes that it still 
flourishes as far north as Florida, producing even in the 
pine-lands from 200 to 300 bushels of tubers to the acre. M. 
Indica, Tuss,, is merely a variety. 

Marlea Vitiensis, Bentham. 

New South Wales and Queensland. A middle-sized tree, 
generally with a gouty trunk ; wood bright yellow with fine 
undulating rings, black towards the centre. Fruit edible 
(P. O'Shanesy). 

Marliera glomerata, Bentham. {Ruhachia glomerata, Berg). 
The Cambuca of sub-tropical Brazil. The fruits attain the 
size of apricots, and are much used for food (Dr. Bosenthal), 

Marliera tomentosa, Cambessedes. 

Extra-tropical Brazil. The Guaparanga. The sweet berries 
of this tall shrub are of the size of cherries. 

Matricaria Chamomilla, Linne. 

The annual Chamomile. Europe, North and Middle Asia. 
A highly useful herb in medicine. In many parts of the 
European continent it is much more extensi vely used than 
the ordinary perennial Chamomile. The infusion of the 



126 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



flowers has rather a pleasant taste without strong bitterness. 
The flowers serve as a tonic and especially as a sudorific, and 
possess a peculiar volatile oil. Marrubium vulgare, L., is 
not prominently mentioned, as it is already rather copiously 
naturalised. 

Matricaria glabrata, Candolle. 

The South African Chamomile. This annual herb is there in 
renown as an excellent substitute for the European Chamo- 
mile (Dr. Pappe). 

Mauritia flexuosa, Linne. 

From Guiana to Peru and Brazil. This noble Palm may 
prove hardy here, as it is known to ascend up to 4000 feet 
along the Essequibo. As Palms like Bamboos prove here to 
be among the hardier of tropical plants, also exjDeriments for 
naturalising M. vmifera, Martins, might be instituted. This 
attains a height of 150 feet, leaves 15 feet long, and spouts 
from the incised stem a copious viny sap. 

Maytenus Boaria, Molina. {Boaria Molince, Candolle ; 
Maytenus Chilensis, Candolle.) 
Chili. An evergreen tree, assuming in the southern 
provinces considerable dimensions. Wood extremely hard. 
Cattle and sheep browse Avith predilection on the foliage; 
hence the trees are cut down when in protracted snowfalls or 
in times of drought forage becomes scarce (Dr. Philippi). 

Medicago arborea, Linne. 

South Europe, particularly Greece. This shrubby yellow 
Lucerne is of value for dairy farmers, as it much promotes 
the secretion of milk. This genus includes several other 
species of pastoral value. 

Medicago lupulina, Linne. 

The Black Medick. Europe, Asia and North America. An 
annual or biennial pasture-herb, easily grown and not with- 
out nutritive importance. Langethal observes : It effects for 
argillaceous soils what the white clover does for sandy moist 
soils. It will even succeed in moory gi^ound, provided such 
contains some lime. It suits also particularly for sheep- 
pastures. 

Medicago sativa, Linne. 

Orient; now spread through Middle and South Europe and 
Middle Asia. The purple Medick, Ajfalfa or Lucerne. A 
perennial fodder-herb of great importance, and already largely 
utilised in our colony, perhaps descended from the English 
Medicago falcata, which also deserves naturalisation. Lucerne 
keeps here green and fresh in the hottest season of the year, 
even in dry and comparatively barren ground, but developes 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



127 



itself for field-culture with the greatest vigour on river-banks or 
when subjected to a judicious system of irrigation, particularly 
in soil rich in lime. Its deeply penetrating roots render the 
plant particularly fit for fixing fenced embankments or 
hindering the washing away of soil subject to occasional 
inundations. Much iron in the soil or stagnant water are 
detrimental to Lucerne culture, while friable warm soil pro- 
motes much its growth. Langethal records instances of 
Lucerne having yielded on the same field under favourable 
circumstances for 'fifteen years four or five cuts annually. 
For sandy tracts a yellow variety (M. media, Pers.) deserves 
preference. 

Melaleuca parviflora, Lindley. 

Extra-tropic Australia. A tall bush or small tree. One of 
our most important plants for fixing moving coast-sands. 

Melaleuca trichostachya, Lindley. 

Tropical East Australia. A small tree deserving attention 
as eligible for saline land, on which it can be raised much 
more easily than Myoporum insulare. M. Thozet observes 
that it occurs in places where it is bathed by the tides; also 
that large saplings without roots can be transplanted. M. 
Leucadendron, L., the Cajaput-tree of South Asia and 
Eastern Australia, is also adapted for saline sea-shores, and 
can be planted in salt swamps for subduing malarian 
vapours where no Eucalyptus could live. Its bark pro- 
tects it against conflagrations. M. ericifolia. Smith, of 
South-East Australia, is the only species known to the writer 
which will admit of transplantation in a up-grown aged 
state, and it is also one of the few species which wdll thrive 
in brackish water. Thus it may be destined to aid with 
Salicornias, Avicennias, ^giceras, Batis and some other 
plants to reclaim low muddy shore-lands from sea-floods. 
M. squarrosa, Smith, of South-East Australia, can also be 
grown in swamps to subdue miasmata. It attains exception- 
ally the height of 60 feet with a stem of two feet in 
dia,meter. 

Melia Azedarach, Linne. 

South Asia, North and also East Australia, and there to far 
extra-tropical latitudes. As an avenue- tree not without 
importance, because it will successfully cope with dryness of 
clime and sterility of soil. It recommends itself also 
for retaining the foliage till very late in the season, and for 
producing abundance of fragrant flowers. A black-fruited 
Melia seems as yet little known. The wood is considered of 
value for some kinds of musical instruments. 



128 SELECT PLANTS KEADILY ELIGIBLE 

Melianthus major, Liim6. 

South Africa. The leaves of this stately plant are very 
efficacious as antiseptics, also in cases of scald head, ringworm 
and various other cutaneous diseases (Dr. Pappe). Its 
effect of promoting granulation is veiy remarkable (Dr. A. 
Brown). 

Melica clliata, Linne. 

Europe and Middle Asia. A perennial fodder-grass, par- 
ticularly desirable for sheep. Best for dry gypsy or 
calcareous ground. 

Melica nutans, Linne. 

The Pearl-grass. Europe and North and Middle Asia, 
enduring an alpine clime, and living also in the shade of 
forests. It produces suckers, and affords good herbage in 
woody regions, so also M. uniflora. Several other species 
are on record from various parts of the globe, among which 
M. mutica, of North America, seems to deserve special 
attention. 

Melicocca bljuga, Linne. 

Central America, on mountains. So many sapindaceous 
trees of the Cupania series have been shown by my own 
experiments to be hardy here, that now also this important 
member of the series could be admitted into this list. The 
pulp of the fruit is of grape taste; the seeds can be used 
like sweet chestnuts. 

Melilotus alba, Desrouss. 

The Cabul or Bockhara Clover. Middle and Southern 
Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. A biennial herb. On 
account of its fragrance it is of value for admixture to hay. 
It is also a good bee-plant. Flowers white. Odorous prin- 
ciple: Cumarin. 

Melilotus coerulea, Lamarck. 

South Europe and North Africa. An annual very odorous 
fodder -herb. It forms an ingredient of the green Swiss 
cheese, which owes its flavour and colour chiefly to this plant. 

Melilotus officinalis, Desrouss.^ 

Europe and Middle Asia. Also biennial, or lasting through 
several years if prevented from flowering. Contains also 
Cumarin. An allied species is M. macrorrhiza, Pers. Both 
serve purposes similar to those for which M. alba is em- 
ployed. Grown on the coast it becomes less odorous. 

Melissa officinalis, Linne. 

The Balm-herb. South Europe and Middle Asia. A peren- 
nial herb, valuable for its scent, which depends on a peculiar 
volatile oil. It is also valuable as a bee-plant. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



129 



Melocanna bambusoides, Triiiius. {BeeshaBkeedei, Kunth..) 
The berry-bearing Bamboo, from Chittagong and other moun- 
tainous parts of India. It is a thornless Bamboo, growing on 
dry slopes of hills. Height up to seventy feet; circumference 
towards base, one foot ; growth beautifully erect. 

Melocanna humilis, Boeper. 

India. More slender than the preceding species, and attain- 
ing only a height of twenty feet. 

Melocanna Travancorica. {Beesha Travancorica, Beddome.) 
A new Bamboo from Travancore, worthy of introduction. 

Mentha piperita, Linne.* 

The Peppermint. Middle Europe. This well-known peren- 
nial herb is important for its peculiar essential oil, which here 
by culture is produced in good quality. This distilled oil is 
in considerable demand, and would be best obtained from 
plants cultivated in the mountain-regions or naturalised along 
the forest-rivulets. Eminent authorities refer the Pepper- 
mint as a variety to Mentha aquatica (L.), the Water-Mint of 
Europe, North Africa, West and North Asia, from which the 
true Crisp-Mint (M. crispa, L.) is again derived, as well as 
the Bergamot-Mint (M. citrata, Ehrh.) 

Mentha Pulegium, Linne. 

The true Penny-royal. Europe, Western Asia, North Africa. 
A perennial scent-herb, yielding a peculiar ethereal oil. It 
likes moist soil. 

Mentha rotundifolia, Linne. 

Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Western Asia. 
Fond of wet places, which by the culture of this and other 
Mints may be profitably utilised. In odour this Mint 
approaches to Melissa. The French and Italian Crisp-Mint 
is partly derived from this species. Closely allied to the fol- 
lowing, and often regarded as a variety of M. viridis, L. 

Mentha silvestris, Linne. 

The Horse-Mint. Europe, North Africa, temperate Asia. 
Perennial. One of the Crisp-Mints is derived from this 
species. 

Mentha viridis, Linne. 

The Spear-Mint. Middle and South Europe. Perennial. 
A particular sort of Crisp-Mint (M. crispata, Schrad.) belongs 
to this species. 

Our native Mints, M. Australis, M. gracilis and M. sature- 
joides, R. Br., yield also oil of good flavour. M. laxiflora, 
Benth. , is far the largest and most abundant of these plants. 

K 



130 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Menyanthes trifoliata, Linne. 

Inappropriately called tlie Bog-bean. Eui'ope, North and 
Middle Asia, North America. In springy and spongy bogs. 
A perennial herb of great beauty, which could be naturalised 
with facility in our Alps. The root is starchy. The whole 
plant is pervaded with a bitter j)rinciple, largely derived from 
Menyanthin. The plant is used medicinally as a tonic and 
febrifuge. 

Meriandra Abyssinica, F. v. Mueller. (M. Benghalensis 
Bentham.) 

Abyssinia, on high mountains. A shrub of penetrating 
odour, utilised much like sage. 

Mesembryanthemum acinaciforme, Linne. 

The Hottentot-Fig of South Africa. Under the same 
vernacular name is also comprised the distinct M. edule, L. 
Both, together with our o\\ti M. sequilaterale, Haworth, 
which extends also Avidely along the American West Coast, 
should be transferred into any of the most inhospitable 
desert-regions, as they afford in the inner part of their fruit 
a really palatable and copious food. 

Metrosideros tomentosa, A. Cunningham. 

North Island of New Zealand. Could be grown for timber 
on rocky sea-shores. Height to 80 feet, trimk stout, but 
comparatively short. The timber, according to Mr, Kii'k, 
deserves attention as one of the most durable for the frame- 
work in ship-building, for jetties, docks, sills. Other species 
with dense timber occurring in New Zealand are M. lucida 
(Menzies) and M. robusta (A. Cunn.), all ornamental trees 
with crimson flowers. 

Microseris Forsteri, J. Hooker. 

The Native Scorzonera of extra-tropical Australia and New 
Zealand. A jDerennial herb deserving attention, as likely its 
roots would enlarge and improve through culture. On the 
summits of our snowy mountains the plant developes itself 
most luxuriantly. The aborigines use the root for food. The 
plant would prove hardy in Middle Europe. 

Milium effusum, Linne. 

English Millet-Grass. Europe, North and Middle Asia, 
North America. Perennial, suited for damp forest-land 
particularly, the pastoral capabilities of which it enhances. 
On river-banks it attains a height of six feet. It is relished 
by cattle. The seeds can be used like Millet, the stems for 
the manufacture of superior straw-hats. It is a great 
favourite with pheasants and many other birds for the sake 
of its seeds, which ripen early in the season. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



131 



Mimosa rubicauliSj Lamarck. 

India. A hedge-bush, almost inapproacliable. It has 
proved hardy at the Botanic Garden of Melbourne. 

Monarda didyma, Linne. 

North America. A perennial odoroas herb, producing the 
medicinal Osnego or Beebalm Tea. M. punctata, L., is also 
of very strong scent, and so M. fistulosa, L., with several 
others. 

Monetia barlerioides, L'Heritier. 
South Africa. A hedge-shrub. 

Morchella esculentaj Persoon. {M. co7iica, Persoon.) 

Eui'ope, Asia, North and Central America. With M. 
semilibera this Morel has been found in Victoria and New 
South Wales ; its spread should be encouraged by artificial 
means, as it is a wholesome esculent. European superior 
species, probably admitting of introduction, are : — M. Gigas, 
Pers., M. deliciosa, Fries, which extends to Java, M. patula, 
Pers., the Bell-Morel ; and several others occur there or in 
other parts of the globe. Though these fungi show a 
predilection for pine-forests, they are not dependent on them ; 
thus the writer found M. esculenta in our Eucalyptus forests, 
and this late in the autumn. They can all be diied and 
preserved for culinary purposes. 

Moringa pterygosperma, Gaertner. 

The Horse-Padish tree of India, abundant into the middle 
regions of the mountains. The long pods are edible ; the 
seeds are somewhat almond-like and rich in oil. M. aptera, 
Gaertner, occurs from Abyssinia and Egypt to Arabia and 
Syria. 

Morus alba, Linne.* 

The White Mulberry-tree, China. This tree in several 
varieties provides the food for the ordinary Chinese silk-insect 
(Bombyx Mori). Silk was produced in Italy already 600 
years ago, and there this branch of industry has flourished ever 
since. In China, Silk was reeled since 4500 years. This may 
demonstrate the permanency of an industry which we wish to 
establish here extensively under a similar sky. " One pound 
of silk is worth its weight in silver, and this pound may be 
produced (so far as the food of the Bombyx is concerned) 
from thirty pounds of Mulberry-leaves or from a single tree, 
which thus may be brought to yield annually the material 
for sixteen yards of Gros de Naples." The White Mulberry- 
tree is of extremely easy growth from cuttings, also readily 
raised from well-matured seeds. It is usually unisexual, and 
attains finally a very large size. It can be grown in climes 
K 2 



132 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



where no longer olives will thrive. Spots for Mulberry- 
culture must not be over-moist, when the leaves are to be 
utilised for the Bombyx. In 1870, according to the Bintish 
Trade Journal, the produce of cocoons amounted in Europe 
to £16,588,000; in Asia to £28,112,000; in Africa to 
£44,000; in the South Sea Islands to £24,000; in America 
to £20,000;— thus giving a general total of £44,788,000. 
Superior varieties of Mulberry can be grafted with ease on 
ordinary stock. M. Indica (L.), M. macrophylla (Morett.), 
M. multicaulis (Perott.), M. Morettiana (Jacq.), M. Chinen- 
sis (BertoL), M. latifolia (Poii-.), M. Italica (Poir.), M. 
Japonica (Nois.), M. Byzantina (Sieb.), M. nervosa (Del.), 
M. pumila (Nois.), M. tortuosa (Audib.), as well as the Con- 
stantinople Mulberry are merely forms of M. alba, to which 
probably also M. Tartarica (L.) and M. pabularia (Jacquem.) 
belong. The variety known as M. Indica produces black 
fruits. The planting of Mulberry-trees has recently assumed 
enormous dimensions in California, where in 1870 between 
seven and eight millions were planted. The process of rearing 
the silk-insect is simple and involves no laborious exertions. 
The cocoons, after they have been j^i'operly steamed, dried 
and pressed, find readily purchasers in Euroj^e, the price 
ranging according to quality from 3s. to 6s. per lb. The eggs 
of the silkworm sell at a price from 16s, to £2 per ounce, 
and in 1870 Japan had to provide two millions of ounces of 
silk-ova for Europe, where the worms had extensively fallen 
victims to disease. Instances have been recorded in Cali- 
fornia, where eight tons of leaves were gathered in the first 
year from the Mulberry-trees of one acre, and thirty tons in 
the next year. As an example of the profit thus to be 
realised, a Californian fact may be cited, according to which 
£700 were the clear gain from three and a-half acres, the 
working expenses having been £93. The Commissioner of 
Agriculture of the United States has estimated that under 
ordinary circumstances an acre should support from 700 to 
1000 Mulberry-trees, producing 50001bs. of leaves fit for 
food when four years old. On this quantity of leaves can be 
reared 140,000 worms, from which ova at a net profit 
ranging from £80 to £240 per acre will be obtained by the 
work of one person. Mr. C. Brady, of Sydney, thinks the 
likely proceeds of silk-culture to be from £60 to £150 for 
the acre. The discrepancies in calculations of this kind are 
explained by differences in clime, soil, attention and treat- 
ment. 

The White Mulberry-tree has been very copiously distributed 
from the Melbourne Botanic Garden since many years. A 
very palatable fruit is obtained from a variety cultivated in 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



133 



Beloochistan and Alfglianistan. Moms Tartarica (L.) re- 
sembles M. alba. Its juicy fruit is insipid and small. The 
leaves are not generally used for silkworms. 
The results of Mr. Brady's experience on the varieties of the 
Morus alba are as follows : — In the normal form the fruits 
are white with a purplish tinge more or less deep, the bark is 
pale, the leaf is also of a pale hue, not very early nor very 
tender, nor very abundant. It may be grown on moist 
ground as long as such is drained, or it will live even on 
poor loose gravelly soil bordering on running water. The 
Cevennes variety is a free grower, affords a large quantity of 
leaves though of rather thick consistence ; all varieties of the 
Morus Bombyx like these leaves at all stages of their age. 
It is also called the rose-leaved variety. The silk which it 
yields is substantial in quantity and also good in quality. It 
does best on rich dry slopes. The bushy Indian variety has 
a fine leaf of beautiful green, which though light in weight 
is abundantly produced. It can be cut back to the stem 
three or four times a year; the leaves are flat, long and 
pointed, possess a fine aroma, and are relished by every 
variety of the ordinary silk-insect, though not all thrive equally 
well on it. The silk derived from this variety is excellent, 
but not always so heavy in quantity as that produced from 
the rosy variety. It prefers rich low-lying bottoms, is a 
greedy feeder, but may thus be made to cover an extra- 
ordinary breadth of alluvial or manured land in a marvellous 
short space of time. At Sydney, Mr. Brady can provide 
leaves from this Indian variety all through the year by the 
removal of cuttings, which will strike their roots almost at 
any season. It ripens also seeds readily, and should be kept 
at bush size. It requires naturally less space than the other 
kinds. A fourth variety comes from North China; it has 
heart-shaped flat thickish leaves, which form very good food 
for the silkworm. Mr. Brady, as well as Mr. Martelli, re- 
commend very particularly the variety passing under the 
name of Morus multicaulis for the worms in their earliest 
stages. The former recommends the Cape variety also; the 
latter wishes also the variety called Morus Morettiana to be 
used on account of its succulent nutritious foliage, so well 
adapted for the insect while yet very young, and also on 
account of producing the largest amount of food within the 
shortest time. The Manila variety, known as Morus multi- 
caulis, comes several weeks earlier into bearing than most 
other sorts, and should therefore be at hand for early hatched 
worms. 

The Muscardine-disease is produced by Botrytis Bassiana, while 
the still more terrible Pedrine-disease is caused by a minute 



134 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



vibrio-like organism. Countries like ours, happily free of these 
pests, can thus rear healthy silk-ova at a high premium for 
exportation. 

The White Mulberry-tree with others, offering food to the silk- 
worms, should be planted copiously everywhere for hedges or 
copses. 

Morus celtidifolia, Humboldt. 

From Peru to Mexico, ascending to 7000 feet. The fruit 
also of this Mulberry-tree is edible. M. insignis, Planchon, 
from New Granada, is a similar species. 

Morus nigra, Linne.* 

The Black Mulberry-tree. South Russia and Persia. Highly 
valuable for its pleasant refreshing fruits. It is a tree of 
longevity, instances being on record of its having lived through 
several centuries. It is also very hardy. The leaves also of 
this species afford food for the ordinary silk-moth. The tree 
occurs usually unisexual. M. atropurpurea, Roxb., from 
Cochin-China, is an allied tree. The cylindrical fruit-spike 
attains a length of two inches. 

Morus rubra, Linne. 

The Red Mulberry-tree of North America is the largest of 
the genus, attaining a height of 70 feet; it produces a strong 
and compact timber. 

Musa Cavendishii, Lambert. {Musa regia, Rumph; Musa 
Chinensis, Sweet; Musa nana, Loureiro.) 
The Chinese Banana. A comparatively dwarf species^ the 
stem attaining only a height of about five or six feet. Its 
robust and dwarf habit render it particularly fit for exposed 
localities, and this is one of the reasons why it is so exten- 
sively cultivated in the South Sea Islands. The yield of fruit 
is profuse (as much as 200 to 300 fruits in a spike), and the 
flavour excellent. This as well as M. sapientum and M. 
paradisiaca ripen still their fruits in Madeii'a and Florida. 

Musa Ensete, Gmelin. 

Bruce's Banana. From Sofala to Abyssinia, in mountain 
regions. This magnificent plant attains a height of thirty 
feet, the leaves occasionally reaching to the length of twenty 
feet, with a width of thi'ee feet, being perhaps the largest in 
the whole empire of plants, exceeding those of Strelitzia and 
Ravenala, and surpassing even in quadrate measurement those 
of the grand water-plant Victoria Regia, while excelling in 
comparative cii'cumference also the largest compound frond 
of Angiopteris evecta, or divided leaf of Godwinia Gigas, 
though the compound leaves of some palms are still larger. 
The inner part of the stem and the young spike of the Ensete 
can be boiled to serve as a table esculent, but the fruit is- 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



135 



pulpless. This plant produces no suckers, and requires 
several years to come into flower and seed, when it dies off 
like the Sago-plant, the Caryota-palm, and others, which 
flower but once without reproduction from the root. 

Musa Livingstoniana, Kirk. 

Mountains of Sofala, Mozambique, and the Niger regions. 
Similar to M. Ensete; seeds much smaller. Possibly requir- 
ing no protection here in favourable places. 

Musa paradisiaca, Linne. 

The ordinary Plantain or Pisang. India. Among the most 
prolific of plants, requiring the least care in climes adapted for 
its growth. Stem not spotted. Bracts purple inside. In 
this as well as the foregoing and the following, new shoots 
are produced from the root, to replace annually the fruit- 
bearing stem. The fruit of this is often prepared by some 
cooking process. Very many varieties are distinguished, and 
they seem to have sprung from the wild state of M. sapien- 
tum. The writer did not wish to pass this and the allied 
plants unnoticed, as they will endure our clime in the 
warmest localities of the colony, where under more careful 
attention they are likely to mature with regularity their 
fruit. They require rich and humid soil. Plantain-meal is 
prepared by simply reducing the dried pulp to powder. It is 
palatable, digestible, and nourishing. — M. sapientum, L., the 
ordinary Banana or Sweet Plantain, is a variety. It is one 
of the most important plants yielding nutritious delicious 
fruits. The stem is spotted. Bracts green inside. The 
leaves and particularly the stalks and the stems of this and 
other species of Musa can be utilised for producing a fibre 
similar to Manilla Hemp. The fruit of this is used chiefly 
unprepared; it is generally of a yellow colour. Numerous 
varieties are distinguished. As much as a hundredweight of 
fruit is obtained from a plant annually in tropical climes. At 
Caracas, where the temperature is seldom much above or 
below 60° F., the Plantain and Banana plants are very pro- 
ductive, being loaded with fruits twelve to fifteen inches long, 
on mountains about 6000 feet high. In our dry Murray re- 
gions the winter temperature seems too low for the successful 
development of these plants except on sheltered spots. Re- 
quires infinitely less care within its geographic latitudes than 
the potato; contains along with much starch also Protein 
compounds. Many Indian populations live almost exclusively 
on the fruit. 

Musa simiarum, Rumph. {M. comiculata, Loureiro; M. 
acuminata, Co'l.) 
From Malacca to the Sunda-Islands. About half-a-hundred 



136 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

marked varieties of this species, called mainly Peesangs in 
India, are under cultivation there, especially on the Archipe- 
lagus, while M. sapientum occurs wild more frequently on 
the mainland. Though the latter is principally cultivated on 
the Indian continent, yet it never equals in delicacy the cul- 
tivated forms of M. simiarum, the fruit of which sometimes 
attains a length of two feet (Kurz). 

Musa troglodytarum, Linne. {M. uranoscopos, Rumph.) 
India, and apparently indigenous also in the Fiji and other 
islands of the Pacific Ocean. The fruit-stalk of this species 
stands upright ; the edible fruits are small, reddish, or orange- 
coloured. The Chinese M. coccinea, Ait., a dwarf ornamental 
species, has also the fruit-spike straight. 

Myoporum laetum, Forster. 

New Zealand, where it is called Ngaio by the aborigines. 
As a shelter-tree it is equal to our M. insulare for the most 
exposed parts of the coast. It is excellent for shade, and its 
wood takes a fine polish. It can be raised on the beach from 
cuttings. Uprooted it will produce new roots if covered in 
near the sea. Sheep and horses browse on the foliage. 

Myrica cerifera, Linne. 

The Wax-Myrtle. Sandy sea-coast of North America. 
This shrub helps to bind the rolling sand ; it has fragrant 
leaves ; the fruits are boiled, and the floating wax, which can 
be converted into candles, is skimmed off. 

Myrica cordifolia, Lume. 

South Africa. This bushy plant arrests the influx of the 
sea-sand ; it also yields remuneratively wax from its fruits. 

Myrica Fay a, Alton. 

Madeira, Azores and Canary Islands. A small tree. The 
drupaceous fruits are used for preserves. M. sapida, Wallich, 
an Indian mountainous species, has also edible fruits. 

Myrica quercifolia, Linne. 

South Africa. This and M. cordifolia and the following are 
the principal wax-bushes there. Many other species from 
diflerent parts of the globe are available for trial-culture, but 
none has as yet been discovered in Australia. 

Myrica serrata, Lamarck. 

South Africa. Shrub only about three feet high. The 
Myrica-wax is heavier, harder and more brittle than 
bees-wax, but melts easier. It is obtained from the fruits 
throughout the cool season. The sowing of seeds is done 
after the first rain of the cool months has steadied the sand. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



137 



The plant can also be multiplied from cuttings. The sub- 
terraneous trunk is creeping, and in age of considerable 
length (Dr. Pappe). » 

Myrrhis odorata, Scopoli. 

The Sweet Chervil or Cicely. Mountains of Middle and 
South Europe and Asia Minor, particularly in forests. 
A perennial aromatic herb, used for salad and culinary 
condiments. It could here be naturalised in the forests, and 
would endure the climate of our highet alps; a second 
species, M. occidentalis, Benth., occurs in Oregon. 

Myrtus acmenoides, ,F. v. Mueller. 

Queensland. The fragrant leaves of this and of M. fra- 
grantissima used for flavouring tea, according to Mr. P. 
O'Shanesy. 

Myrtus communis, Linne. 

The Bridal Myrtle. This bush of ancient renown should 
not be passed; it is industrially in requisition for myrtle 
wreaths. 

Myrtus edulis, Bentham. {Myrcianthes edulis, Berg.) 

Uruguay. A tree attaining a height of about twenty-five 
feet. Berries of one and a-half inches diameter, of pleasant 
taste. 

Myrtus Luma, Molina. 

South Chili. A tree fully one hundred feet high in the 
virgin forests. Wood very hard and heavy, much sought for 
press-screws, wheel-spokes and select implements (Dr. 
Philippi). 

Myrtus Meli, Philippi. 

South Chili. Of the same use as the foregoing sjDecies, and 
in this manner most favourably contrasting with the 
numerous other myrtaceous trees of Chili. 

Myrtus nummularia, Poiret. 

The Cranberry-Myrtle. Prom Chili to Puegia, also in the 
Falkland Islands. This trailing little plant might be trans- 
ferred to the turfy moors of our alpine mountains. Dr. 
Hooker describes the berries as fleshy, sweet and of agreeable 
flavour. Allied species occur in the cold zone of the 
Peruvian Andes. 

Myrtus tomentosa, Aiton. 

India and China. This showy shrub ascends to 8000 feet 
high. The berries are dark purple, of cherry size, pulpy, 
and of aromatic sweetness. Various other Myrtles with 
edible berries are known from different warm countries. 



138 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Myrtus Ugni, A. Gray. 

The Chilian Guava. A hardy shrub, freely bearing its small 
but pleasantly-aromatic berries. 

Nageia (Podocarpus) amara, Blume. 

Java, on high volcanic mountains. A large tree, sometimes 
200 feet high. 

Nageia (Podocarpus) andina, Poeppig. {PrumnopitJiys 
elegans, Pliilippi.) 
The Lleuqne of Chili. A stately tree with clusters of edible 
cherry-like fruits. The wood is yellowish and fine-grained^ 
and is chosen for elegant furniture work. 

Nageia (Podocarpus) bracteata, Blume. 

Burmah, Borneo, Java, up to 3000 feet. The close-grained 
wood is highly prized. The allied IST. neriifolia from the 
Himalayas has proved hardy here. 

Nageia (Podocarpus) Chilina, Richard. 

The Manniu and Lahual of the Chilians. Height to 100 
feet, with corresponding thickness of stem. Wood white, 
of excellent quality. 

Nageia (Podocarpus) coriacea, Richard. 

West India. This tree attains a height of fifty feet, and 
advances to elevations of 8000 feet. Other species of both 
hemispheres should be tested here. 

Nageia (Podocarpus) cupressina, R. Brown. 

Java and Phillipine Islands. Height of tree 180 feet; fur- 
nishing a highly valuable timber, 

Nageia (Podocarpus) dacrydioides, A. Richard. 

In swampy ground of New Zealand; the "Kahikatea" of the 
Maories, called White Pine by the colonists. Height of tree 
150 feet; diameter of stem four feet. The white sweet fruit 
is eaten by the natives ; the wood is pale, close-grained, heavy. 
It will not stand exposure to wet, but is one of the best for 
flooring-boards. The streng-th is equal to that of Rimu, accord- 
ing to Kirk ; but it is more readily attacked by boring insects. 

Nageia (Podocarpus) elata, R. Brown. 

East Australia. A fine timber-tree of great height. 

Nageia (Podocarpus) elongata, L'Heritier. 

South Africa. With IST. Thunbergi and with Erythrina 
Cafira and Oreodaphne buUata, this is the tallest tree of 
Capeland and Caffraria, although it does not advance beyond 
seventy feet. The yellowish wood is highly valuable, deal- 
like, not resinous. The stems can be used for top-masts and 
yards of ships. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 139 

Nageia (Podocarpus) ferruginea, Don. 

Nortliern parts of New Zealand. The Black Pine of the 
colonists; native name ''Miro." Height of tree 80 feet; it 
produces a dark-red resin of a bitter taste : the wood is of a 
reddish colour, very hard; will stand exposure to sea-water. 
Fruit, solitary. 

Nageia (Podocarpus) Lamberti, Klotzsch. 

Brazil. A stately tree, yielding valuable timber. 

Nageia (Podocarpus) nubigena, Lindley. 

Southern Chili, generally a companion of IST. Chilina, with 
which it agrees in its dimensions and the utility of its 
timber. 

Nageia (Podocarpus) Purdieana, Hooker. 

Jamaica, at 2500 to 3500 feet. This quick-growing tree 
attains a height of 100 feet. 

Nageia (Podocarpus) spicata, Brown. 

Black Pine or Matai of New Zealand. Fruit spicate. Tree 
80 feet high; wood pale, soft, close and durable; used advan- 
tageously for piles, machinery, stringers, braces, mill-wright's 
work, house-blocks, railway-sleepers, also weather-boards, 
flooring-boards. (Kirk.) 

Nageia (Podocarpus) Thunbergi, Hooker. 

South Africa. Superior in the quality of its wood to N. 
pruinosa, E. Meyer, and even N. elongata ; it is bright- 
yellow, fine-grained and very handsome when polished 
(Dr. Pappe). 

Nageia (Podocarpus) Totara, Don.* 

New Zealand. A fine tree, 120 feet high, with a stem of 
twenty feet in circumference; it is called Mahogany Pine by 
the colonists. The reddish close-grained and durable wood 
is valuable both for building and for furniture, and is also 
extensively used for telegraph-posts; it is considered the 
most valuable timber of New Zealand, Used for piles of 
bridges, wharves and jetties, and in other naval architecture; 
the heart-wood resists for a long time decay, and the 
attacks of the Teredo, according to Mr. Thos. Kirk. It 
ranks below Kauri in strength, but equals it in durability. 
It is one of the most lasting woods for railway- sleepers. 
When used for piles, the bark should not be removed from 
the timber. — Many other tall timber-trees of the genus 
Podocarpus or Nageia occur in various parts of Asia, Africa 
and America, doubtless all desirable, but the quality of their 
timber is not well known, though likely in many cases ex- 
cellent. Nageia is by far the oldest published name of the 
genus. 



140 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Nardostachys Jatamansi, Candolle. 

Mountains of Bengal and ISTepal. The Spikenard. A peren- 
nial herb, famous already in ancient times as a medicinal 
plant. Tlie root contains an ethereal oil and bitter principle. 
This drug is often also obtained from N. grandiflora, Cand. 

Nelumbo lutea, Caspary.* (JVelumbium luteum, Willdenow.) 
In North America, north to 44°; also in Jamaica. This mag- 
nificent perennial water-plant carries with it the type of 
Nelumbo nucifera, but seems more hardy and thus better 
adapted for our latitudes, the Pythagorean Bean not descend- 
ing in Australia naturally beyond the 23°, although also this 
species may perhaps live in the warmer parts of our colony. 
The tuberous roots of both species resemble the Sweet Potato 
and are starchy ; the seeds are of particularly pleasant taste. 
To ns the plants would be of great value as ornamental 
aquatics. The leaves of N. lutea are from one to two feet in 
diameter. The flowers measure one-half to one foot across. 
The capsular fruit contains from twenty to forty nut-like 
seeds. The plant in congenial spots displaces nearly all other 
Avater- vegetation by the vigour of its growth. 

Nelumbo nucifera, Gaertner.'*^ {Nelunibium spedosum, Will- 
denow.) 

The Pythagorean Bean. Egypt; at the Caspian and Ai-al 
Seas (46° N.); Persia; through India, where in Cashmere it 
occurs at an elevation of 5000 feet; Cliina; Japan; Amur; 
(46° N.); tropical Australia as far south as 23°. The occur- 
rence of this grand plant at the Ima, at Pekin and at Astra- 
chan proves sufficiently, that we can naturalise it in Victoria. 
The Nelumbo requires deep water with a muddy bottom. 
The large white or rosy flowers are very fragrant. The seeds 
retain their vitality for several years. According to the 
ancient Egyptian method they are placed in balls of muddy 
clay and chaff and then sunk into the water. 

Nephelium lappaceum, Linne. 

India. This tree furnishes the Pambutan or Pampostan 
fruit, similar to the Litchi and Logan fruit. As one species 
of Nephelium is indigenous as far south as Gipps Land, and 
as all the species seem to require rather a moist mild forest- 
clime than great atmospheric heat, we may hope to bring also 
this tree here in favourable spots to perfect bearing. 

Nephelium Litchi, Cambessedes. 

South China, Cochin- Chin a and Philij)pine Islands. An 
evergreen tree, producing the Litchi-fruit. The pulpy arillus 
is of extremely pleasant taste, though not large. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



Ul 



Nephelium Longanum, Cambessedes. 

India and Sonthern China. The Longan-fruit is obtained 
from this tree; it is smaller than that of the Litchi-tree. 

Nicotiana multivalvis, Lindley. 

The Native Tobacco of the Columbia E-iver. An annual. 
This with the following species can be utilised for certain 
kinds of Tobacco. 

Nicotiana Persica, Lindley. 

The Shiraz Tobacco. Persia. Annual. This can be brought 
to perfection only in cool mountain-regions. The mode of 
culture is somewhat different to that of the ordinary Tobacco. 
Moderate irrigation is favourable. The plants when ripe are 
cut off and stuck into the ground again until they become 
yellow. They are then heaped together for a few days in the 
drying-house. They are then packed into thin strata and 
placed into bags, for pressure and daily turning. 

Nicotiana quadrivalvis, Pursh. 

The Native Tobacco of the Missouri. An annual. 

Nicotiana repanda, Willdenow. 

Cuba, Mexico, Texas. Annual. It is utilised for some of 
the Havannah Tobaccoes. 

Nicotiana rustica, Linne. 

Tropical America. Annual. Some sorts of Eastern India 
Tobacco, of Manilla Tobacco and of Turkey Tobacco are 
derived from this particular species. 

Nicotiana Tabacum, Linne.* 

The ordinary Tobacco-plant of Central America. Annual. 
Various districts with various soils produce very different 
sorts of Tobacco, particularly as far as flavour is concerned, 
and again various climatic conditions will affect vastly the 
Tobacco-plant in this respect. We can thus not hope to 
produce for instance Manilla or Havannah Tobacco in our 
latitudes, but we can anticipate to produce good sorts of our 
own, more or less peculiar, or we may aspire to producing in 
our rich and frostless forest-valleys a Tobacco similar to that 
of Kentucky, Maryland, Connecticut and Virginia, parts of 
Victoria resembling in climate very much these countries. 
Frost is detrimental to the Tobacco-plant; not only particu- 
larly when young must it be guarded against it, but frost will 
also injure the ripe crop. Mr. Politz consider the scarcity 
of dew in some of our districts to militate against the pro- 
duction of the best kinds, otherwise the yield as a rule is 
large, and the soil in many places well-adapted for this 



142 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



culture. Leaves of large size are frequently obtained. The 
moister and warmer northern and eastern regions of our 
colony are likely to produce the best Tobacco, if the final 
preparation of the leaf for the manufacturer is effected by 
experienced skill. The cruder kinds are obtained with ease, 
and so leaves for covering cigars. Yii'gin soil mth rich loam 
is the best for Tobacco-culture, and such soil should also con- 
tain a fair proportion of lime and potash, or should be en- 
riched with a calcareous manure and ashes, or with well- 
decomposed stable-manure. The seedlings, two months or 
less old, are transplanted. When the plants are coming into 
flower the leading top-shoots are nipped off*, and the young 
shoots must also be broken off*. A few weeks afterwards the 
leaves will turn to a greenish-yellow, which is a sign that the 
plants are fit to be cut, or that the ripe leaves can gradually 
be pulled. In the former case the stems are sjDlit; the drying 
is then eff*ected in barns by suspension from sticks across 
beams. The drying process occupies four or five weeks and 
may need to be assisted by artificial heat. Stripped of the 
stalks the leaf-blades are then tied into bundles to undergo 
sweating or a kind of slight fermentation. It does not 
answer to continue Tobacco-culture beyond two years on the 
same soil uninterruptedly. A prominent variety is Nicotiana 
latissima (Miller) or N. macrophylla (Lehm.), yielding largely 
the Chinese, the Orinoco and the Maryland Tobacco. 
Latakia Tobacco, according to Dyer, is prepared by sub- 
mitting the leaves for several months to fumigation from fir- 
wood. The dangerously powerful Nicotin, a volatile acrid 
alkaline oily liquid, and Nicotianin, a bitter aromatic lamellar 
substance, are both derived from Tobacco in all its parts and 
are therapeutic agents. 

Niemeyera prunifera, F. v. Mueller. {Lucuma prunifera, 
Benthara.) 

The Australian Cainito. An evergreen tree, sparingly dis- 
persed from the North of New South Wales through the 
coast-forests of Queensland. The fruit is of a plum-like 
appearance and edible. Culture is likely to improve its 
quality. 

Nyctanthes Arbor tristis, Linn6. 

India, up to Assam. This arborescent shrub may be gi^own 
in any moist regions of this colony free of frost, for the 
exquisite fragrance of its flowers, from which essence of 
Jasmin can be obtained. 

Nyssa aquatica, Linne. 

North America. The Tupelo. This large deciduous tree can 
be reared in pools and deep swamps, thus for aquatic scenery. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



143 



The spongy roots of this species serve as a substitute for cork 
and the floats of nets. 

Nyssa multiflora, Wangenheim. 

Eastern States of North America, where it is called the 
Forest Tupelo or Black Gum-tree (Dr. Asa Gray). Suited 
for forest-soil, has horizontal branches and a "light, flat spray, 
like the Beech." The wood is very hard, but light and almost 
unwedgeable; it serves for hubs of wheels, pumjDs, side- 
boards of carts, trays, bowls, dippers, mortars, wooden shoes, 
and various turner's work. The foliage turns bright crimson 
in autumn. The fruits are pleasantly acidulous like those 
of N. capitata (Walter) and of some other species, and often 
used for preserves. 

Nyssa uniflora, Walter. 

Eastern States of North America. The Swamp Tupelo. 
Wood soft, that of the roots very light and spongy, thus used 
for corks (Dr. Asa Gray). Attains a height of eighty feet. 
The mucilaginous fruits are edible. 

Ocimum Basilicum, Linne. 

The Basil. Warmer parts of Asia and Africa. An annual 
herb, valuable for condiments and perfumery. Several 
varieties exist, differing considerably in theii' scent. A 
crystalline substance is also obtained from this and similar 
species. O. canum (Sims) is closely allied. 

Ocimum gratissimum, Linne. 

Recorded from India, the South Sea Islands and Brazil, as 
indigenous. Somewhat shrubby. This is also a scent-plant 
like the following, and is one of the best of the genus. 0. 
viride (Willd.) from tropical Africa seems a variety. 

Ocimum sanctum, Linne. 

Arabia, India, tropical Australia. A perennial herb. The 
odour of the variety occurring in North Australia reminds 
of anise; the smell of the variety growing in East Australia 
resembles cloves. O. tenuiflorum, L., seems to be another 
variety. Probably other species, as well cis- as trans- 
Atlantic, can be used like Basil. 

Ocimum suave, Willdenow. 

East Africa. A scrubby species. 

Olea Europaea, Linne.* 

The Olive-tree. From South-western Asia; naturalised in 
the countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A tree not of 
great height, but of many centuries' duration and of un- 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



abating fecundity. The •well-known Olive-oil is obtained 
from the fruit. Certain varieties of the fruit, preserved in 
vinegar or salt liquid before perfectly ripe, are also much 
used for the table. For this piu'pose the fruit is generally 
macerated previously in water containing potash and lime. 
The gum-resin of the Olive-tree contains the crystalline 
Olivil. The oil of the drupaceous fruit is a most important 
product of countries with climates similar to that of Victoria. 
Its chemical constituents are : — 30 per cent, crystalline 
Palmitin ; 70 per cent. Oleiu, through which OKve-oil 
belongs to those kinds which are not drying. The wild 
variety of the Olive-tree has usually short lalunt leaves and 
thorny branches. Long contiaued droughts, so detrimental 
to most plants, will affect the Olive but slightly. It thrives 
best on a free loamy calcareous soil, even should it be strong 
and sandy, but it dislikes stiff clay. Proximity to the sea is 
favourable to it, and hill-sides are more eligible for its 
culture than plains. The ground must be deeply trenched. 
Manuring with well-decayed substances is requisite annually, 
or every second or third year according to circumstances. 
Irrigation will add to the productiveness of the plant. 
Mons. Riordet distinguislies thi-ee main varieties, of which he 
recommends two : 1, the Cay on, a small-sized tree, which 
comes into bearing already after three or four years, but it 
bears fully only every second year ; its oil is fine with some 
aroma. 2, the Pendulier, a larger tree, with long drooping 
branches, yielding an oil of fii'st-rate quality. Mons. 
Peynaud, Culture de I'Olivier," separates twelve varieties, 
as cultivated in France, and recommends among them : — 
1, the Com-niau or Com-niale, also called Plante de Salon, 
bearing most prolifically a small fruit and producing an 
excellent oil. 2, the Picholine, which by pruning its top 
branches is led to spread over eight square yards or more. It 
is of weeping habit, yields a good oil in fair quantity and 
resists well the attack of insects. 3, the Mouraou or 
Mourette, a large tree furnishing also oil of a very fine 
quality. Olive-trees requii-e judicious pruning immediately 
after the fruit is gathered, when the sap is comparatively at 
rest. They may be multiplied from seeds, cuttings, layei's, 
suckers, truncheons or estacas and old stumps, the latter to 
be split. The germination of the seeds is promoted by 
soaking the nutlets in a solution of lime and woodash. The 
seedlings can be budded or grafted after a few years. 
Truncheons or estacas may be from one to many feet long 
and from one inch to many inches thick; they are placed 
horizontally into the gi'ound. Olive plantations at Grasse 
are worth from X200 to £250 per acre. For many details 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



145 



the tract on the Culture of Olive and its Utilisation/' here 
recently issued by the Rev. Dr. Bleasdale, should be consulted, 
as it rests largely on its author's observations during a long 
stay in Portugal. The Olive-oil imported in 1871 into 
Victoria was valued at ^15,538. 

The following notes are derived from the important "Tratado 
del Cultivo del Olivo en Espana," by the Chev. Capt. Jos6 de 
Hidalgo-Tablada (second edition, Madrid 1870). The 
Olive-tree will resist for a short time considerable frost 
( — 15° C.) provided the thawing takes place under fogs or 
mild . rain (or perhaps under a dense smoke). It requires for 
ripening its fruit about one-third more annual warmth than 
the vine. The Olive zones of South Europe and North 
Africa are between the 18° and 44^^ N. latitude. An eleva- 
tion of about 550 feet corresponds in Spain, as far as this 
culture is concerned, to one degree further north. Olives do 
not grow well on granite soil. The fruit produced on lime- 
stone formations is of the best quality. Gypsum promotes 
the growth of the tree (which thus may perhaps prosper in 
parts of the Murray-desert, underlaid with gypsum). An 
equable temperature serves best; thus exposure to prevailing 
strong winds is to be avoided. The winter temperature 
should not fall below — 7° C. The content of oil in the fruit 
varies from 10 to 20 per cent.; sometimes it even exceeds the 
latter proportion. In the Provence at an average 241bs. of 
Olive-oil are consumed by each individual of the population, 
in Andalusia about SOlbs. For obtaining the largest quantity 
of oil the fruit must be completely ripe. Hand-picked Olives 
give the purest oil. Knocking the fruit from the branches 
with sticks injures the tree and lessens its productiveness in 
the next yeai. About thirty Olive-trees can be planted 
conveniently on an acre for permanence; each tree under 
ordinary circumstances will produce fruits for 41bs. to 51bs. 
of oil annually. Spain alone produces about 250,000, OOOlbs. 
of Olive-oil a year. 

SPANISH VARIETIES. 

A. — Varieties of early maturation, for colder localities : — 

1. Var. pomiformis, Clem. 

Manzanillo. (French: Ampoulleau). Fruit above an inch 
in diameter, spherical, shining black. Putamen broad and 
truncate. 

2. Var. regalis, Clem. 

Sevillano. (French: Pruneau de Catignac). Fruit about an 
inch in diameter, ovate-spherical, blunt, bluish-black. 

L 



U6 



SELECT PIrANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



3. Var. Bellotudo or Yillotuda. 

Fruit about an inch, long, egg-shaped; pericarp outside dark- 
red, inside violet. 

4. Yar. Redondillo. 

Fruit ovate-spherical, nearly an inch long. Pericarp outside 
bluish-black, inside whitish. A rich yielder. 

5. Yar. ovalis, Clem. 

Lechin, Picholin, Acquillo. (French: Saurine). Fruit 
broad-oval, two-thirds of an inch long. A copious yielder. 

6. Yar. argentata, Clem. 

Nevadillo bianco; Doncel; Zorzalena; Moradillo; Ojiblanco; 
Olivo lucio. Fruit broad-ovate, an inch long, very blunt, not 
oblique. Quality and quantity of oil excellent. 

7. Yar. Varal hlanco. 

(French: Blanquette). Fruit ovate, globular, three-fourths 
of an inch long, neither pointed nor oblique, outside blackish- 
red. 

8. Yar. Empeltre. 

Fruit ovate, an inch loug, equable. Rich in oil of excellent 
quality, also one of the best for pickles. Pericarp outside 
violet, inside white. 

9. Var. Racimal. 

(French: Bouteillan, Boutiniene, Pibien, Papugette). Fruit 
violet-coloured, globose-ovate, about an inch long; neither 
pointed nor oblique. Bears regularly also on less fertile soil, 
and is one of the earliest to ripen. 

10. Yar. Varal negro. 

Alameno. (Frenck: Cay on, Nasies). Fruit violet-black, 
spotted, globose-ovate, nearly an inch long, somewhat pointed. 
Bears richly. 

11. Yar. Colchonuda. 

Fruit spheric, outside red, inside white, one inch in diameter, 
slightly pointed. Produces a large quantity of good oil. 

12. Yar. Ojillo de Liehre. 

Ojo de Libre. Fruit nearly spheric, outside violet-black; 
about one inch long, somewhat oblique. One of the less 
early varieties. 

13. Yar. Garrasquena. 

(French: Pedouan de Cotignat). Fruit black-red, almost 
spherical, slightly oblique, about an inch long. Yaluable 
both for oil and preserves, but liable to be attacked by 
various insects. 

14. Yar. Hispalensis, Clem. 

Gordal; Ocal; Olivo real. Fruit black-grey, oblique, 
spherical, measuring fully an inch. Rather a large and 
quick-growing tree. Fruit used in the green state for pre- 
serves, not used for table oil. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



147 



15. Yar. Verdfjo. 

Yerdial. (Frencli: Yerdal, Yerdan). Fruit black-violet, 

oblique-splieric, pointed, about one inch long. Furnishes 
good oil and resists best of all the cold. 

B. — Yarieties of late maturation, for warmer localities : — 

16. Yar. onaxima, Clem. 

Madrileno; Olivo morcal. Fruit over an inch long, cordate- 
globose, strongly pointed. Less valuable for oil than for 
preserves, 

17. Yar. rostrata, Clem. 

Cornicabra. (French: Cournaud, Corniaud, Courgnale, PI. 
de Solon, PL de la Fane; Cayon, Papunier, Grasse). Strong 
and tall, less tender. Fruit black-reddish, over an inch 
long, oval, much pointed. Good for oil. 

18. Yar. ceratocarpa, Clem. 

Cornezuelo. (French: Odorant, Luquoise, Luques). Fruit 
fully an inch long, oval, pointed. 

19. Yar. Javaluno. 

Fruit black-grey, over an inch long, egg-shaped, somewhat 
oblique, gradually pointed. Pich in good oil; can also be 
chosen for preserves; much subject to attacks of insects. 

20. Yar. Picudo. 

Fetudilla. Fruit fully an inch long, egg-shaped, blunt at the 
base, pointed at the apex, with black-grey pulp. Pericarp 
easily separable. Employed both for oil and preserves. 

21. Yar. Nevadillo negro. 

Fruit egg-shaped, fully an inch long, with turned pointed 
apex. One of the richest of all varieties in yield. Endures 
considerable cold and ripens not quite late. 
All these Spanish varieties show rather long lanceolate leaves 
of more or less width. 

FRENCH VARIETIES. 

(Some verging into the Spanish kinds). 

22. Yar. angulosa, Gouan. 
Galliningue, Laurine. For preserves. 

23. Yar. Rouget. 

Marvailletta. Produces a fine oil. 

24. Yar. atrorubens, Gouan. 

Salierne, Saverne. Fruit dusted white. Furnishes one of 
the best of oils. 

25. Yar. variegata, Gouan. 

Marbee, Pigale, Pigau. Purple fruit with white spots. 

26. Yar. Le Valma. 

Oil very sweet, but not largely produced. 

27. Yar. atrovirens, Pos. 

Pointue, Punchuda. Fruit large with good oil. 

l2 



148 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



28. Yar. ruhicans, Kos. 

E-oiigette. Putamen small. Yield annual and large. 

29. Yar. alhaj Ros. 

Olive blanche, Blancane, Yierge. This with many others 
omitted on this occasion is an inferior variety. 

30. Yar. Caillet Rouge. 

Figanier. Small tree. Fruit large, red. Oil good and pro- 
duced in quantity. 

31. Yar. Caillet Blanche. 

Fruit almost white, produced annually and copiously, yielding 
a rather superior oil. 

32. Yar. Eaymet. 

Fruit large, reddish. Oil copious and fine. This variety 
prefers flat country. 

33. Yar. Cotignac. 

Pardigniere. Fruit middle-sized, blunt. Oil obtained in 
quantity and of excellent quality. This wants much priming. 

34. Yar. Bermillaon. 

Yermillon. Yields also table-oil and resists cold well. 

Many other apparently desirable varieties occur, among which 
the Italian Oliva d'ogni mese may be mentioned, which 
ripens fruits several times in the year, and furnishes a 
pleasant oil and also berries for preserves. 

Onobrychis sativa, Lamarck.* 

The Saintfoin, or Esparsette, or Cocks-head Plant. South 
and Middle Europe, Middle Asia. A deep-rooting perennial 
fodder-herb, fond of marly soil, and living in dry localities. 
It is thus well adapted also for the limestone formation of 
the lower Murray Hiver. It prepares dry calcareous soil 
also for cereal culture. Stagnant underground humidity is 
fatal to this plant. It prospers still where Ped Clover and 
Lucerne no longer succeed. Sheep caimot so well be tui^ned 
out on young Saintfoin fields as cattle. The hay is superior 
even to that of Lucerne and Clover. The plant will hold 
out from five to seven years (Langethal). 

Ophelia Chirata, Grisebach. {Agathotes CJdrata, D. Don). 
Widely dispersed over the higher mountain-regions of India. 
A peremiial herb, considered as one of the best of tonics; it 
possesses also febrifugal and antarthritic properties. Its ad- 
ministration in the form of an infusion, prepared with cold 
water, is the best. Besides O. elegans (Wight) some of the 
other Upper Indian, Chinese and Japanese species deserve 
probably equal attention. Hanbury and Fliickiger mention 
as Chiratas or Chirettas of Indian bazaars: 0. angustifolia 
(D. Don), 0. densiflora (Grisebach), 0. elegans (Wight) and 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



149 



0. mnltiflora (Dalzell), besides species of Exacum and Andro- 
grapliis. All come from the cooler uplands. 

Opuntia coccinellifera, Miller. 

Mexico and West India. Tlie Cochineal Cactus. On this 
and 0. Tuna, O. Hernandezii and perhaps a few others 
subsists the Coccus, which offers the costly Cochineal dye. 
Three gatherings can be effected in the year. About 1200 
tons used to be imported annually into Britain alone, and a 
good deal also to other countries, valued at about .£4:00 for 
the ton. The precious Carmin-pigment is prepared from 
Cochineal. 

Opuntia Dillenii, Candolle. 

Central America. A Tuna-like Cactus, serving for unin- 
flammable hedges, and perhaps also for the rearing of the 
Coccus Cacti. It is particularly eligible for barren land. 

Opuntia elatior, Miller. 

Central America. A hedge-plant with formidable thorns. 

Opuntia Ficus Indica, Miller. 

Central America, north as far as Florida. Serves for hedges. 
Pulp of fruit edible. 

Opuntia Hernandezii, Candolle. 

Mexico. Affords also food for the Coccus Cacti. 

Opuntia Missouriensis, Candolle. 

From Nebraska to New Mexico. Mr. Meehan found this 
Cactus covered with the Cochineal Coccus, and points to the 
fact that this insect will live through the intense cold, which 
characterises the rocky mountains of the Colorado regions. 

Opuntia Rafinesquii, Engelmann. 

North America. The most northern of all species, extending 
to Lake Michigan. 

Opuntia spinosissima, Miller. 

Mexico and West India. Stem columnar with pendant 
branches. Also a good hedge-plant. 

Opuntia Tuna, Miller. 

West India, Ecuador, New Granada, Mexico. Irrespective 
of its value as the principal Cochineal-plant, this Cactus is 
also of use for hedges. It will attain a height of twenty 
feet. The pulp of the fruit is edible. With the other 
species hardy at least in our lowlands. 

Opuntia vulgaris, Miller. 

Central America, northward to Georgia, southward to Peru.' 
Adapted for hedges and like the rest not inflammable, thus par- 
ticularly valuable along railway lines. The fruit almost 
smooth, also eatable. A dye can also be prepared from its 



150 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



pulp and that of allied species. Numerous other species are 
here industrially eligible for hedging purposes. 

Oreodoxa regia, Humboldt. 

West India. This noble Palm attains a height of sixty feet. 
It has proved hardy in Southern Brazil, and would probabljr 
endure our clime. The stem is thickened at the middle, and 
from it, like from the much taller O. oleracea (Martins), starch 
can be obtained. 

Origanum DictamnuSj Linne. 

Candia. Like the following a scent-plant of somewhat 
shrubby gi'owth. 

Origanum Majorana, Linne. 

North Africa, Middle Asia, Arabia. A perennial herb, used 
for condiment, also for the distillation of its essential oil. 

Origanum Maru, Linne. 

Palestine. Perennial and very odorous. 

Origanum Onites, Linne. 

Countries at the Mediterranean Sea. Somewhat shrubby 
and strongly-scented. 

Origanum vulgare, Linne. 

The ordinary Marjoram. All Europe, North Africa, North 
and Middle Asia. A scented herb of perennial growth, con- 
taining a peculiar volatile oil. It prefers limestone soil. O. 
hirtum (Link.), O. virens (Hoffmannsegg) and O. normale 
(D. Don) are closely-allied plants of similar use. Several 
other Marjorams, chiefly Mediterranean, are of value. 

Ornitliopus sativus, Brotero. 

South Europe and North Africa. The Seratella or Serra- 
della. An annual heib, larger than the ordinary Bii'dsfoot- 
clover. It is valuable as a fodder-plant on sterile soil. It 
requires, like the smaller O. perpusillus, no lime, but improves 
in growth on gypsum land, of which there is much in the 
MiuTay desert. 

Oryza sativa, Linne. 

The Rice-plant. South Asia and North Australia. Annual 
like most cereals. The many rivulets in our ranges afibrd 
ample opportunities for irrigating Bice-fields : but these can 
be formed with full advantage only in the warmer parts of 
the colony, where rice will ripen as well as in Italy, China, 
or the Southern States of the American Union. Among the 
numerous varieties of Indian Bice may be noted as prominent 
sorts : The Early Bice, which ripens in four months and is 
not injured by saline inundations. The hardier Mountain 
Bice, which can be raised on comparatively dry ground, and 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



151 



whicli actually perishes under lengthened inundation, but 
which is less productive. The Glutinous Rice, which suc- 
ceeds as well in wet as almost dry places, and produces black 
or reddish grains. In the rich plains of Lombardy, irrigated 
from the Alps, the average crop is estimated at forty-eight 
bushels for the acre annually. The spirit distilled from E-ice 
and molasses is known as Arrack. 

Oryza latifolia, Humboldt and Bonplaud. 

Central America. This species is said to be perennial and 
to attain a height of eighteen feet. It deserves here trial- 
culture, and may prove a good fodder-grass on wet land in 
warm localities. O. perennis (Moench) seems closely allied. 

Osmitopsis asteriscoides, Cassini. 

South Africa. A camphor-scented shrub, much in use there 
for medicinal purposes (Dr. Pappe). 

Ostrya carpinifolia, Scopoli. 

South Europe and Orient. The Hop Hornbean. A deci- 
duous tree, 60 feet high. 

Ostrya Virginica, Willdenow. 

Leverwood-tree of North America, 40 feet high, in rich 
woodlands. Wood singularly hard, close-grained and heavy, 
in use for levers and other implements, for mill-cogs, wheels, 
&c. Cattle browse on the foliage. 

Oxalis crassicaulis, Zuccarini. 

Peru. This seems one of the best of those Woodson'els, 
which yield a tuberous edible root. Amongst others O. 
tuberosa (Mol.) and 0. succulenta (Barn.) from Chili, as well 
as O. carnosa (Mol.) and O. conorrhiza (Jacq.) from Paraguay, 
might be tried for their tubers. 

Oxalis esculent a, Otto and Dietrich. 

Mexico, there with 0. tetraphylla (Cavanilles), O. Deppei 
(Loddiges), O. violacea (Linne) and several others producing 
tuberous starchy wholesome roots ; the first mentioned gives 
the largest yield. As similarly useful may be mentioned 
among many others — O. crenata (Jacquin), from Chili and O. 
enneaphylla (Cavanilles), from the Falkland Islands and 
Magelhaen's Straits. 

Oxytenanthera Thwaitesii, Munro. 

Ceylon, on mountains from 4000 to 6000 feet high. A 
dwarf but handsome Bamboo, reaching only a height of 12 feet. 

Oxytropis pilosa, Candolle. (Astragalus pilosus, Linn^.) 

Europe, West Asia. This perennial plant furnishes fair 
pasture-herbage; the numerous other species, twenty-four 
alone enumerated as oriental by Boissier, should be tested. 



152 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



All these plants might be classed as Astragals. They are 
mostly content with poor soil. 

Pachyma Hoelen, Fries. 

China. This large Truffle occurs particularly in the province 
of Souchong. Flavour most agreeable. 

Pachyrrhizus angulatus, Richard. 

From Central America rendered spontaneous in many tropical 
countries. A climber, the horizontal starchy roots of which 
attain a length of eight feet, and a thickness of many inches. 
It requii'es rich soil. The root is edible, though inferior to 
Yam. From the stems a tough fibre is obtained. The plant 
proved hardy at Sydney. 

Paliurus ramosissimus, Poiret. (P. Aubletia, Schultes.) 

China and Japan. A thorny tree, which could be utilised 
for hedging. 

Paliurus Spina Christi, Miller. (P. aculeatus, Lambert.) 
The Christ-Thorn. From the Mediterranean Sea to Nepaul. 
A deciduous bush or finally tree, which can be trimmed into 
hedges. 

Pandanus furcatus, Eoxburgh. 

This screw Pine occurs in India, up to heig'hts of 4000 feet, 
according to Mr. S. Kurz ; hence it will likely bear our clime, 
and give us a stately plant for scenic group-planting. P. 
pedunculatus (R. Br.) occurs in East Australia as far south 
as 32°, and the same or an allied tall species luxuriates in 
Howe's Island. 

Panicum amarum, Elliot. 

North America. A perennial species, fit to be grown on 
drifting coast-sand. 

Panicum barbinode, Tiinius. 

Brazil. Valuable as a fodder-grass. 

Panicum brizanthum, Hochstetter. 

From Abyssinia to Nepal. A large-grained perennial Millet- 
grass. 

Panicum Crus-Galli, Linne. 

The Barnyard or Cockshin Grass. Occurring now in all warm 
countries, but probably of Oriental origin, as it seems not 
recorded in our ancient classic literature. A rich but annual 
grass of ready spontaneous dispersion. P. colonum, L., and 
P. Crus-Corvi, L., are varieties of it. Regarded by R. 
Brown as indigenous to Eastern and Noi'thern Australia, 
where many other excellent fodder-species occur, some 
perennial. It will succeed also on somewhat saline soil, 
particularly on brackish water-courses, also in moor-land. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



153 



Panicum decompositum, E. Brown. (P. laevinode, Lindley.) 
The Australian Millet. One of the most spacious of native 
nutritious grasses. The aborigines convert the small millet- 
like grains into cakes. This grass will thrive on poor soil. 

Panicum fluitans, Eetzius. 

Tropical Asia and Africa. This grass, like P. spinescens 
(E/. Brown), of East Australia, ought to be naturalised along 
lakes, lagoons and rivers, particularly for the benefit of 
water-fowl. 

Panicum frumentaceum, Boxburgh. 

The Shamalo or Deccan Grass. Probably introduced from 
tropical Africa into South Asia. It serves as a fodder-grass 
and produces also a kind of Millet. 
To this species is allied P. sarmentosum, Boxb., from Sumatra, 
which is now likewise much cultivated in tropical countries. 
It is perennial. 

Panicum Italicum, Linne. 

This grass, notwithstanding its specific name, is of Indian 
origin, but appears to be likewise a native of North Aus- 
tralia. It is annual and worthy to be cultivated as a tender 
green-fodder, attaining a height of five feet. It keeps weeds 
down. The abundantly-produced grain is not only one of the 
best for poultry, but that of some varieties can also be utilised 
as Millet. P. Germanicum, Both., is a form of this species. 

Panicum Koenigii, Sprengel. (P. Helopus, Trin.) 
India. A good fodder-grass. 

Panicum latissimum, Mikan, 

Brazil. A highly-ornamental grass. Leaves extremely 
broad but hard ', panicle very rich. 

Panicum maximum, Jacquin.* (P. jumentorum, Persoon.) 
The Guinea-Grass. Tropical Africa; elsewhere not indi- 
genous. This perennial grass attains a height of eight feet 
in tropical countries. It is highly nutritious and quite 
adapted for the warmer parts of our colonial territory. 

Panicum miliaceum, Linne. ''^ {P. miliare, Lam.) 

The true Millet. South Asia and North Australia, but 
cultivated in Southern Europe already at Hippocrates' and 
Theophrastos' time. Annual, attaining a height of four feet. 
Several varieties occur, one with black grains. They all need 
a rich but friable soil. It is one of the best of all grains for 
poultry, but furnishes also a palatable and nutritious table- 
food. It ripens still in Middle Europe. 

Panicum pilosum, Swartz. 

Tropical America. A perennial fodder-grass. 



154 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Panicum repens, Liime. 

At the Mediterranean Sea, also in South Asia and] North 
Australia. Regarded |by the Cingalese as a good fodder- 
grass. It is perennial and well-suited for naturalisation on 
moist soil or river-banks or swamps. 

Panicum prostratum, Lamarck. (P. setigerum, Eetz.) 

Egypt, South Asia, North Australia, perhaps also indigenous, 
to tropical America. Perennial. Recommendable for 
pastures. 

Panicum sanguinale, Linne. 

From South Europe and Southern Asia spread through all 
countries with a warm climate, but apparently also indi- 
genous in East Australia. It readily disseminates itself on 
barren ground, and is likely to add to the value of our 
desert-pastures, although it is amiual. Stock relish this 
grass. P. ciliare (L.) and P. glabrum (Gaudin) are allied 
species. 

Panicum spectabile, Nees.* 

The Coapim of Angola. From West Africa transferred ta 
many other tropical countries. A rather succulent very 
fattening grass, attaining a height of about four feet. — It 
may be assumed, that hitherto about 300 well-defined species 
of Panicum are known, chiefly tropical and sub-tropical, thus 
very few extending naturally to Europe, or the United 
States of North America, or J apan, or the southern part of 
Australia. Though mostly from the hot zones these grasses 
endure in many instances our clime, and some of them would 
prove great acquisitions, particularly the perennial species. 
Numerous good kinds occur in Queensland and North 
Australia spontaneously. Panicum is the genus richest in 
species among grasses. 

Panicum turgidum, Forskael. 

Egypt, where this Millet yields a bread-grain. 

Panicum virgatum, Linne. 

North America, South Asia and North Australia. A tall 
perennial species, with a wide nutritious panicle. 

Papaver somniferum, Linne.* 

The Opium-Poppy. Orient. The capsules of this tall 
annual, so showy for its flowers, are used for medicinal pur- 
poses; from the minute but exceedingly numerous seeds oil 
of a harmless and most palatable kind can be pressed re- 
muneratively; but a still more important use of the plant is 
that for the preparation of Opium, of which a quantity 
valued in the Customs returns at X94,455 was imported 
during 1871 into Victoria, and this does not provide for a 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



155 



large portion of the Morphia used in medicine. Both the 
black and pale seeded varieties can be used for the production 
of Opium. The return of Poppy-culture, whether for opium 
or for oil, is within a few months. Our milder and somewhat 
humid open forest-tracts proved most productive for obtaining 
Opium from this plant; but it can be reared also in colder 
localities, good Opium, rich in Morphia, having even been 
obtained in Middle Europe and the Northern United States, 
the summers there being sufficiently long to ripen the Poppy 
with a well-elaborated sap. The Morphia contents in Opium 
from Gipps Land was at an average somewhat over 10 per 
cent. Opium was prepared in our Botanic Gardens for the 
Exhibition of 1866; but particularly Mr. J. Bosisto and Mr. 
J. Hood have given to this branch of rural industry here 
commercial dimensions. The Smyrna variety is particularly 
desirable for Opium; it enables the cultivator to get from 
401bs. to 751bs. of Opium from an acre, generally worth 30s. 
to 35s. per pound. The ground for Poppy-culture must be 
naturally rich, or otherwise be well manured; dressing with 
ashes increases the fecundity of the plant. The seed, about 
9 lbs. to an acre, is generally sown broadcast, mixed with 
sand. In the most favourable places as many as three crops 
are obtained during a season. The collecting of the Opium, 
which consists merely of the indurating sap of the seed- 
vessels, is commenced a few days after the lapse of the petals. 
Superficial, horizontal or diagonal incisions are made into the 
capsules as they successively advance to maturity. This 
operation is best performed in the afternoons and evenings, 
and requires no laborious toil. The milky Opium-sap thus 
directed outward, is scraped off next morning into a shallow 
cup, and allowed to dry on a place away from sunlight; it 
may also be placed on Poppy-leaves. Erom one to six 
successive incisions are made to exhaust the sap, according to 
season, weather, locality or the knife-like instrument em- 
ployed. In the Department of Somme (France) alone Opium 
to the value of £70,000 annually is produced, and Poppy- 
seed to the value of £170,000. Our seasons here, as a rule, 
are favourable for collecting Opium, and thus this culture is 
here rendered less precarious than in many other countries. 
Our Opium has proved as good as the best Smyrna kinds. 
The petals are dried for packing the Opium. The main 
value of Opium depends on its contents of Morphia, for 
which the genus Papaver, as far as hitherto known, remains 
the sole source. But not less than eleven alkaloids have 
been revealed in Opium by the progressive strides of organic 
chemistry: Codein, Metamorphin, Morphia or Morphin, 
Narcein, Narcotin, Opianin, Papaverin, Porphyroxin, 



156 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Pseudo-morpliin and Tliebain. It contains besides an in- 
different bitter principle : Meconin and Meconic Acid (vide 
"Wittstein's Cliemische Analyse von Pflanzentheilen"). 
Various species of Papaver produce more or less Opium and 
Morphia. 

Pappea Capensis, Ecklon and Zeyher. 

South Africa. The fruit of this tree is of the size of a cheny, 
savoury and edible. 

Pappophorum commune, F. v. Mueller. 

Widely dispersed over the continent of Australia, also in 
some parts of Asia and Africa. Perennial; regarded as a 
very fattening pasture-gi'ass, and available for arid localities. 

Parinarium Nonda, F. von Mueller. 

The Nonda-tree of North-East Australia. It may prove 
hardy in East Gipps Land, and may live perhaps in the dry 
and hot air of our desei-ts, where it deserves trial-cultm-e for 
the sake of its edible mealy plum-like fruit. A few other 
species with esculent drupes occur in different tropical 
countries. 

Parkinsonia aculeata, Linne. 

From California to Monte Yideo. A thorny shrub, clearly 
adapted for the warmer parts of Victoria, where it might be 
utilised with the following plant for evergreen hedges. The 
flowers are handsome. 

Parkinsonia Africana, Sonder. 

South Africa. A tall bush. A third species, P. microphylla, 
Torr., occm's on the Colorado. 

Parthenium integrifolium, Limi6. 

North America. The flowering tops of this perennial bitter 
herb have come into use as a febrifuge (Houlton). 

Parrotia Jacquemontiana, Decaisne. 

North Western Himalayas, from about 3000 to 8500 feet 
elevation. This deciduous-leaved small tree merits intro- 
duction. Its tough and pliable twigs are used for basket- 
work and preferentially for the twig-bridges, the latter up to 
300 feet long ; hence this tree could be used here for a 
variety of economic purposes (Stewart and Brandis). 
P. Persica (C. A. Meyer) occurs on the Caspian Sea. 

Paspalum ciliatum, Humboldt. 

Tropical South America. A perennial and lauded cereal grass. 

Paspalum dilatatum, Poiret. 

Extra-tropical South America. Perennial, of excellent 
quality for fodder. Mr. Bacchus found it hardy here up to a 
height of 2000 feet. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDSTRIAL CULTURE. 



157 



Paspalum distichum, Burmann. 

Froni India to South-Eastern Australia. A creeping swamp- 
grass, forming extensive cushions. It keeps beautifully 
green throughout the year, affords a sufficiently tender blade 
for feed, and is exquisitely adapted to cover silt or bare 
slopes on banks of ponds or rivers, where it grows grandly; 
moderate submersion does not destroy it, but frost injures it. 

Paspalum scrobiculatum, Linne. 

Through the tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere widely 
dispersed, extending to South East Australia. A valuable 
pasture-grass. A superior variety is cultivated in Indian for 
a grain-crop. This grass furnishes a good ingredient to hay. 
The stem sometimes attains a height of eight feet. Kosen- 
thal pronounces it pernicious, perhaps when long and ex- 
clusive use is made of this grass, under which circumstances 
also the E-ye-grass will become injurious. 

Paspalum stoloniferum, Bosc. 

Central America. A fodder-grass of considerable value. 

Passiflora alata, Aiton. 

Peru and Brazil. This Passion-flower and all the following 
(and probably other species) furnish Granadilla fruits. 

Passiflora coccinea, Aublet. 
From Guiana to Brazil. 

Passiflora coerulea, Linne. 

South Brazil and Uruguay. One of the hardiest of all 
Passion-flowers, and with many others well-adapted for 
covering bowers, rookeries and similar structures. Many of 
the Equatorial species come from mountainous regions and 
may thus endure our lowland clime. 

Passiflora edulis, Sims. 
Southern Brazil. 

Passiflora filamentosa, Willdenow. 
Southern Brazil. 

Passiflora incarnata, Linne. 

North America from Virginia and Kentucky southward. 
"The fruits are called Maypops. 

Passiflora laurifolia, Linn^. (P. tiyiifolia, Jussieu.) 
The Water-Lemon. From West India to Brazil. 



Passiflora ligularis, Jussieu. 
From Mexico to Bolivia. 



158 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Passiflora lutea, Linne. 

North America from Pennsylvania and Illinois southward. 
Berries small. 

Passiflora macrocarpa, Masters. 

Brazil and Peru. Mr. Walter Hill reports having obtained 
fruits of eight pounds weight at the Brisbane Botanic Garden. 

Passiflora maliformis, Linne. 
From West India to Brazil. 

Passiflora quadrangularis, Linne. 

Brazil. One of the most commonly cultivated Granadillas. 

Passiflora serrata, Linne. 
From West India to Brazil. 

Passiflora suberosa, Linn^. (F. 2)cillida, Linne.) 

From Florida to Brazil. A careful investigator, Dr. Maxw. 
Masters, has recently defined about 200 species of Passion- 
flowers. 

Peireskia aculeata. Miller. 

West India. The Barbadoes Gooseberry. A tall shrub, 
adapted for hedges in localities free of frost. The Cochineal 
insect can be reared also on this plant. The berries are 
edible. Several other species exist in tropical America, 
among which P. Bleo (Humb.) is particularly handsome, but 
they may not all be sufficiently hardy for utilitarian purposes 
in our clime. Otherwise the Bleo is used for salad. 

Peireskia portulacifolia, Haworth. 

West India. This attains the size of a fair tree. 

Pelargonium odoratissimum, Aiton. 

South Asia. A perennial trailing herb, from the leaves of 
which a fragrant oil can be distilled. The same remark 
applies to the shrubby P. Badula and P. capitatum (Dr. 
Rosenthal). 

Pennisetum thy phoideum,' Richard.* {Fenicillaria spicata, 
Willdenow; Panicum coeruleum, Miller.) 
Tropical Asia, Nubia and Egypt. The Bajree. An annual, 
ripening its millet crop in about three months in warm 
countries. The stems are thick and reach a height of six 
feet. This grass requires a rich and loose soil, and on such it 
will yield upwards of a hundred fold. It furnishes also a 
good hay, and is also valuable as green-fodder. Some of the 
many other species of Pennisetum are doubtless of pastoral 
value. A plant allied to P. thyphoideum occurs in China : 
namely, P. cereale (Trin.). This affords also millet or corn 
for cakes. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



159 



Pentzia virgata, Lessing. 

South Africa. A small bush, recommended to be established 

in our deserts for sheep-fodder. Several other species occur 

in South Africa. 
Periandra dulcis, Martius. 

Sub-tropical Brazil. The sweet root yields liquorice. 

Perilla arguta, Bentham. 

Japan. An annual herb. An infusion of this plant is used 
to impart to table-vegetables and other substances a deep red 
colour. P. ocimoides (L.), of Upper India, serves probably 
similar purposes. 

Persea gratissima, Gaertner. 

From Mexico to Peru and Brazil in forest-tracts near the 
coast. The Avocado-Pear. Suggestively mentioned here as 
likely available for East Gipps Land, French Island and 
other mild localities of our country, inasmuch as it has 
become naturalised in Madeira, the Azores and Canary 
Islands. A noble evergreen spreading tree. The pulp of 
the large pear-shaped fruit is of delicious taste and flavour. 

Persea Teneriffae, Poiret {suh Lauro). {P. Indica, Sprengel.) 
Madeira, Azores and Canary Islands. This magnificent tree 
produces a very beautiful hard mahogany-like wood, especially 
sought for superior furniture and turners' work. One of the 
most hardy trees of the large order of Laurinse. 

Peucedanum cachrydifolium, Ledebour. 

Persia. A valuable fodder-herb (Dr. Bosenthal). 

Peucedanum graveolens, Bentham. (Anethum graveolens, 
Linn^.) 

The Dill. South Europe, North Africa, Orient. Annual. 

The well-known aromatic fruitlets used as a condiment. P. 

Sowa, Benth. (Anethum Sowa, Boxb.) is a closely-allied 

Indian annual herb. 
Peucedanum officinale, Linn6. 

The Sulphur-Root. Middle and South Europe, North 

Africa, Middle Asia. Perennial. The root is used in 

veterinary medicine. It contains like that of the following 

species the crystalline Peucedanin. 
Peucedanum Ostruthium, Koch. {Imperatoria Ostru- 
tJiium, Linne.) 

Mountains of Middle Europe. A perennial herb, which 
could be grown in our Alps. The acid aromatic root is used 
in medicine, particularly in veterinary practice. It is required 
for the preparation of some kinds of Swiss Cheese. P. 
Cervaria (Cuss.) and P. Oreoselinum (Moench) are also 
occasionally di-awn into medicinal use. 



160 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Peucedanum sativum, Bentham. {Pastinaca sativa, Linn^.) 
The Parsnip. Europe, Noiiih and Middle Asia. Biennial. 
The root palatable and nutritious. A somewhat calcareous 
soil is favourable for the best development of this plant. The 
culture is that of the carrot; for fodder, the root surpasses 
that of the latter in augmenting milk (Langethal). 

Peucedanum Sekakul, Bentham. 

Egypt and Syria. Biennial. The root is edible. 

Peumus Boldus, Molina. 

The Boldo of Chili. A small ornamental evergreen tree, with 
exceedingly hard wood, which is utilised for many kinds of 
implements. The bark furnishes dye-material. The fruits 
are of aromatic and sweet taste (Dr. Philippi). 

Phalaris Canariensis, Linne. 

The Canary-Grass. An annual grass from the Canary 
Islands, now widely dispersed as a spontaneous plant over 
the warmer zones of the globe. Thus it has also become 
naturalised in Australia. It is gi'own for its seeds, which 
form one of the best kinds of fodder for many sorts of small 
cage-birds. The flour is utilised in certain processes of 
cotton-manufacture, and liked for some kinds of cakes. The 
soil for the culture of the Canary-gi^ass must be friable and 
not too poor. It is an exhaustive crop. As allied annual 
species of similar use, but mostly of less yield, may be enu- 
merated: P. brachystachys (Link.) from Italy, P. minor 
(Betz) and P. truncata (G-uss.) from various countries at the 
Mediterranean Sea. Other species, including some from 
Asia, are deserving of trial; but the perennial British P. 
arundinacea (L.), is too hai^h to serve for wholesome fodder, 
nor does it furnish Canary-seed. 

Phaseolus adenanthus, G. Meyer. (P. Truxillensis, Hum- 
boldt; P. rostratus, Wallich.) 
Almost cosmopolitan within the tropics, where irrespective 
of navigation and other traffic it becomes dispersed by 
migrating birds ; truly spontaneous also in tropical Australia. 
A perennial herb with large flowers, resembling those of 
Yigna vexillata (Benth.) Cultivated for its seeds, which are 
rather small, but copiously produced. A variety with edible 
roots occurs. 

Phaseolus COCCineus, Kniphof.* {P. mnltijlorus, Will- 
denow.) 

The Turkish Bean or Scarlet-Bunner. A native of the 
Orient, if Sprengel's identification is correct, according to 
which this plant was known in Arabia and Persia at 
Avicenna's time; but according to other opinions it is a 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



161 



native of Mexico. A twining showy perennial, as useful as 
the ordinary Trencli Bean. Its seeds usually larger than 
those of the latter plant, purjDle with black dots, but some- 
times also pure blue and again quite white. The flowers 
occur sometimes white. The root contains a narcotic poison. 

Phaseolus lunatus, Linne. 

Considered as a native of tropical America, but also recorded 
as wild from many parts of tropical Africa and Asia. Bien- 
nial according to Roxburgh. Much cultivated in the warm 
zone for its edible beans, which are purple or white. A 
yellow-flowered variety or closely-allied species is known as 
the Madagascar-Bean and proved hardy and productive here. 
P. perennis, Walt., from the United States of North 
America, is another allied plant. 

Phaseolus Max, Linne. {P. Mungo, Linne ; P. radicatus, Linne.) 
The Green Gram. South Asia and tropical Australia. An 
annual very hairy plant, not much climbing. Frequently 
reared in India, when rice fails or where that crop cannot be 
produced. The seeds are but small, and the herb is not 
available for fodder. This plant requires no irrigation, and 
ripens in two and a-half to three months. The grain tastes well 
and is esteemed wholesome. The harvest is about thirtyfold. 

Phaseolus vulgaris, Linne.* 

The ordinary Kidney-Bean or French Bean or Haricot. 
India, from whence it came to Europe through the conquests 
of Alexander the Great ; but apparently it is also wild in 
North- Western Australia, Though this common and im- 
portant culinary annual is so well known, it has been deemed 
desirable, to refer to it here with a view of reminding, that 
the Kidney-Bean is nearly twice as nutritive as wheat. 
The meal from Beans might also find far augmented use. 
As constituents of the Beans should be mentioned a large 
proportion of starch (nearly half), then much Legumin, also 
some Phaseolin (which like Amygdalin can be converted into 
an essential oil) and Inosit-sugar. Lentils contain more 
Legumin but less starch, while Peas and Beans are in respect 
to the proportion of these two nourishing substances almost 
alike. The Kidney-Bean can still be cultivated in cold 
latitudes and at sub-alpine elevations, if the uninterrupted 
summer-warmth lasts for four months ; otherwise it is more 
tender than the Pea. The soil should for field-culture be 
friable and somewhat limy and not sandy. Phaseolus nanus, 
L., the Dwarf-Bean, and P. tumidus, SaAd, the Sugar-Bean or 
Sword-Bean or Egg-Bean, are varieties of P. vulgaris. 
Several other species of Phaseolus seem worthy of culinary 
culture. 

M 



162 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Phleum pratense, Linne.* 

The Catstail- or Timothy-Grass. Europe, North Africa, 
North and Middle Asia. One of the most valuable of all 
perennial fodder-grasses. Its production of early spring- 
herbage is superior to that of the Cocksfoot-gi-ass. It should 
enter largely into any mixture of grasses for permanent 
pastui-age. It will live also on moist and cold clay-ground. 
This grass and perhaps more yet the allied Phleum alpinum, 
L., are deserving of an extensive transfer to our moory Alps. 
For hay it requires mo^ving in a young stage. The seed is 
copiously yielded and well-retained. The gi-eatest advantage 
from this grass arises, according to Langethal, when it is 
grown along with clovers. It thrives even better on sandy 
meadows than on calcareous soil ; it will prosper on poorer 
ground than Alopecurus pratensis ; the latter furnishes its full 
yield only in the fourth year, whereas the Phleum already in 
the second. The Timothy dries more quickly for hay and 
the seeds are gathered more easil}^, but it vegetates later, is 
of harder consistence and yields less in the season after the 
first cut. 

Phoenix dactylifera, Linne.* 

The Date-Palm. North Africa, also inland ; Arabia, Persia. 
This noble palm attains finally a height of 80, exceptionally 
120 feet. It is unisexual and of longevity : — Trees of from 
100 to 200 years old continue to produce their annual crop of 
dates." Though from the sap sugar or palm- wine can be 
obtained, and from the leaves hats, mats and similar articles 
can be manufactured, we here would utilise this palm 
beyond scenic garden-ornamentation only for its fruits. It 
is in the oases of our desert-tracts, swept by burning winds, 
where the Date-Palm would afibrd in time to come a real 
boon, although it might be gro^vn also in the valleys of our 
mountains and in any part of our lowlands. Several bunches 
of flowers are formed in a season, each producing often 
as many as 200 dates. In Egypt as many as 4 cwt. of dates 
have been harvested in one season from a single Date-Palm. 
Many varieties of Dates exist, differing in shape, size and 
colour of the fruit ; those of Gomera are large and contain 
no seed. The unexpanded flower-bunches can be used for 
palm-cabbage, the fibre of the leaf-stalks for cordage. The 
town Elclie in Spain is surrounded by a planted forest of about 
80,000 Date-Palms, and the sale of leaves for decorative 
purposes produces irrespective of the value of the Date-fruits 
a considerable income to the town, and so it is at Alicante. 
As far north as the Gulf of Genoa exists also a Date-forest. 
The ease, with which this palm grows from seeds, affords 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



163 



facility in adapted climes to imitate these examples, and we 
certainly ought to follow them in all parts of Australia. 

Phoenix paludosa, Roxburgh. 

India. A stout species, not very tall. Of value at least for 
decorative culture. 

Phoenix pusilla, Gaertner. 

India and South China. A dwarf species, likely also to be 
hardy here. P. farinifera (Roxb.) appears to be identical. 
It is adapted for sandy and otherwise dry and barren land, 
but prefers the vicinity of the sea. Berry shining black, 
with a sweet mealy pulp. 

Phoenix reclinata, Jacquin. 

South Africa, in the eastern districts. A hardy species, but 
not tall, often reclining. It is adapted for ornamentation. 
The seeds are frequently drawn into local use as a substitute 
for coffee. 

Phoenix silvestris, Eoxbm-gh. 

India, almost on any soil or in any situation. It has proved 
at Melbourne a very hardy species. Its greatest height is 
forty feet. Berries yellowish or reddish, larger than in P. 
pusilla. "Where this Palm abounds much sugar is obtained 
from it by evaporation of the sap, which flows from incisions 
into the upper part of the trunk, a process not sacrificing the 
plant, as for twenty years the sap can thus be withdrawn. A 
kind of arrack is obtained by fermentation and distillation of 
this sap, and also from the young spikes. Each plant 
furnishes the juice for about 81bs. of date-sugar annually, but 
in some instances much more. About 50,000 tons of sugar 
are produced a year in Bengal alone from this and some other 
palms. The leaves are used for mats. 

Phoenix spinosa, Thomiing. 

Tropical Africa, ascending mountain-regions, thus perhaps 
hardy here with us. Dr. Kirk foimd the green bushes, if 
immersed in water for half a day, suddenly to assume a 
scarlet hue, and then the astringent pulp to become edible 
and sweet. 

Phormium tenax, J. R and G. Forster.* 

The Flax-lily of New Zealand, where it occurs as far south 
as 46° 30', occurring also in the Chatham Islands and Norfolk 
Island, though not on Lord Howe's Island. It seems im- 
portant that this valuable plant should here be brought uni- 
versally under culture, particularly on any inferior spare 
ground or on the sea-beaches or any rocky declivity, where 
it may be left unprotected to itself, as no pastoral animal will 
touch it. It is evident that the natural upgrowth will soon 

M 2 



164 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



be inadequate to the demand for the plant. Merely torn 
into shreds the leaves serve at once in gardens and vineyards 
as cordage, and for this purpose, irrespective of its showy 
aspect, the Phormium has been distributed from our Botanic 
Garden since the last eighteen years. From the divided 
roots any plantation can gi-adually be increased, or this can 
be done more extensively still by sowing the seeds. In all 
likelihood the plant would thrive and become naturalised in 
the Auckland and Campbell's Group, in Kerguelen's Land, 
the Falkland Islands, the Shetland Islands and many conti- 
nental places of both hemispheres. Among the varieties 
three are better characterised than the rest: the Tehore, the 
Swamp and the Hill variety. The first and the last men- 
tioned produce a fibre fine and soft, yet strong, and the plants 
attain a height of only about five feet, whereas the Swamp- 
variety grows to double that height, producing a larger yield 
of a coarser fibre, which is chiefly used for rope or paper 
making. As might be expected, the richer the soil the more 
vigorous the growth of the plant ; it likes moreover now and 
then to be overflown by fresh or brackish water, but it will 
not live if permanently sunk into wet. In swampy ground 
trenches shoidd be dug to divei-t the surplus of humidity. 
Fibre free from gum-resin properly dressed withstands 
moisture as well as the best Manila rope. Carefully prepared 
the fibre can also be spun into various textile durable fabrics, 
either by itself or mixed %vith cotton, wool or flax. In 
October, 1872, the sale of Phormium-fibre in London was 
11,500 bales, ranging in price from £19 to £31. The tow 
can also be converted into paper, distinguished for its strength 
and whiteness. The London price of Phormium-fibre for this 
piu'pose is from £10 to £20 per ton. 
For fui-ther details on the utilisation of this plant the elaborate 
reports of the New Zealand Commission for Phormium 
should be consulted. One of the dwarf varieties is Phor- 
mium Colensoi (J. Hook). 

Phyllocladus rhomboidalis, Richard. 

Celery -Pine of Tasmania. A stately tree up to sixty feet 
high, with a stem of two to six feet in diameter. The timber 
is valuable for ships' masts. It will only gi'ow to advantage 
in deep forest-valleys. 

Phyllocladus trichomanoides, Don. 

Celery-Pine of New Zealand, northern island; it is also called 
Pitch-Pine by the colonists — native name, Tanekaha. This 
tree attains a height of seventy feet, with a straight stem of 
three feet in diameter, and furnishes a pale close-grained 
timber, strong, heavy, and remarkably durable according to 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



165 



Professor Kirk greatly valued for mine-props, struts, cajDS, 
sleepers, water- tanks, bridge-planks and piles and spars ; tlie 
Maories employ the bark for dyeing red and black. 

Phy sails Alkekengi, Linne. 

The Strawberry-Tomato or Winter- Cherry. Middle and 
South Europe, North Africa^ Middle Asia, extending to 
Japan, said to have come originally from Persia. A peren- 
nial herb. The berry, which is red and of a not unpleasant 
taste, has some medicinal value. The leaves contain a bitter 
principle: Physalin. 

Physalis angulata, Linne. 

In many tropical countries, extending as a native plant to 
the northern parts of the United States and to Japan. An 
annual herb. Yellowish; the berries edible. P. minima, 
L. (P. parviflora, P. Br.), appears to be a variety and extends 
also into tropical Australia. 

Physalis Peruviana, Linne. 

Temperate and tropical America, widely naturalised in many 
countries of the warmer zones. With double inaptness 
called the Cape Gooseberry. A perennial herb ; but for pro- 
ducing its fruit well, it requires early renovation. The 
acidulous berries can be used as well as a table-fruit as for 
preserves. Doubtless several other kinds of Physalis can be 
utilised in the same manner. In colder countries the P. 
Peruviana becomes annual. 

Pimpinella Anisum, Linne. 

The Anise-plant. Greece, Egypt, Persia. An annual. The 
seed-like fruits enter into various medicines and condiments, 
and are also required for the distillation of oil, rich in 
Anethol. The herbage left after obtaining the seeds serves 
for fodder. 

Pimpinella Saxifraga, Linne. 

Europe, North and Middle Asia. A. perennial herb ; its 
root used in medicine; a peculiar volatile oil can be distilled 
from the root. P. magna (L.) is a closely allied species, and 
P. nigra (W.) is a variety. The root of the last is particu- 
larly powerful. 

Pimpinella Sisarum, Bentham. (Smm Sisarum, Linne). 

East Asia. A perennial herb. The bunches of small tubers 
afford an excellent culinary vegetable. The taste is sweet 
and somewhat celery-like. The roots endure frost. 

Pinus Abies, Du Poi.* (Pinus Picea, Linne.) 

Silver-Fir, Tanne. In Middle Europe up to 50° N. latitude, 
forming dense forests. A fine tree, already the charm of the 
ancients, attaining 200 feet in height, and twenty feet in cir- 



166 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



cumference of stem, reaching the age of 300 years. It fur- 
nishes a most valuable timber for building as well as furniture, 
and in respect to lightness, toughness, and elasticity it is even 
more esteemed than the Norway Spruce, but is not so good 
for fuel or for charcoal. It also yields a fine white resin and 
the Strassburg turpentine, similar to the Venetian. — Beside 
the above normal form, the follo^ving two main varieties 
occur,- — P. Abies var.'Cephalonica, Parlatore (P. Cephalonica, 
Endl.). Greece, 3000 to 4000 feet above the sea. A tree 
sixty feet high, with a stem circumference of ten feet. The 
wood is very hard and durable, and much esteemed for build- 
ing. General Napier mentions that in pulling down some 
old houses at Argostoli, which had been built 150 to 300 
years, all the wood-work of this Fii' was found as hard as Oak 
and perfectly sound. P. Abies var. Nordmanniana, Parlatore 
(P. Nordmanniana, Steven). Crimea and Circassia, 6000 feet 
above the sea. This is one of the most imposing Firs, attain- 
ing a height of 100 feet, with a perfectly straight stem. It 
furnishes a valuable building-timber. The Silver-Fir is 
desirable for our mountain-forests. 
Pinus alba, Alton. 

White Spruce. From Canada to Carolina, up to the highest 
mountains. It resembles P. Picea, but is smaller, at most 
fifty feet high. Eligible for our alpine country. 

Pinus Alcocquiana, Parlatore. 

Japan, at an elevation of 6000 to 7000 feet. A fine tree, 120 
feet high, with very small blue-gTeen leaves; the wood is used 
for light household furniture. 

Pinus amabiliSj Douglas. 

Californian Silver-Fir. North California, at an elevation of 
4000 feet. A handsome Fir, 200 feet high, circumference of 
stem twenty-four feet; the stem is naked up to 100 feet. 

Pinus Australis, Michaux.* 

Southern or Swamp Pine, also called Georgia, Yellow Pitch 
or Broom Pine. In the Southern States of North America. 
The tree attains a height of seventy feet. It furnishes a good 
timber for furniture and building. It is this tree, which forms 
chiefly the extensive Pine-barrens of the United States, and 
yields largely the American turpentine, as well as resin, pitch 
and tar. Porcher observes that the tree shoots up devoid of 
branches for sometimes as much as sixty feet, and he calls it 
"one of the greatest gifts of God to man." The emanations 
from Pines, particularly the very resinous species, are anti- 
malarian and antiseptic, as proved by residences near Pine- 
forests, and by the use of hospital buildings constructed of 
Pine-wood. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



167 



Pinus Ayacahuite, Ehrenberg. (P. Loudoniana, Gordon.) 
In Mexico, at an elevation of 8000 to 12,000 feet. An 
excellent Pine, 100 to 150 feet liigh, with a stem-diameter of 
three to four feet. Yielding a much-esteemed white or some- 
times reddish timber. 

Pinus balsamea, Linne. 

Balsam-Fir, Balm of Gilead Fir. Canada, Nova Scotia, New 
England. An elegant tree, forty feet high, which with Pinus 
Fraseri yields the Canada-Balsam, the well-known oleo-resin. 
The timber is light, soft and useful for furniture. It thrives 
best in cold swampy places. Eligible for our alps. 

Pinus bracteata, D. Don. 

Southern California, up to 6000 feet. A very handsome 
tree, attaining 150 feet in height, with a slender, perfectly 
straight stem, not more than two feet in circumference. The 
resin is used for incense. 

Pinus Brunoniana, Wallich. (P. dumosa, D. Don.) 

Himalaya, descending to 8000 and ascending to 10,500 feet. 
Attains a height of 120 feet, and the stem a circumference of 
28 feet (J. D. Hooker). Particularly eligible for our alps. 
The timber is pale and soft and does not stand exposure 
well. 

Pinus Canadensis, Linne. 

Hemlock-Spruce. In Canada and over a great part of the 
United States, on high mountains. A very ornamental tree, 
100 feet high, with a white cross-grained and inferior wood. 
The tree, however, is extremely valuable on account of its 
bark, which is much esteemed as a tanning material; it is 
stripped off during the summer months. The young shoots 
are used in making spruce-beer. 

Pinus Canariensis, C. Smith.* 

Canary-Pine. Canary Islands, forming large forests at an 
elevation of 5000 to 6000 feet. A tree seventy feet high, 
with a resinous durable very heavy wood, not readily attacked 
by insects. It thrives well in Victoria, and shows celerity of 
growth. 

Pinus Cedrus, Linne. 

Cedar of Lebanon. Together with the Atlas-variety on the 
mountains of Lebanon and Taums, also in North Africa. 
The tree grows to a height of 100 feet, and attains a very 
great age; the wood is of a light reddish colour, soft, easy to 
work, and much esteemed for its durability. 

Pinus Cedrus, var. Deodara."^ 

Deodar-Cedar. On the Himalaya mountains, 3000 to 12,000 
above the sea-level. A majestic tree, reaching a height of 



168 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



more than 200 feet and sometimes 30 feet in circumference of 
stem. The wood is of a light-yellow colour, very close- 
grained and resinous, strongly and agreeably scented, light, 
extremely durable, well resisting the vicissitudes of a variable 
clime, and furnishes one of the best building-timbers known. 
Pillars of Kashmir mosques of this wood are found sound 
after 400 years, and bridges of still greater antiquity are in 
existence. White ants hardly ever attack the heartwood. 
Boats built of this wood last forty years. It is also exten- 
sively used for canal-edges and for railways. The tree should 
not be felled too young. It also yields a good deal of resin 
and turpentine. A humid clime very much accelerates the 
growth of this Pine, which in our forest-ranges would come 
best and quickest to its development. 

Pinus Cembra, Liime. 

On the European Alps, also in Siberia and Tartary. The 
tree attains a height of 120 feet, the stem upwards of four 
feet in diameter; the wood is of a yellow colour, very soft 
and resinous, of an extremely fine texture and is extensively 
used for carving and cabinet work. The seeds are edible, 
and when pressed yield a great quantity of oil. A good tur- 
pentine is also obtained from this Pine. 

Pinus cembroideSj Zuccarini. {P. Laveana, Schiede and 
Deppe.) 

Mexican Swamp-Pine. A small tree, thirty feet high, grow- 
ing at an elevation of 8000 to 10,000 feet. The timber is not 
of much use, but the seeds are edible and have a very agree- 
able taste. 

Pinus Cilicica, Antoine and Kotschy. 

Cilician Silver-Fir. Asia Minor. 4000 to 6500 feet above 
sea-level. A handsome tree of pyramidal growth, 160 feet 
high. The wood is very soft, and used extensively for the 
roofs of houses, as it does not warj). 

Pinus contorta, Douglass. {P. Bolandri, Parlatore.) 

On high damp ranges in California, attaining fifty feet in 
height, also abundant on the mountains of Colorado, and very 
eligible for clothing rocky hill-sides (Meehan). In California 
it forms dense thickets along the coast, and is in this respect 
as valuable as P. Laricio, P. Pinaster, and P. Haleppensis in 
Europe, as a shelter-tree in stormy localities. 

Pinus Coulteri, D. Don. 

California, on the eastern slope of the coast range, at an ele- 
vation of 3000 to 4000 feet. A Pine of quick growth, attain- 
ing a height of about 100 feet, with a trunk up to four feet 
in diameter; it has the largest cones of all Pines. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



169 



Pinus densiflora, Siebold and Zuccarini. 

Japan, in the interior of Nipon, where it forms, along with 
P. Massoniana, extensive forests at 1000 to 2000 feet above 
sea-level. The timber is excellent for building. 

Pinus Douglasii, Sabine.* 

Oregon-Pine, called also the Yellow Pine of Puget Sound, where 
it yields the princij)al timber for export, and is therefore of 
great commercial value in the lumber-trade. The maximum 
height known is 400 feet, the greatest diameter of the stem 
14 feet. The timber is fine and clear-grained, splendid for 
masts and spars, also for flooring, being for that purpose 
regarded as the best of California (Bolander). It is the 
strongest wood on the North Pacific coast, both in horizontal 
strain and perpendicular pressure. Sub-alpine localities here 
should be extensively planted ^vith this famous tree. It 
requires deep and rich soil, but likes shelter ; its growth is at 
the rate of the Larch ; it passes in various localities as Black 
and Ped Spruce. P. Lambertiana yields also much of the 
flooring-wood in California. Wood firm, heavy and solid. 
Both in clayey and light soil it attains fifty feet in about 
eighteen years ; it requires however a moist forest-clime for 
rapid growth. 

Pinus excelsa, Wallich.* 

The Lofty or Bootan Pine. Himalaya, forming large forests 
at from 5000 to 12,500 feet elevation, also in Macedonia and 
JMontenegro. A fine tree, 150 feet high, furnishing a valu- 
able, close-grained, resinous, soft and easily workable wood, 
ranking among Himalayan Pine-woods for durability next to 
Deodar- timber (Stewart and Brandis). It also furnishes a 
good quantity of turpentine. 

Pinus lirma, Antoine. 

North Japan, at 2000 to 4000 feet above the sea-level. A 
lofty tree of the habit of the Silver-Fir. The timber is 
white, soft and fine-grained, employed particularly by coopers 
and upholsterers. 

Pinus flexilis, James. 

The White Pine of the Pocky Mountains, from New Mexico 
to British Columbia, ascending to 12,000 feet. A valuable 
Fir for cold regions. It attains a height of 100 feet. Wood 
pale and compact. 

Pinus Fortunei, Parlatore. 

China, in the neighbourhood of Foo-Cliow-Foo. A splendid 
tree, seventy feet high, somewhat similar in habit to P. 
Cedrus. 



170 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Plnus Fraseri, Pursh. 

Double Balsam-Fir. On high mountains of Carolina and 
Pennsylvania. This tree, which gets about twenty feet high, 
yields with P. balsamea Canada-Balsam. 

Pinus Gerardiana, Wallich. 

Nepal Nut-Pine. In the north-eastern parts of the Himalaya 
at an elevation of 10,000 to 12,000 feet, forming extensive 
forests. The tree gets fifty feet high, with a comparatively 
short stem, and produces very sweet edible seeds, also turpen- 
tine. In reference to the nut-like seeds, the proverb prevails 
at Kunawar — "One tree a man's life in winter." 

Pinus glabra, Walter. 

Carolina. Allied to P. mitis. It attains, according to 
Chapman, a height of sixty feet. Porcher compares the 
wood to that of P. Strobus. 

Pinus grandiSj Douglas. 

Great Silver-Fir of North California. A splendid Fir, 200 
feet high and upwards, growing best in moist valleys of high 
ranges; the wood is white and soft. 

Pinus Griffithii, Parlatore. {Larix Grifftthii, J. Hooker and 
Thomson). 

The Himalayan Larch. Descends to 8000 feet and ascends 
to 12,000 feet. Timber pale, soft, without distinct heartwood, 
one of the most durable of all Pine-timbers (Stewart and 
Brandis). P. Ledebourii, Endlicher, is the Siberian Larch. 

Pinus Haleppensis, Miller. 

Aleppo-Pine. South Europe and North Africa. This well- 
known Pine attains a height of eighty feet, with a stem of 
from four to five feet in diameter. The timber of young trees 
is white, of older trees of a dark colour; it is principally 
esteemed for ship-building, but also used for furniture. The 
tree yields a kind of Venetian turpentine, as well as a valu- 
able tar. Although ascending mountains in South Europe to 
the height of 4000 feet, it thrives best in loose coast-sands, 
where in ten years it will attain to twenty-five feet, and 
finally will become a larger tree than on firm lands. We find the 
Haleppo-Fir one of our best avenue-trees, as here first proved 
by the writer. P. maritima is a variety of this species. Con- 
tent with the poorest and driest localities and rapid of 
growth. 

Pinus Hartwegii, Lindley. 

Mexico, 9000 to 13,000 feet above sea-level. A Pine fifty 
feet in height, with a very durable wood of a reddish colour j 
it yields a large quantity of resin. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



171 



Pinus Hudsonica, Poiret. (P. Banksiana, Lamb.) 

Grey Pine. North America, up to 64° N. latitude. Height 
of tree forty feet, in the cold north only a shrub. The wood 
is light, tough, and easily worked. 

Pinus Jeffreyi, Murray. 

North California, on a sterile sandy soil. A noble Pine, 150 
feet high; stem four feet thick. 

Pinus Jezoensis, Antoine and Endlicher. 

Japan. A large tree, with light, soft, smooth timber, used 
principally for household utensils. 

Pinus Kaempferi, Lambert. 

Chinese Larch; also called Golden Pine. China. This is 
the handsomest of all the Larches. It is of quick growth, 
and attains a height of 150 feet. The leaves, which are of a 
vivid green during spring and summer, turn to a golden 
yellow in autumn. The wood is very hard and durable. 

Pinus Koraiensis, Siebold and Zuccarini. 

China and Japan. A handsome tree, thirty to forty feet high, 
producing edible seeds. 

Pinus Lambertiana, Douglas.* 

Giant or Sugar Pine. North-West coast of America, mostly 
in great altitudes. A lofty tree, of rapid growth, upwards of 
300 feet high, with a straight naked stem of from twenty to 
sixty feet in circumference. It thrives best in sandy soil, 
and produces a soft, white, straight-grained wood, which for 
inside work is esteemed above any other Pine in California, 
and furnished in large quantities. The tree yields an abun- 
dance of remarkably clear and pure resin, of sweet taste, 
used instead of sugar by the natives. The cones are eighteen 
inches long; the seeds are edible, and used as food by the 
natives. Would come best to perfection in the humid regions 
of our higher mountains. The timber serves also for flooring. 

Pinus LariciOj Poiret.* 

Corsican Pine. South Europe. It attains a height of 120 
feet. The wood is white, towards the centre dark, very 
resinous, coarse-grained, elastic and durable, and much es- 
teemed for building, especially for waterworks. There are 
three main varieties of this Pine, viz.: — P. L. Poiretiana, in 
Italy; P. L. Austriaca, in Austria; P. L. Pallasiana, on the 
borders of the Black Sea. The tree grows best in calcareous 
soil, but also in poor sandy soil, where, however, the timber 
is not so large nor so good. It yields all the products of P. 
silvestris, but in greater quantities, being perhaps the most 
resinous of all Pines. 



172 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Pinus LariXj Linne. 

Common Larch; deciduous. On the European Alps, up to 
7000 feet. It attams a height of 100 feet, sometimes rising 
even up to 160 feet, and produces a vakiable timber of great 
durability, which is used for land and water buildings, and 
much prized for ship-building. The bark is used for tanning 
and dyeing. The tree is of great importance for its yield of 
the Venetian turpentine, which is obtained by boring holes 
into it in spring; these fill during the summer, supplying 
from half to three-quarters of a pint of turpentine. In Pied- 
mont, where they tap the tree in difierent places and let the 
liquid continually run, it is said that from seven to eight 
pints may be obtained in a year, but the wood suffers through 
this operation. P. L. var. Kossica, Pussian Larch, grows 
principally on the Altai Mountains, from 2500 to 5500 feet 
above sea-level ; it attains a height of eighty feet. The species 
would be important for our upland country. 

Pinus leiopliylla, Schiede and Deppe. 

7000 to 11,000 feet up on the mountains of Mexico. A tree 
ninety feet high. The wood is excessively hard. 

Pinus leptolepis, Siebold and Zuccarini. 

Japan Larch. In Japan, between 35° and 48° N. latitude, 
up to an elevation of 9000 feet. The timber is highly valued 
by the Japanese. 

Pinus longifolia, Roxburgh.* 

Emodi-Pine or Cheer-Pine. On the Himalaya Mountains, 
from 2000 to 9000 feet. A handsome tree with a branchless 
stem of fifty feet, the whole tree attainmg a maximum height 
of somewhat over 1 00 feet, the girth of the stem twelve feet. 
The wood is resinous, and the red variety useful for building; 
it yields a quantity of tar and turpentine. The tree stands 
exposure and heat well. 

Pinus Massoniana, Lambert. (P. Sinensis, Lamb.) 

China and Japan. This Pine attains a height of sixty feet, 
and supplies a resinous, tough and durable wood, used for 
buildings and furniture. The roots, when burned with the 
oil of Brassica Orientalis, furnish the Chinese Lampblack. 

Pinus Menziesii, Douglas. 

North- West America. A very handsome tree, which grows 
to a height of seventy feet, and furnishes a valuable timber ; 
it thrives best in moist ground. 

Pinus Mertensiana, Bongard. 

Californian Hemlock-Spruce. North-West America. The 
wood is white and very soft, but is often used for building. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



173 



The tree is from 100 to 150 feet high, with a stem of four to 
six feet in diameter. 

Pinus mitiSj Michaux. 

Yellow Pine of North America. In dry sandy soil, attaining 
a height of sixty feet. Wood durable, fine-grained, mode- 
rately resinous, valuable for flooring. 

Pinus monophylla, Torrey. {P. edulis, Engelmann.) 

Stone or Nut Pine of California, on the Sierra Nevada and 
Cascade Mountains, 6500 feet. It thrives best in dry lime- 
stone soil. The seeds are edible, of an almond -like taste, and 
consumed in quantity by the natives. Height of tree gene- 
rally about thirty-five feet, but occasionally as much as eighty 
feet ; stem not of great thickness. 

Pinus montana, Du Poi. (P. Pumilio, Hsenke.) 

On the Alps and Carpathians up to the highest points, cover- 
ing large tracts, and thriving on the poorest soil. The tree, 
which grows about twenty-five feet high, in favourable locali- 
ties fifty, yields much oil of turpentine. The wood is used 
for carving and for firewood. Only available to advantage for 
our highlands. 

Pinus Montezumae, Lambert. [P. Devoniana, Lindley.) 
{P. Grenvillece, Gordon.) 
Mexico. A handsome Pine, eighty feet high; wood white, 
soft and resinous. 

Pinus monticola, Douglas. 

California, at an elevation of 7000 feet. It thrives best in 
poor soil of granite formation, and attains the height of 200 
feet, with a stem of one and a-half to four feet thick. The 
wood is white, close-grained. 

Pinus muricataj D. Don. 

Bishop's-Pine. California. Found up to 7500 feet. This Pine 
grows to about forty feet. 

Pinus nigra, Aiton. 

Black Spruce. North-East America. Occurring extensively 
between 44° and 53° N. latitude. This tree, which is termed 
Double Spruce by the Canadians, attains a height of seventy 
feet, and furnishes a light elastic timber of pale colour, ex- 
cellent for yards of ships. The young shoots are used for 
making spruce-beer, and the small roots serve as cords. It 
likes swampy forest-land. 

Pinus nobilis, Douglas. 

Noble White Pir. North- West Coast of America, on the 
Columbia-River and the mountains of North California, 



174 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



where it forms extensive forests at 6000 to 8000 feet. A 
majestic tree, 150 to 200 feet high, with regular horizontal 
branches. 

Pin US' orientalis, Linne. 

Sapindus-Fir. In Asia Minor, at 4000 feet. The tree rises 
to about eighty feet, and resembles somewhat the Norway- 
Spruce. The wood is exceedingly tough and durable. 

Pinus parviflora, Siebold. 

In Japan. It only gets about twenty-five feet high; but is 
much used as an avenue-tree. Wood for fine furniture and 
boat-building. 

Pinus Pattoniana, Parlatore. 

California, 5000 to 6000 feet above sea-level. A very fine 
Fir, 300 feet high, with a perfectly straight stem. The wood 
is hard, of a reddish colour, with handsome veins; but poor 
in resin. 

Pinus patula, Schiede and Deppe. 

In Mexico, at an elevation of 8000 to 9000 feet. A graceful 
Pine, eighty feet high. 

Pinus pendula, Solander. (P. microcarpa, Lambert.) 

Small-coned American Larch, Black Larch, or Tamarack. 
Frequent in Vermont and New Hampshii-e. A Pine of 
pyi'amidal growth, 100 feet high. The timber is pale, 
heavy, resinous, and as highly valued as that of the Common 
Larch. 

Pinus picea, Du Roi.* (P. Abies, Linne.) 

Norway Spruce, Fichte. Middle and Northern Europe and 
Northern Asia, rising from the plains to an elevation of 4500 
feet, and forming extensive forests. The tree attains a height 
of 150 feet or even more, and furnishes an excellent timber 
for building and furniture, commonly known under the name 
of White Deal. It also produces the Burgundy Pitch in 
quantity, while the bark is used for tanning. Though 
enduring our dry summers, this Spruce would have to be 
restricted for timber purposes to the damp mountains. 

Pinus Pinaster, Solander.* 

Cluster-Pine. On the shores of the Mediterranean. The 
tree is of quick growth, and rises up to sixty feet in height. 
The wood is soft and resinous ; it yields largely the French 
turpentine. Among the best Pines for consolidation of sandy 
coast-land, and converting rolling sands into pasture and 
agricultural land. For ease of rearing and rapidity of growth 
one of the most important of all Pines. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



175 



Pinus Pinceana, Gordon. 

Mexico, up to 9000 feet above sea-level. A very remarkable 
Pine, having drooping branches like the Weeping Willow, 
sixty feet high. Most desirable for cemeteries. 

Pinus Pindrow, Royle. 

In great abundance on the spurs of the Himalaya mountains, 
8000 to 12000 feet above the sea-level. A fine straight- 
stemmed tree, 100 feet high; cones purple. 

Pinus Pinea, Linn6.* 

Stone-Pine. Frequent in the countries bordering on the 
Mediterranean. Height of tree, sixty feet. The wood is 
whitish, light, but full of resin, and much used for buildings, 
furniture and ships. The seeds are edible, somewhat resem- 
bling almonds, but of a resinous though not disagreeable 
taste ; they should be left in the cones until they are about to 
be used, as otherwise they speedily become rancid; they only 
ripen in their third year. This Pine grows as easily and 
almost as quickly as the Cluster-Pine. 

Pinus Pinsapo, Boissier. 

Spanish Fir. In Spain, on the Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 6000 
feet. A tree sixty feet high, with branches from the 
ground. The timber is similar to that of the Silver-Fir. 

Pinus ponderosa, Douglas.* (P. Benthamiana, Hartweg.) 
Yellow or Pitch Pine of the mountains of North- West 
America. Height of tree up to 225 feet, with a stem of 24 
feet in circumference, of comparatively quick growth. The 
wood is heavy, and for general purposes preferred to that of 
any other Pine. Has proved well-adapted even for dry 
localities in Victoria. 

Pinus Pseudo-Strobus, Lindley.* 

In Mexico. This tree is superior in appearance to any other 
Mexican Pine ; height eighty feet. 

Pinus Pyrenaica, Lapeyrouse. 

In the South of Spain and on the Pyrenees. A fine 
ornamental tree of quick growth, eighty feet high ; the wood 
is pale and dry, poor in resin. 

Pinus radiata, Don.* (P. insignis, Douglas.) 

California. A splendid Pine, fully 100 feet high, with 
a straight stem two to four feet in diameter. It is of 
remarkably rapid growth, a seedling one year old being 
strong enough for final transplantation ; it has been noticed 
to grow fully five feet in a year, in light soil near Melbourne. 
In the United Kingdom it sufiers greatly from the attacks of 
the Pine-beetle, Hylurgus piniperda (Lawson). The wood is 
tough, and much sought for boat-building and various 
utensils. This tree can be utilised for obtaining tar and pitch. 
It bears exposure to the sea at the very edge of the coast. 



176 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Pinus religiosa, Humboldt. 

Oyamel-Fii'. Mexico, 4000 to 9000 feet above the sea-level. A 
magnificent tree with silvery leaves, gi'owing 100 feet 
high ; stem six feet in diameter ; the wood is particularly 
well fit for shingles and laths. • 

Pinus resinosa, Solander. 

Ked Pine. North America, principally Canada and Nova 
Scotia. It gets eighty feet high and two feet in diameter ; 
the wood is red, fine-gi-ained, heavy and durable, very 
resinous, and is used for ship-building. 

Pinus rigida, Miller.* 

American Pitch-Pine. From New England to Virginia. It 
grows to a height of eighty feet ; the timber from light 
gravelly or rocky soil heavy and resinous, from damp alluvial 
soil light and soft ; used for building ; but the tree is principally 
important for its yield of turpentine, resin, pitch and tar. 
The tree is suitable for sea-shores ; it will also gi'ow in the 
driest localities, nor is it readily susceptible to injury from 
fire. 

Pinus rubra, Lambert. 

Hudson's Pine, Ked Spruce. Nova Scotia, Newfoundland 
and other northern parts of the American Continent. A 
straight slender tree, seventy feet high ; the wood is of a 
reddish colour and highly esteemed. 

Pinus Sabiniana, Douglas.* 

Californian Nut-Pine or White Pine. Most frequent on the 
western slopes of the Pocky Mountains, intermixed with 
other trees; 150 feet high; stem three to five feet in 
diameter. The wood is pale and soft ; the clustered heavy 
cones attain a length of one foot. The seeds are edible. 
Pj'oves in dry localities of Victoria to be of quick growth. 

Pinus serotina, Michaux. 

Pond-Pine. Southern States of North America, in black 
morassy soil, principally near the sea-coast. It is fifty feet 
high, stem eighteen inches in diameter. The wood is soft. 

Pinus Sibirica, Turczaninow. {P. Pichta, Pischer.) 

Siberian Pitch-Fir. On the Altai Mountains ; it reaches a 
height of fifty feet. 

Pinus silvestris, Linne.* 

Scotch Fir, Foehre. Middle and Northern Europe, up to 
70° N. latitude, and North Asia, thriving best in sandy soil. 
A very valuable tree, fully one hundred feet high, growing to 
the age of abont 120 years. The Bed Baltic, Norway or 
Riga deals are obtained from this Pine, as well as a large 
portion of the European Pine-tar. Proves well-adapted 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



177 



even for the drier parts of Victoria. — The leaves of Pines 
can be well converted into material for pillows and 
mattresses, with the great recommendation of healthiness for 
such a purpose. 

Piniis Smithiana, Lambert. {P. Khutrow, Eoyle.) 

In the Himalayan Mountains at elevations from 6000 to 
11,000 feet. Attains a height of 150 feet, and the stem a 
girth of 15 feet. The wood is pale, even and straight- 
grained, but only durable under shelter. 

Pinus Strobus, Linn6.* 

Weymouth-Pine or American White Pine. North-Eastern 
America, growing on any soil, but particularly adapted for 
deep rich soil in mountain- valleys ; known to reach a height 
of 270 feet, with a stem of 8 feet diameter. The wood is 
soft, white, light, free of knots, almost without resin, easy to 
work, and much esteemed for masts, flooring, oars, &c. It 
yields American turpentine and gallipot. 

Pinus Taeda, Linne. 

Frankincense- or Loblolly-Pine. Florida and Virginia, in 
sandy soil, attaining a height of eighty feet; the timber is 
used for pumps, &c. It also yields turpentine in good 
quantity, though of inferior quality. The tree likes the 
regions near the coast, hence can be utilised for raising Pir- 
forests on sea-sand. 

Pinus tenuifolia, Bentham. 

Mexico, at an elevation of 5000 feet, forming dense forests. 
Height of tree, 100 feet, stem up to five feet in diameter. 

Pinus Teocote, Chamisso and Schlechtendal. 

Okote or Torch-Pine. Mexico, 5000 to 8000 feet above the 
sea-level. Tree 100 feet high, stem three to four feet in 
diameter; the wood is resinous and durable. 

Pinus Tsuga, Antoine. 

In the Northern provinces of Japan, 6000 to 9000 feet above 
the sea. The tree gets only twenty-five feet high; its timber 
is highly esteemed for superior furniture, especially by 
turners. 

Pinus Webbiana, Wallich. 

King-Pine, Dye- Pine. On the Himalaya Mountains, at an 
elevation of from 7000 to 13,000 feet. A splendid Fir, reach- 
ing a height of 150 feet, the stem a circumference up to thii'ty 
feet. In compact forests the bare trunk is very short. The 
wood is of a pale colour, soft, coarse-grained, and very 
resinous; the natives extract a splendid violet dye from the 
cones. 

N 



178 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Pipturus propinquus, Weddell. 

Insular India, South Sea Islands and warmer parts of East 
Australia. This bush is higher and rather more hardy than 
Boehmeria nivea; but in fibre it is similar to that plant. P. 
velutinus (Wedd.) is closely allied. The few other species 
serve probably as well for fibre. 

Pircunia dioica, Moquin. 

Southern Brazil and La Plata States. A. deciduous tree, for 
shady avenues grown in South Europe, as well as in many 
tropical countries, tested by the writer to be hardy in our 
lowlands. It is comparatively quick of growth. 

Pisonia aculeata, Linn6. 

Tropical and sub-tropical countries of both hemispheres, ex- 
tending as a native plant into New South Wales. This ram- 
bling prickly bush can be chosen for hedge-copses. 

Pistacia Lentiscus, Linne. 

The Mastic-tree. Mediterranean regions. A tall evergreen 
bush, exuding the Mastic-resin mostly through incisions 
into its bark. In Morocco it is extensively used for hedges. 

Pistacia Terebinthus, Linn^. 

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A tall bush or 
small tree with deciduous foliage. The fragrant Cyprian or 
Chio Turpentine exudes from the stem of this species. 

Pistacia vera, Linne. 

Indigenous in the Orient, as far as Persia. A deciduous tree, 
thirty feet high, yielding the Pistacia-nuts of commerce, re- 
markable for their green almond-like kernels. The likewise 
deciduous P. Atlantica (Desfontaines) and the evergreen 
South European P. Lentiscus (L.), furnishing the Mastic, 
grow rarely to the size of large trees. 

Pisum sativum, Linne.* 

The Common Pea. Mediterranean countries and Western 
Asia. This annual of daily use could hardly be left disre- 
garded on this occasion. Suffice it to say, that the herbage 
as a nutritious fodder deserves more attention than it re- 
ceives. The green fruit contains Inosit-sugar and Cholestrin- 
fat. For field-culture a sandy calcareous loam should be 
chosen for this plant, to ensure rich and safe harvests. A 
second species, P. Aucheri (Jaub. and Spach.), which is 
perennial, occurs in alpine elevations on the Taurus. 

Pittosporum tenuifolium. Banks and Solander. 

New Zealand. This with P. eugenioides has proved exquisite 
for tall gar'len-hedges, for which these and several other 
species were first brought into notice by the writer. Our 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



179 



native P. undulatum is rather adapted for copses, and deserves 
cultivation also for the sake of its fragrant flowers, from which 
an essential oil can be distilled. 

Planera aquatica, Gmelin. 

North America. An elm-like tree, which can be chosen for 
plantations in wet localities. The wood is hard and strong. 

Platanus occidentalis, Linn^. 

The true Plane-tree of the east part of North America. More 
eligible as an avenue-tree than as a timber- tree; diameter of 
stem at times fourteen feet; wood dull red, not readily 
attacked by insects. It has been successfully planted in 
morassy places, to cope with miasmatic effluvia. 

Platanus orientalis, Linn6. 

The Plane-tree of South Europe and Middle Asia. One of 
the grandest trees for lining roads and for street-planting, 
deciduous like the other Planes, rather quick of growth, and 
not requiring much water; attains a height of ninety feet. 
It resists, in large towns such as London, the smoke better 
than any other tree, growing even under such disadvantage 
vigorously. The wood is well adapted for furniture and 
other kinds of cabinet-work. 

Platanus racemosa, Nuttall. 

The Californian Plane-tree. A good promenade-tree, which, 
according to Professor Bolander, grows more rapidly and 
more compact than P. occidentalis. Wood harder and thus 
more durable than that of P. occidentalis, also less liable to 
warp. 

Plectocomia Himalaiana, Griffith. 

Sikkim, up to 7000 feet. This Pattan-Palm requires moist 
forest-land. Its canes are not durable, but this palm is an 
object worthy of scenic horticulture and would prove the 
hardiest among its congeners. 

Plectronia ventosa, Linne. 

South Africa. A hedge-bush, like P. ciliata (Sonder) and 
P. spinosa (Klotzsch). 

Poa Abyssinica, Jacquin. 

The Teff of Abyssinia. An annual grass. The grain there 
extensively drawn into use for bread of an agreeable acidu- 
lous taste. 

Poa airoides, Koeler. {Gatabrosa aquatica^ Beauvois.) 

Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia, North 
America. The Water Whorl-grass. A creeping grass, suit- 
able for soil subject to inundation. 

n2 



180 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Poa alpina, Linne. 

Alpine and Arctic Europe, Asia and North America. De- 
serves to be transferred to our snowy mountains as a nutri- 
tious perennial pasture-grass. P. Sudetica (Haenke) and 
P. hybrida (Gaudin) are mentioned also as excellent alpine 
grasses. 

Poa angustifolia, Linne. 

Europe, North Asia, North America. A perennial pasture- 
grass, allied to P. nemoralis. An excellent grass for moist 
meadows and river-banks. Poa fertilis (Host.) may be a 
mere variety of this species. 

Poa aquatica, Linne. {Glyceria aquatica, Smith.) 

Europe, North and Middle Asia, North America. This 
conspicuous Water- grass attains a height of six feet. It is 
perennial, and deserves naturalisation in our swamps. It 
produces a large bulk of foliage, and may be disseminated for 
fodder purposes. 

Poa Brownii, Kunth. (Eragrostis Brownii, Nees.) 

Tropical and Eastern extra-tropical Australia, extending 
rather widely through our colony. It is here mentioned as 
a valuable perennial species, keeping beautifully green in our 
driest summer, even on poor soil. The section Eragrostis of 
the genus Poa contains numerous species in the hotter parts 
of the globe. Of these many would doubtless be hardy here 
and prove of pastoral value. 

Poa Canadensis, Beauvois. 

The Rattlesnake-grass of South-East America. A valuable 
swamp-grass. 

Poa cynosuroides, Retz. 

North-Eastern Africa, South Asia. A harsh perennial gi'ass, 
not serviceable for fodder, but mentioned by Poyle as a fibre- 
plant of North- Western India, where it is valued as a material 
for ropes. In this respect it many not surjDass the rough 
tufty variety of our own Poa caespitosa, E., so common 
on our river-banks, from the leaves of which excellent nets 
are made by the natives. 

Poa digitata, R. Brown. 

South-Eastern and Central Australia. Valuable for fixing 
wet river-banks and slopes. It forms large stools. Cattle 
and horses relish it. 

Poa distans, Linne. 

Europe, North Africa, Middle and Northern Asia, North 
America. Perennial. It is one of the limited number of 
tender grasses, suited for moist saline soil, and thus afibrds 
pasturage on coast marshes. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



181 



Poa fertilis, Host. (F. serotina, Ehrhart.) 

Europe, North Asia, North America. Perennial ; important 
for wet meadows, even with sandy sub-soil. Its foliage is 
tender, tasty and nourishing. In mixtures of grasses it 
keeps up the growth late into the autumn. 

Poa fluitans, Scopoli. (Gl^ceria Jluitans, R. Brown.) 

Europe, North Africa, Middle and North Asia, North 
America. The Manna-grass. Perennial. Excellent for 
stagnant water and slow-flowing streams. The foliage is 
tender. The seeds are sweet and palatable, and are in many 
countries used for porridge. 

Poa maritima, Hudson. 

Europe, North Africa, North Asia, North America. Its 
long creeping roots help to bind the coast-sand. This grass 
can also be depastured. 

Poa nemoralis, Linne. 

Europe, North and Middle Asia, North America. This 
perennial grass can be grown on shady forest-land, as the 
name implies, but it accommodates itself also to open places, 
and will grow even among rocks. It endures alpine winters. 
According to Lawson no better grass exists for displacing 
weeds on pleasure-lawns; the same may be said of Poa com- 
pressa, L. 

Poa pratensis, Linne. 

The ordinary English Meadow-grass. A perennial species, 
fit for any meadows, thriving early, and able to live also in 
alpine localities. Better adapted for pasture than hay. It 
is suitable for moor-land, when such is laid dry; although 
it shoots only once in the season into flower, yet it forms a 
nutritious fodder, even on comparatively poor soil. It resists 
drought. It forms excellent sward, and with advantage can 
be used for intermixing it with other pasture-grasses. 

Poa trivialis, Linn6.* 

Europe, North Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. Also a 
good perennial grass for mixture on pasture-land. One of 
the best grasses for sowing on ground recently laid dry. 
Sinclair regarded the produce of this Poa as superior to 
many other kinds, and noticed the marked partiality which 
horses, oxen and sheep evince towards it. To thrive well it 
wants rather moist and rich soil and sheltered places. It is 
a later grass than P. pratensis, is well adapted for hay and 
gives good after-growth (Langethal). 
These few species of Poa have been singled out as recom- 
mendable, because they are well tested. Future experiments 
beyond Europe will add others to lists of recommendations 
like this. 



182 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Podachaenium alatum, Bentham. (Ferdinanda eminenSf 
Lagasca.) 

Central America, up to heights of 8000 feet. A tall, shrub, 
for the grandeur of its foliage in requisition for scenic effects. 

Podophyllum peltatum, Linne.* 

North America. A perennial forest-herb, not without im- 
portance for medicinal purposes. The root contains the 
bitter alkaloid Berberin. Podophyllum Emodi (Wall.), oc- 
curring in the Indian mountains at a height from 6000 to 
14,000 feet, can probably be used like the American species. 
The berries of both are edible, though the root and leaves are 
poisonous. 

Pogostemon Patchouli, Pellet. 

Mountains of India. A perennial herb, famed for its power- 
ful scent arising from a volatile oil. P. parviflorus (Benth.) 
and P. Heyneanus (Benth.) belong to this species. 

Polygala crotalaroides, Hamilton. 

Temperate Himalaya. Praised as an ophidian alexiphannic. 
To several other species both of the eastern and western 
hemispheres similar properties are ascribed, but we are 
almost entii'ely without any reliable medical testimony on 
these and many other vegetable antidotes against snake- 
poison. 

Polygala Senega, Linne. 

North America. A perennial herb. The root is of 
medicinal value. 

Polygaster Sampadarius, Fries. 

South- Eastern Asia. One of the most palatable of all 
truffles. 

Polygonum tinctorium, Loureiro. 

Japan and China. An annual herb, deserving attention and 
local trials here, as yielding a kind of Indigo. Its growth 
would be vigorous. 

Populus alba, Linne. 

The Abele or White Poplar of Europe and Middle Asia, 
growing in the Himalayas up to 10,000 feet, ceasing at 4000 
feet. Height ninety feet. It proved here an excellent 
avenue-tree, even in comparatively waterless situations, and 
gives by the partial whiteness of its foliage a pleasing effect 
in any plantation. The wood is pale with a reddish tinge, 
brown near the centre, soft and light, it can be used for 
flooring; it is particularly sought for trays, bowls, bel- 
lows and shoe-soles; also according to Porcher for wooden 
structures under water. "Sparterie" for plaiting is obtained 
from the wood-shavings. The wood of this and some 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



183 



other Poplars is easily converted into paper-pulp, which 
again is cheaply bleached. Lines of Poplars along forest- 
streams prevent the progress of wood-conflagrations. The 
roots of Poplars spread widely. P. canescens (Sm.), the 
Grey Poplar, is either a variety of the Abele or its hybrid 
with the Aspen, and yields a better timber for carpenters 
and millwrights. 

Populus balsamifera, Linn6. 

The Tacamahac or Balsam-Poplar of the colder, but not the 
coldest parts of North America, also in Siberia and the 
Himalayan Mountains, where it ranges from 8000 to 14,000 
feet. It attains a height of eighty feet. The tree may be 
lopped for cattle-fodder (Stewart and Brandis). Mr. Meehan 
says that it will grow near the ocean's brink. Its variety is 
P. candicans (Ait.). 

Populus eiliata, Wallich. 

Himalaya, from 4000 to 10,000 feet. Height up to 70 feet 
with a straight trunk, which attains ten feet in girth. 

Populus Euphratica, Olivier. 

From Algeria, dispersed to the Himalayas and Songaria, up 
to 13,500 feet. Height up to fifty feet. Wood harder than 
that of most Poplars, the inner wood turning black in old 
trees; it is used for planking and boat-building (Stewart and 
Brandis), also for beams, rafters, boxes, panneling, turnery. 
Cattle will browse on the leaves. This is the Willow of the 
137th Psalm. 

Populus grandidentata, Michaux. 

North America. Sixty feet high. The Soft Aspen. P. 
angulata (Ait.) is another large Poplar of North-Eastern 
America. 

Populus heterophylla, Linne. 

The Downy Poplar of North America. Height sixty feet. 

Populus monilifera, Alton. {P. Canadensis, Desfontaines.) 
The Cottonwood-tree of North America. Height 100 feet. 
One of the best Poplars for the production of timber. It is 
recommended to obtain for planting along streets or near 
dwellings cuttings from male trees only, as the minute downy 
seeds of the female trees are copiously wafted through the air^ 
and have irritant effects on the respiratory organs. Of quick 
and luxuriant growth, thriving even in arid and exposed 
places. 

Populus nigra, Linn4 

The European Black Poplar, extending spontaneously to 
China; in the Himalayas up to 12,500 feet. The spreading 
variety one of the best of trees for lining roads. Wood 



184 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



similar to that of P. alba. It includes P. dilatata (Ait.) or 
as a contracted variety, P. fastigiata (Desf.), the Lombardy- 
Poplar. Greatest height 150 feet. Growth rapid, like that 
of all other Poplars. Wood soft, light and of loose texture, 
used by joiners, coopers and turners; also for matches; fur- 
nishing also superior charcoal for gunpowder. Bark employed 
in tanning. The tree requii-es damp soil. 

Populus tremula, Linne. 

The European Aspen. Height eighty feet. It extends to 
Japan, where also a peculiar species, P. Sieboldii (Miq.), 
exists. The Aspen- wood is white and tender, and in use by 
coopers and joiners. Like the wood of other Poplars, much 
sought for paper-mills as an admixture to the pulp. 

Populus tremuloides, Michaux. 

The North-American Aspen, Height fifty feet. It extends 
west to California, where a particular sj)ecies, P. trichocarpa 
(Torrey), occurs. All Poplars might be planted like all 
"Willows, in our gullies, to intercept forest-fires, also generally 
on river-banks. 

Prangos pabularia, Lindley. 

Plateaux of Mongolia and Thibet. A perennial fodder-herb, 
much relished by sheep, eligible for cold and arid localities, 
and deserving naturalisation on our alpine pasture-grounds. 
Other perennial species exist near the Mediterranean Sea, on 
the Atlas, the Caucasus and the Indian Highlands. P. 
pabularia is regarded by some as the Silphium of Arrianus. 

Pringlea antiscorbutica, W. Anderson and P. Brown.* 

The Cabbage or Horse-Radish of Kerguelen's Island. The 
perennial long roots taste somewhat like Horse-Padish. The 
leaves in never-ceasing growth are crowded cabbage-like into 
heads, beneath which the annual flower-stalks arise. The 
plant ascends mountains in its native island to the height of 
1400 feet, but luxuriates most on the sea-border. To Arctic 
and other Antarctic countries it would be a boon. Probably 
it would live not only on our shores, but also on our Alps. 
Whalers might bring us the roots and seeds of this remark 
able plant, which seems to have never entered into culture 
yet. Not even its flowers in a perfect state are known. 
The plant was used by the celebrated CaiDtain Cook and all 
subsequent navigators, touching at yonder remote spot, as 
Cabbage, and it proved to possess powerful properties against 
scurvy. Dr. Hooker observes, that Pringlea can sectionally 
be referred to Cochlearia. The whole plant is rich in a 
pungent volatile oil. Through culture important new 
culinary varieties may likely be raised from this plant The 
taste of this vegetable in its natural growth is like mustard 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



185 



and cress, and the Kerguelen's Land Cabbage, when boiled, 
proved a wholesome and agreeable substitute for the ordinary 
Cabbage. 
Priva laevis, Jussieu. 

Chili and the Argentine Kepublic. A perennial herb, the 
small tubers of which can be used for food (Philippi). 

Prosopis dulcis, Kunth. 

From Mexico to the southern parts of the La Plata States. 
A thorny shrub, growing finally to a tree, adapted for live- 
fences. This is one of the species yielding the sweetish 
Algaroba-pods for cattle-fodder, and utilised even in some 
instances for human food. Mere varieties according to 
Bentham are : P. horrida, P. juliflora, P. siliquastrum, P. 
giandulosa. The latter variety exudes a gum not unlike 
Gum Arabic, and this is obtained so copiously, that children 
could earn two to three dollars a day in Texas while 
gathering it, latterly about 40,000 lbs. being bought by 
druggists there. The tree attains a height of thirty feet, and 
its wood is excessively hard. The pods of several 
species are rich in tannin. A short communication on the 
American Algaroba-trees was presented to our Parliament by 
the writer in 1871. 

Prosopis pubescens, Bentham. 

Texas, California, New Mexico. Likely available for hedges, 
with other species of other countries. 

Prosopis spicigera, Linn^. 

India, extending to Persia. A thorny tree, also with edible 
pods, possibly hardy here. It attains a height of sixty feet, 
but is of slow growth. Serves for hedge-lines. It can be 
chosen for desert-land (Kurz). 

Prosopis Stephaniana, Kunth. 

Syria and Persia. A shrubby species for hedge-growth. 

Prunus Americana, Marshall. {P. nigra, Aiton). 

Canada, Eastern United States of America. A thorny 
tree, furnishing the Yellow and Ked Plum of North 
America. The fruit is roundish and rather small, but of 
pleasant taste. 

Prunus Amygdalus, J. Hooker. (Amygdalus communis, 

The Almond-tree. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea 
and Orient; really indigenous on the Anti-Lebanon, in Kur- 
destan, Turkestan, and perhaps on the Caucasus (Stewart). 
Both the sweet and bitter Almond are derived from 
this species. Their uses, and the value of the highly 
palatable oil, obtained by pressure from them, are well 



186 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



known. This oil can well be chosen as a means of providing 
a pleasant substitute for milk during sea voyages, &c., by 
mixing, when required, with it half its weight of powdered 
gum arabic, and adding then successively, while quickly 
agitating in a stone mortar, about double the quantity of 
water. Thus a palatable and wholesome sort of cream for tea 
or coffee is obtained at any moment. There exist hard and 
soft-shelled varieties of both the sweet and bitter Almond. 
In time, they should form an important article of our exports. 
Almonds can even be grown on sea shores. The crystalline 
Amygdalin can best be prepared from bitter Almonds, 
through removing the oil by pressure, then subjecting them 
to distillation with alcohol, and finally precipitating with 
ether. The volatile bitter Almond-oil — a very dangerous 
substance — is obtained by aqueous distillation. Dissolved in 
alcohol, it forms the Essence of Almonds. This can also be 
prepared from peach-kernels. 

Prunus Caroliniana, Aiton. 

Southern States of Forth America. Porcher regards it as 
one of the most beautiful and manageable evergreens of those 
States. It can be cut into any shape, and is much employed 
for quick and dense hedges. It can be grown on coast-land. 

Prunus Chisasa, Michaux. 

North America, west of the Mississippi. On the prairies it 
is only three to four feet high. Fruit spherical, red, rather small, 
with a tender usually agreeable pulp. Other species with 
edible fruit occur in North America, such as P. pumila, L., 
P. Peunsylvanica (L.), P. Yii'giniana (L.), P. serotina 
(Ehrh.), but their fruits are too small to render these plants 
of importance for orchard-culture, though they may also 
become enlarged by artificial treatment. 

Prunus ilicifolia, Nuttall. 

California. In deep rich soil, valuable for evergreen hedges 
of intricate growth. 

Prunus Mahaleb, Linne. 

Middle and South Europe. It deserves some attention on 
account of its scented seeds and also odorous wood, the latter 
used in turnery for pipes and other articles. The flowers are 
in use for perfumes. 

Prunus maritimaj Wangenheim. 

The Beach-Plum of North America. A shrubby species, of 
service not only for covering coast-sands, but also for its 
fruit, which is crimson or purple, globular and measuring 
from a-half to one inch. It is not necessary to enter here 
any notes on the generally known species of Prunus, which 
have engaged already for years the keen attention of many 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



187 



orchard-cultivators also in this colony. Thus we possess in 
this country numerous though not all the best varieties, of 
the Cherry, P. avium (L.) and P. Cerasus (L.), of the Plum, 
P. domestica (L.), of the Apricot, P. Armeniaca (L.) and of 
the Cherry-Plum, P. myrobalana (L.), the latter Canadian, 
the others European and Oriental. Information on these 
and other varieties, to which we have added independently 
also here, may be sought in "Hogg's Fruit Manual." The 
Almond (Amygdalus communis, L.) and the Peach (Amyg- 
dalus Persica, L.) belong also generically to Prunus, as 
indicated in 1812 by Stokes (^'Bot. Mat. Med.," iii., 101) 
and in 1813 by F. G. Hayne (-''Arznei-Gewachse," iv., 38) 
and finally settled by J. D. Hooker (Benth. and Hook., gen. 
pi. i., 610), for which therefore now the names P. Amygdalus 
and P. Persica should be adopted. The latter came originally 
from China, while P. Armenica seems indigenous to the 
Caucasian regions, and perhaps the Himalayas, and P. Cerasus 
originated from West Asia. 

Prunus spinosa, Linne. 

The Sloe or Blackthorn. Wild in many parts of Europe. 
With its flowers it is one of the earliest plants to announce 
the spring. Its tendency to throw out suckers renders the 
bush less adapted for hedges of gardens than of fields, but 
these suckers' furnish material for walking-sticks. The small 
fruits can be made into preserves. P. insititia (L.), the 
Bullace, with larger and sometimes yellow fruits, extends, as 
a variety, to North Africa and Middle Asia. Dr. Hooker 
and other phytographers consider P. domestica not specifically 
distinct from P. spinosa. Of medical value are P. Lauro- 
Cerasus (L.), the evergreen Cherry-Laurel from the Orient, 
and P. Padus (L.), the deciduous Bird's Cherry, which extends 
from Europe to North Africa and West Asia. These and 
most other species contain in their foliage and in some other 
parts Amygdalin. Perhaps some of the species from Eastern 
Asia, California and tropical America are eligible for im- 
proving their fruit through horticultural skill. The Sloe and 
others might with advantage be naturalised on our forest- 
streams. 

Prunus Virginiana, Linne. 

The Choke Cherry-tree of the United States. In a mild 
clime and fertile soil this tree attains a height of 100 feet and 
a stem of sixteen feet in circumference. The wood is com- 
pact, fine-grained, and not liable to warp when perfectly 
seasoned, of a dull, light-red tint deepening with age. The 
fruit finally loses its austerity. 



188 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Psamma arenaria, Roemer and Schultes. (P. littoralisj 
Beauvois, Calamagrostis arenaria, Koth.) 
The Moram or Marrem or Bent Grass. Sand-coasts of 
Europe, North Africa and Middle North America. One of 
the most important of reedy grasses, with long creeping 
roots, for binding and moving drift-sands on the sea-shore, for 
the consolidation of which in Europe chiefly this tall grass 
and Elymus arenarius are employed. Psamma Baltica (R. 
and S.) from the Baltic and North Sea, serves the same pur- 
pose. Both can also be used in the manner of Sparta for 
paper material, for tying and for mats. Like Elymus 
arenarius it is not touched by pastoral animals. It collects 
the sand-heaps at the tops of ridges, while the Elymus 
fastens their sides. 

Psidium acidum, Martins. 

Higher regions on the Amazon River. A tree thiiiiy feet 
high ; its Guava-fruit pale-yellow and of apple size. 

Psidium Araca, Raddi. 

From West India and Guiana to Peru and Southern Brazil, 
where it is found in dry high-lying places. This is one of 
the edible Guavas, recorded already by Piso and Marcgiav. 
The greenish-yellow berry is of exquisite taste. 

Psidium arboreum, Yellozo. 

Brazil; province Rio de Janeii'o. This Guava-fruit measures 
about one inch, and is of excellent flavoui'. 

Psidium Cattleyanum, Sabine.* 

The Purple Guava. Brazil and Uruguay. One of the 
hardiest of the Guava-bushes, attaining finally a height of 
twenty feet. The purple berries are seldom above an inch 
long, but of delicious flavour and taste, resembling thus far 
strawberries. P. buxifolium (Nutt.) of Florida, seems nearly 
related to this species. 

Psidium chrysophyllum, F. v. Mueller. {Ahhevillea 
chrysopiiylla, Berg.) 
The Guabiroba do mato of South Brazil. This tree attains 
also a height of about thirty feet. The fruit generally not 
larger than a cherry. Perhaps other species of the section 
Abbevillea would be hardy here and worthy of cultivation. 

Psidium cinereum, Martins. 

Brazil; provinces Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo. Also yield- 
ing an edible fruit. 

Psidium cor datum, Sims. 

The Spice Guava. West India. This one attains the height 
of a tree. Its fruit edible. 



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189 



Psidium cuneatum, Cambessedes. 

Brazil, province Minas Geraes. Fruit greenish, of the size of 
a Mirabelle Plum. 

Psidium grandifolium, Martins. 

Brazil; provinces Rio Grande do Sul, Parana, Sao Paulo, 
Minas Geraes^ where the climate is similar to Southern 
Queensland. A shrub of rather dwarf growth. The berries 
edible, size of a walnut. 

Psidium Guayava, Baddi.* (P. pomiferum, Linne ; F. 
pyriferum, Linne.) 
The large Yellow Guava. From West India and Mexico to 
South Brazil. For this handsome evergreen and useful bush 
universal attention should be secured anywhere in our warm 
lowlands, for the sake of its aromatic wholesome berries, 
which will attain the size of a hen's egg and can be converted 
into a delicious jelly. The pulp is generally cream-coloured 
or reddish, but varies in the many varieties which have 
arisen in culture, some of them bearing all the year round. 
Propagation is easy from suckers, cuttings, or seeds. Many 
other berry-bearing Myrtacese (of the genera Psidium, Myr- 
tus, Myrcia, Marliera, Calyptranthes, Eugenia) furnish edible 
fruits in Brazil and other tropical countries, but we are 
not aware of their degrees of hardiness. Berg enumerates 
as esculent more than half a hundred for Brazil alone, of 
which the species of Campomanesia may safely be transferred 
to Psidium. 

Psidium incanescens, Martins. 

Brazil, from Minas Geraes to Bio Grande do Sul. This 
Guava-bush attains a height of eight feet. Berry edible. 

Psidium lineatifolium, Persoon. 

Mountains of Brazil. Berry about one inch diameter. 

Psidium malifolium, F. v. Mueller. (Campomanesia mali- 
folia, Berg.) 
Uruguay. Berry about one inch diameter. 

Psidium polycarpon, Al. Anderson.* 

From Guiana to Brazil, also in Trinidad. A comparatively 
small shrub, bearing prolifically and almost continuously its 
yellow berries, which are of the size of a large cherry and of 
exquisite taste. 

Psidium rufum, Martins. 

Brazil, in the province Minas Geraes, on sub-alpine heights. 
This Guava-bush gains finally a height of ten feet, and is 
likely the hardiest of all the species producing palatable 
fruit. 



190 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Pterocarpus Indicus, Roxbui-gli. 

The Lingo of China and India. A tree of considerable 
dimensions, famed for its flame-red wood. It furnishes also 
a kind of dragon- blood resin. 

Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxburgh. 

India, ascending in Ceylon and the Cii'cars to at least 3000 
feet altitude ; hence this tree would doubtless grow without 
protection in those tracts of our colony, which are free of 
frost. It exudes the best medicinal kino, which contains 
about 75 per cent, of tannic acid. The foliage is deciduous. 
P. santalinus (Linne fil.), which provides the Saunders or red 
sandal- wood, is also indigenous to the mountains of India. 

Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Kunth. 

From Central Asiatic Kussia to Persia. A kind of Walnut- 
tree, which with P. stenoptera (Cas. de Cand.) on Dr. Hance's 
recommendation, should be adopted as trees for both ornament 
and timber, and so perhaps also the J apanese species. 

Ptychosperma Alexandrae, F. v. Mueller. 

The Alexandra-Palm. Queensland, as well in tropical as 
extra-tropical latitudes. The tallest of Australian Palms, 
and one of the noblest forms in the whole empire of vegeta- 
tion. It exceeds 100 feet in height, and is likely destined to 
grace any shady moist grove free from frost in this and other 
countries, as it seems less tender than most palms. The 
demand for seeds has already been enormous. 

Ptychosperma Cunninghami, Hermann Wendland. 

East Australia, as far south as Illawarra; thus one of the 
most southern of all Palms. This also is a very high species, 
destined to take here a prominent position in decorative plan- 
tations. Several species occur in Fiji and other islands of the 
Pacific Ocean, and again others might be obtained from India, 
but they are probably not so hardy as ours. Though strictly 
speaking of no industrial value, these Palms are important 
for horticultural trade, and are objects eminently fitted for 
experiments in acclimation. 

Ptychosperma disticha, Miquel. (Areca disticlm, Griffith.) 
Assam, up to 4000 feet. 

Ptychosperma elegans, Blume. {P. Seaforthia, Miquel ; 
Seaforthia elegans, P. Brown.) 
Littoral forests of tropical Australia. Also a lofty magnifi- 
cent Feather-Palm. Its leaflets are erose. It may prove 
hardy. 

Pueraria tuberosa, Candolle. 

SoTitli Asia, up to 4000 feet. A tall woody twiner. Its 
large tubers are edible and might improve by culture. 



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191 



Punica Granatum, Linne. 

The Pomegranate. North Africa and "West Asia, in the 
Himalayas up to 6000 feet. Well-known for its showy 
habit, rich coloured flowers, peculiar fruit, and medicinal 
astringency, but much overlooked regarding its value as a 
hedge-plant. 

Pycnanthemum incanum, Michaux. 

North America. A perennial herb, in odour resembling both 
Pennyroyal and Spearmint. It likes to grow on rocky wood- 
land, and on such it might be easily naturalised. 

Pycnanthemum montanum, Michaux. 

The Mountain-Mint of North America. A perennial herb of 
pleasant aromatic mint-like taste. These two particular 
species have been chosen from several North American 
kinds to demonstrate, that we may add by their introduction 
to the variety of our odorous garden-herbs. They may also 
be subjected with advantage to distillation. 

Pyrularia edulis, Meissner. 

Nepal, Kliasia, Sikkim. A large umbrageous tree. The 
drupaceous fruit is used by the inhabitants for food. A few 
other species occur in Upper India, one on the high moun- 
tains of Ceylon and one in North America. The latter, P. 
pubera (Mich.) can be utilised for the oil of its nuts. 

Pyrus coronaria, Linn6. 

The Crab-Apple of North America. This showy species is 
mentioned here as worthy of trial-culture, since it is likely 
that it would serve well as stock for grafting. It seems 
unnecessary to refer here to any of the forms of Pyrus 
communis (L.), P. Malus (L.), P. Cydonia (L.) and P. 
Germanica (J. Hooker.) (Mespilus Germanica, L.), but it may 
passingly be observed, that curious fruits have been produced 
latterly in North America by the hybridisation of the Apple 
with the Pear. A bitter Glycosid, namely Phlorrhizin, is 
obtainable from the bark of apple and pear trees, particu- 
larly from that of the root, while a volatile alkaloid, namely 
Trimethylamin, can be prepared from the flowers. 

Pyrus Japonica, Thunberg. 

Japan. One of the prettiest of small hedge-bushes. Under 
favourable circumstances it will produce its quince-like fruit, 

Pyrus nivalis, Jacquin. 

The Snow-Pear. Middle and South Europe. This would be 
adapted for orchards in our higher mountain-regions. The 
fruit becomes soft and edible through exposure to snow. P. 
amygdaliformis (Yillars) is probably the wild state of this 
tree. 



192 



SELECT PLANTS EEADILY ELIGIBLE 



Pyrus salicifolia, Linne. 

Greece, Turkey, Persia, South- West Russia. Though it» 
fruit, which slowly mollifies, is edible, this tree is mainly 
utilised as a superior stock for grafting. 

Quercus ^gilops, Linne. 

South Europe, also Syria. A nearly e-^ergi-een tree of the 
size of the British Oak. The cups, known as Yalonia, used 
for tanning and dyeing; the unripe acorns, as Camata or 
Camatena, for the same purpose. The ripe acorns are eaten 
raw or boiled. The wood is capital for furniture. 

Quercus agrifolia. Nee. 

California and Mexico. One of the most magnificent among 
evergreen Oaks, with dense, widely-spreading foliage. 

Quercus alba, Linne.* 

The White or Quebec Oak. A most valuable timber-tree, 
100 feet high; diameter of stem seven feet. Wood in use by 
shipbuilders, wheelwrights, coopers and other artisans. 

Quercus annulata, Smith. 

A large evergreen Oak of Nepal, which provides a very good 
timber. It does not ascend quite so high as Q. incana. Q. 
spicata (Smith), another very large Himalayan Oak, ascends 
only to 5000 feet; it is known also from Borneo, Java and 
Sumatra. 

Quercus aquatica, Walter. 

North America. Height of tree sixty feet; it furnishes a 
superior bark for tanning, also wood for ship-building. 

Quercus Castanea, Nee. 

The Mexican Chestnut-Oak. It furnishes also edible acorns. 

Quercus Cerris, Linne. 

South Europe, South- West Asia. Of the height of the 
English Oak, in suitable locaKties of quick growth. The 
foliage deciduous, or also evergreen. The wood available for 
wheelwrights, cabinetmakers, turners, coopers; also for 
building purposes. Structure of the wood similar to that of the 
British Oak; the sapwood larger, the heartwood of a more 
saturated brown, and the large rays more numerous, giving 
it a most varied and beautiful wainscot grain (Brandis). 



Quercus Chinensis, Bunge. 

North China. One of the hardiest among the evergreen 
Oaks. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



193 



Quercus coccifera, Liime. 

The deciduous Kermes-Oak of South Europe, ISTorth Africa 
and Soutli-West Asia. So called from the red dye furnished 
by the Coccus ilicis from this Oak. It also supplies tanners' 
bark. The huge and ancient Abraham's Oak belongs to this 
species, 

Quercus coccinea, Wangenheim. 

The Black Oak of North America. Height 100 feet; stem- 
diameter five feet. Foliage deciduous. The yellow dye 
known as Quercitron comes from this tree. It is much more 
powerful than that of Woad (Bancroft). With alumina the 
tinge of the bark is bright yellow, with oxyde of tin it is 
orange, with oxyd of iron it is drab (Porcher). Q, tinctoria 
(Bartram) is a variety. The bark of the variety called Scar- 
let Oak is practically far inferior in value to that of the 
Black Oak (Meehan). Bark rich in tannic acid. 

Quercus cornea, Loureiro. 

China. An evergreen tree, forty feet high. Acorns used for 
food. 

Quercus densifloraj Hooker and Arnott. 

Calif ornian Chestnut-Oak. A large evergreen tree of beautiful 
outline, dense foliage and compact growth. Bark very valu- 
able for tanning; wood however subject to rapid decay 
(Prof. Bolander). Quercus Dougiasi is another tall Oak of 
California. 

Quercus dilatata, Lindley. 

From the Himalayas to Afghanistan, at elevations from 4500 
to 10,000 feet. Height u]) to 100 feet; crown very shady, 
lopped for sheep-fodder. The hard, heavy and durable wood 
much used for building-purposes and implements (Madden). 

uercus falcata, Michaux. 

North America. A tree attaining a height of eighty feet, 
with a stem four feet in diameter. Foliage deciduous. It 
lives in dry sandy ground and can also be utilised for sea- 
coasts. Produces an excellent tanner's bark and also galls 
for superior ink, 

Quercus Garry ana, Douglas. 

North-AVest America, along the coast between the 38th and 
50th degrees. A gigantic tree, 100 feet high or more, with a 
stem 6 feet in diameter. The timber is remarkably pale 
for an Oak, hard and fine-grained, of great strength and 
durability, well-suited for almost every kind of construction 
for which the White or the European Oak is employed. The 
acorns, being sweet and agreeable, form an excellent mast for 
hogs. 

o 



194 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Quercus Ilex, Linne. 

The Holly-Oak of South Europe ; extending also to Algeria 
and to the Himalavas, which it ascends up to about 10,000 
feet. Height of tree fiftj feet. Wood in use for ship- 
building, bark for tanning. From varieties of this tree are 
obtained the sweet and nourishing Ballota and Chestnut 
acorns. 

Quercus incana, Roxburgh. 

Himalayas, at elevations between 3000 and 8000 feet. A 
beautiful evergreen tree of great dimensions. Mr. Simmonds 
reminds us that a silkworm (Antheraea Koylei) producing 
large cocoons, lives on this Oak. In its native localities Q. 
lanuginosa (D. Don) is associated with it. Q. lamellosa 
(Smith), of the same region, attains a height of 120 feet, 
with a straight trunk of 60 feet and 15 feet in girth 
(Brandis). 

Quercus infectoria, Oliver. 

Around the Mediterranean Sea. Only a small tree, with 
deciduous foliage. Chiefly from this tree the galls of com- 
merce are obtained. A variety, Q. Lusitanica (Webb), or Q. 
Mirbeckii (Durieu), attains a height of 120 feet, with a stem- 
girth of twenty feet. Some states of this are almost ever- 
green. 

Quercus lanclfolia, Roxburgh. 

A tall timber-tree of the Himalayas. Wood valued for its 
durability. 

Quercus lobata, Nee. 

California. The acorns of this Oak used to form a large 
proportion of the winter-food of the aboriginal inhabitants of 
North California. 

Quercus lyrata, Walter. 

The Overcup-Oak of the South-Eastern States of North 
America, extending from South Illinois to Florida and 
Louisiana. A tree of majestic size, eighty feet high, with a 
stem four feet in diameter. Lately recommended as one of 
the most valuable for timber-cultivation, especially for wet 
ground. 

Quercus macrocarpa, Michaux.* 

The Bur-Oak of North America. Tree seventy feet high. 
The timber nearly as good as that of the White Oak. 

Quercus palustris, Du Roi. 

The Pin-Oak or Marsh-Oak of North America. Height 
eighty feet; of quick growth. The wood, though not fine- 
grained, is strong and tough. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



195 



Quercus Phellos, Linne. 

The Willow-Oak of the Eastern States of North America. 
The acorns available for food, like those of several other 
species, for instance, Q. glabra (Thunb.) of Japan. The 
comparative value of the very numerous cis- and trans- 
atlantic Oaks, but little as yet understood, either for avenue 
purposes or timber-plantations, should be tested with care in 
botanic gardens. Even recently Oaks have been discovered 
on the mountains of New Guinea. 

Quercus Prinus, Linne. 

The North American Swamp-Oak. A tree ninety feet high, 
available for wet localities. Foliage deciduous. Wood strong 
and elastic, of fine grain ; according to Porcher, it is easy to 
split and not hard. A red dye is produced from the bark. 

Quercus Robur, Linn6.* 

The British Oak. Extending through a great part of Europe 
and Western Asia, attaining a great age and an enormous 
size. Extreme height 120 feet. Two varieties are dis- 
tinguished: — 1. Q. sessiliflora (Salisbury). The Durmast- 
Oak, with a darker, heavier timber, more elastic, less fissile. 
This tree is also the quickest of the two in growth, and lives 
on poorer soil. Its bark is also richer in medicinal, dyeing, 
and tanning principles. 2. Q. pedunculata (Ehrh.). This 
variety supplies most of the oak-timber in Britain for ship- 
building, and is the best for bending under steam. It is also 
preferred for joiners' work. In Britain it is attacked by 
Scolytus multistriatus. The long- continued adherence of 
dead leaves in the cool and here most verdant season renders 
this Oak not so well adapted for pleasure-grounds as many 
other, particularly evergreen Oaks. 

Quercus rubra, Linne. 

The Bed Oak of North America. Height 100 feet; diameter 
of stem four feet. The wood is not of value, but the bark is 
rich in tannin. Autumnal tint of foliage beautifully red. 
The acorns, which are produced in great abundance, are 
relished by animals. 

Quercus semecarpifoliaj Smith. 

In the Himalayas, up to 10,000 feet. The largest of the 
Oaks of India, upwards of 100 feet high, with a stem up to 
18 feet in girth. Leafless for a short time. It furnishes a 
hard and heavy timber of fair quality. 

Quercus serrata, Thunberg. 

One of the twenty-three known Japan Oaks; extending to 
China and Nepal. A good avenue-tree, though deciduous, 
o 2 



196 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

It yields tlie best food for tlie Oak Silkworm (Bombyx 
Yamamai). 

Quercus Sideroxylon, Humboldt. 

Mountains of Mexico, at 8000 feet elevation. An Oak of 
great size, of compact timber, almost imperishable in water. 
Q. lanceolata, Q. chrysophylla, Q. reticulata, Q. laurina, Q. 
obtusata, Q. giaucescens, Q. Xalapensis (Humb.) and Q. 
acutifolia (Nee) are among the many other highly important 
timber Oaks of the cooler regions of Mexico. No printed 
records seem extant concerning the technology of the nume- 
rous Mexican Oaks, though doubtless their respective value 
is well known to local artisans. 

Quercus Skinneri, Bentham. 

Mexico. The acorns of this Oak measure nearly six inches 
in cii'cumference, and are available for various domestic 
animals. 

Quercus squamata, Roxburgh. 

One of the tallest of the Himalayan Oaks. "Wood lasting. 

Quercus stellata, Wangenheim. 

The Post-Oak of North-East America. Content ^ith poor 
and even sandy soil, but not a large tree. For its very 
durable and dense wood it is much in requisition theie 'for 
posts, and particularly highly-prized for ship-building. 

Quercus Suber, Linne.* 

The Cork-Oak of South Europe and North Africa; evergreen. 
It attains an age of fully 200 years. After about twenty 
years it can be stripped of its bark every six or seven years ; 
but the best cork is obtained from trees over forty years old. 
Height of tree about forty feet. Acorns of a sweetish taste. 
Mr. Robinson found that yoimg Cork-Oaks, obtained from the 
writer, made a growth of four feet in a year in the humid 
Western Port district. The bark of Q. Pseudo-Suber (Sant.) 
is inferior for cork, but the closely-allied Q. occidentalis (G-ay), 
which is hardier than Q. Suber, produces a superior cork- 
bark. 

Quercus Sundaica, Blume. 

One of the Oaks from the mountains of Java, where several 
other valuable timber Oaks exist. The existence of Oaks on 
the higher mountains of New Guinea has been demonstrated 
■ by Dr. Beccari; hence, in all probability, additional valuable 
evergTeen species will be obtainable for our arboreta from 
thence. 

Quercus Toza, Bosc. 

South Europe. One of the handsomest Oaks, and one of the 
quickest of growth. Will live in sandy soil. It furnishes^ 
superior tanners' bark. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



197 



Quercus virens, Linn^.* 

The Live-Oak of North America. Evergreen, fifty feet high, 
with a stem of sometimes nine feet in diameter. Supplies a 
most valuable timber for ship-building; it is heavy, compact, 
fine-grained ; it is moreover the strongest and most durable 
of all American Oaks. Like Q. obtusiloba (Mich.), it lives 
also on sea- shores, helping to bind the sand, but it is then 
not of tall stature. Of many of the 300 Oaks of both the 
western and eastern portions of the northern hemisphere, the 
properties remain unrecorded and perhaps unexamined; but 
it would be important to introduce as many kinds as possible 
for local test-growth. The acorns, when packed in dry moss, 
retain their vitality for some months. The species with 
deciduous foliage are not desirable for massive ornamental 
planting, because in this clime they shed their dead leaves 
tardily during the very time of our greatest verdure. 

Quillaja saponaria, Molina. 

Chili. A colossal tree. The bark is rich in Saponin, and 
thus valuable for dressing wool and silk. 

Rafnia amplexicaulis,' Thunberg. 

South Africa. The root of this bush is sweet like liquorice, 
and is administered in medicine. Eafnia perfoliata (E. 
Meyer), also from South Africa, furnishes likewise a medi- 
cinal root. 

Kaphanus sativus, Linne. 

South Asia, up to 16,000 feet in the Himalayas, eastward to 
Japan. The Kadish. R. caudatus (L.), the Radish with long 
edible pods, is regarded by Dr. Th. Anderson as a mere 
variety, and he thinks that all are sprung from the ordinary 
R. Raphanistrum (L.) of Europe. All Radishes succeed best 
in a calcareous soil, or aided by manure rich in lime. 

Keseda Luteola, Linne. 

The Weld. Middle and South Europe, Middle Asia, North 
Africa. A herb of one or two years' duration. Likes cal- 
careous soil. A yellow dye (Luteolin) pervades the whole 
plant. The plant must be cut before the fruit commences to 
develop, otherwise the pigment will much diminish. 

iReseda odorata, Linne. 

The true Mignonette. North Africa and Syria. A herb of 
one or very few years' duration. The delicate scent can best 
be concentrated and removed by enfleurage. 

JRhagodia Billardieri, R. Brown. 

Extra-tropical Australia. An important bush for binding 
moving sand on sea-shores. A herb of this order, Atriplex 



198 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

crystallinum (J. Hooker), should be encouraged in its growtli 
at the very edge of tides or sand-shores, where with Cakile 
maritima, Mesembrianthemum australe, and M. aequilaterale, 
it will form one of the most effectual first impediments to the 
influx of sea-sand. 

Rhamnus catharticus, Linne. 

The Buckthorn. Middle and South Europe, North Africa, 
Middle Asia. It can be utilised as a hedge-plant. The 
berries are of medicinal value, as indicated by the specific 
name. The foliage and bark can be employed for the pre- 
paration of a green dye. 

Rhamnus chlorophorus, Lindley. 

China. From the bark a superior green pigment is prepared. 
K. utilis, from the same country, serves for the like purpose. 
This kind of dye is particularly used for silk, and known as 
Lokao. 

Rhamnus Graecus, Renter. 

Greece. From this shrub, and to no less extent from the 
allied E,. prunifolius (Sibth.), are the green dye-berries 
collected in Greece, according to Dr. Heldreich. These 
shrubs grow on stony mountains up to 2500 feet. 

Rhamnus infectorius, Linne. 

On the Mediterranean Sea and in the countries near to it. 
The berry-like fruits of this shrub are known in commerce as 
Graines d' Avignon and Graines de Perse, and produce a 
valuable green dye. Other species seem to supply a similar 
dye-material, for instance R. saxatilis (L.), R. amygdalinus 
(Desf.), R. oleoides (L.), R. tinctorius (W. and K.) 

Rhapis flabelliformis, Linn6 fil. 

China and Japan. This exceedingly slender Palm attains 
only a height of a few feet. The stems can be used for 
various small implements. It is one of the best plants for 
table decoration. 

Rhaponticum acaule, Candolle. 

On the Mediterranean Sea. A perennial herb. The root is 
edible. 

Rheum australe, Don.'^ (E. Umodi, Wall.; B. Wehhianum, 
Royle.) 

Himalayan regions up to 16,000 feet. From this species at 
least a portion of the medicinal Rhubarb is obtained; most 
likely several species furnish Rhubarb-root, and its quality 
depends probably much on the climatic region and the geo- 
logic formation, in which the plant grows. Should we wish 
to cultivate any species here for superior medicinal roots, 
then clearly localities in our higher and drier alpine tracts 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



199 



should be chosen for the purpose. Hayne regards the pre- 
sence of much yellowish pigment in the seed-shell as 
indicating a good medicinal Rhubarb-plant. As much as 
five lbs. of the dried drug are obtained from a single plant, 
several years old. An important orange-red crystalline 
substance, Emodin, allied to Crysopha,nic acid, occurs in 
genuine Rhubarb. 

Rheum officinale, Baillon.* 

Western China and Eastern Thibet on the high tableland. 
It furnishes the most of the true Turkey Rhubarb, not merely 
from the root, but also from the woody stem. Suited for our 
Alps. 

Rheum Rhaponticum, Linne. 

From the Yolga to Central Asia. This species together with 
R. Tataricum (L. fil.), R. undulatum (L.) and a few others, 
all Asiatic (one extending to Japan), provide their acidulous 
leaf-stalks and unexpanded flower-mass for culinary purposes. 
Rhubarb-leaves can also be used in the manner of Spinage. 
R. palmatum (L.) often considered to yield the best Rhubarb- 
root, is an insular plant of North-Eastern Asia, but may in 
the alpine deserts far inland become a source of the genuine 
root, so long ascribed to it. That is the only one with 
deeply-jagged leaves. 

Rhododendron maximum, Linne. 

North-East America, Attains a height of twenty feet. 
Irrespective of its being a fine acquisition for any garden- 
copses, this bush seems of industrial importance, because Mr. 
C. Forster asserts that the wood of this and the allied 
Kalmia latifolia (L.) is equalled only by the best boxwood. 
This may give a clue to other substitutes for that scarce com- 
modity, needed so extensively by the wood-engraver. 

Rhus caustica, Hooker and Arnott. 

Chili, where it is called the Litre. A small or middle-sized 
tree, the very hard wood of which is used for wheel-teeth, 
axletrees and select furniture. The plant seems neither 
caustic nor otherwise poisonous (Dr. Philippi). 

Rhus copallina, Linn6. 

North America, extending to Canada. A comparatively 
dwarf species. This can also be used for tanning. A resin 
for varnishes is also obtained from this shrub. 

Rhus coriaria, Linne.* 

The Tanner's Sumach. Countries around the Mediterranean 
Sea. The foliage of this shrub or small tree, reduced to 
powder, forms the Sumach of commerce. Many localities in 
our colony are particularly well adapted for the growth of 



200 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

this bush. It is remarkably rich in tannic acid, yielding as 
much as 30 per cent., and extensively used for the production 
of a superior Corduan- or Maraquin-leather. The cultivation 
presents no difficulty. Sumach can also be used for ink 
and various, particularly black dyes. Under favourable 
circumstances as much as a ton of Sumach is obtained from 
an acre. 
Rhus Cotinus, Linne. 

The Scotino. Countries of the Mediterranean Sea, extending 
to the Himalayas. The wood of this bush furnishes a 
yellow pigment. The Scotino, so invaluable as a material for 
yellow and black dye, and as a superior tanning substance, 
consists of the ground foliage of this plant. 

Rhus glabra, Linne. 

North America, extending to 54° N. latitude. This Sumach 
shrub will grow on rocky and sterile soil. It produces a 
kind of gall, and can also be used as a good substitute for the 
ordinary Sumach. This sjDecies can be easily multiplied from 
suckers. It will live on poor soil. American Sumachs 
contain generally from 15 to 20 per cent, tannin. 

Rhus lucida, Linne. 

South Africa. This shrub proved here of particular adapta- 
bility for forming hedges. AbOut half a hundred South 
African species are known, of which probably some could be 
utilised like ordinary Sumach, but hitherto we have remained 
unacquainted with the nature and degree of any of their 
tanning and colouring principles. 

Rhus semialata, Murray. 

China and Jaj^an, extending to the Himalayas. Attains a 
height of forty feet. This shrub produces a kind of nutgalls. 

Rhus succedanea, Linne. 

The J apan Wax-tree, the produce of which has found its way 
into the English market. 

Rhus typhina, Linne. 

The Staghorn-Sumach. North America, extending to 
Canada. This species will grow to a tree of thirty feet 
high. Its wood is of an orange tinge. Through incisions 
into the bark a kind of Copal is obtained. The leaves can 
be used like ordinary Sumach. This bush can be reared on 
inferior land. 

Rhus vernicifera, Candolle. 

Extends from Nepal to J apan. It forms a tree of fair size, 
and yields the Japan varnish. It ascends in India to 7000 
feet, but Stewart and Brandis are doubtful whether the Japan 
species (R. Yernix, L.) is really identical with the Indian. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



201 



Ribes aureum, Pursh. 

Arkansas, Missouri, Oregon. This ' favourite bush of our 
shrubberies would likely on our forest-streams produce its plea- 
sant berries, which turn from yellow to brown or black. Mr. 
Meehan mentions a variety or allied species from Utah, with 
berries larger than those of the black currant; they are quite 
a good table-fruit, and of all shades from orange to black. 
Allied to this is E,. tenuiflorum (Lindl.), of California and the 
nearest States, with fruits of the size of red currants, of 
agreeable flavour, and either dark-purple or yellow colour. 

Ribes divaricatum, Douglas. 

California and Oregon. One of the Gooseberries of those 
countries. Berries smooth, black, about one-third of an inch 
in diameter, pleasant to the taste. Culture might improve 
this and many of the other species. Iv. JSTuttalli (R. villosum 
Nutt., not of Gay, nor of Wallich), is an allied plant also 
from California. 

Ribes Floridum, L'Heritier. 

The Black Currant of North America. The berries resemble 
in odour and taste those of R. nigrum. Allied to this is 
H. Hudsonianum (Rich,), from the colder parts of North 
America. 

Ribes Griffith i 5 J. Hooker and T. Thomson. 

Himalaya, at the height of 10,000 to 13,000 feet. Allied to 
R. rubrum, bearing similar but larger berries Of somewhat 
austere taste. The naturalisation of this Currant-bush on 
our highest alps may prove of advantage. R. laciniatum 
(H. and T.) is likewise a Himalayan species with red berries, 
and so R. glaciale (Wall). Furthermore R. villosum WalL, 
(R. leptostachyum, Decaisne) comes from the Indian high- 
lands and seems worthy of introduction. 

Ribes Grossularia, Linne. 

The ordinary Gooseberry. Europe, North Africa, Western 
Asia, on the Himalayan mountains up to a height of 12,000 
feet. This bush, familiar to every one, is mentioned here 
merely to indicate the desirability of naturalising it in our 
alpine regions, where no fruits equal to it in value exist. 

Ribes hirtellum, Michaux. 

The commonest smooth Gooseberry of North America. It 
likes moist ground. 

Ribes nigrum, Linne. 

The Black Currant. Middle and Northern Asia, Europe, 
North America, ascending the Himalayan and Thibet moun- 
tains to a height of 12,000 feet. Commonly cultivated 



202 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



already in tlie cooler parts of Victoria, but also particularly- 
fit to be dispersed through our forests and over our alps. 

Ribes niveum, Lindl. 

One of the Oregon Gooseberry-bushes. Berries small, blacky 
of a somewhat acid taste and rich vinous flavour. 

Ribes rotundifolium, Michaux. 

North America. Yields part of the smooth Gooseberries of 
the United States. The fruit is small, but of delicious taste. 
Unlike the ordinary Gooseberry, not subject to mildew. 

Ribes rubrum, Linne. 

The ordinary E-ed Currant. Europe, North America, North 
and Middle Asia, in the Himalayan mountains ceasing where 
E,. Griflithi commences to appear. One of the best fruit- 
plants for jellies and preserves that could be chosen for the 
colder mountain altitudes of our colony. The root-bark 
contains Phlorrhizin. Perhaps other species than those 
recorded here, among them some from the Andes, may yet 
deserve introduction, irrespective of their showiness, for their 
fruits. 

Ricinus communis, Linne. ^ 

The Castor-oil plant. Indigenous to the tropical and sub- 
tropical zones of Asia and Africa. A shrubby very decora- 
tive plant, attaining the size of a small tree. It was well 
known to the Egyptians 4000 years ago, and is also men- 
tioned already in the writings of Herodotus, Hippocrates, 
Dioscorides, Theoplirastos, Plinius and other ancient physi- 
cians, philosophers and naturalists. The easy and rapid 
growth, the copious seeding and the early return of produce 
render this important plant of high value in a clime like 
ours, more particularly as it will thrive on almost any soil, 
and can thus be raised even on arid places, without being 
scorched by hot winds. It may thus become an important 
plant also for culture in our desert-tracts, and is evidently 
destined to be one of our most eligible oil-plants for tech- 
nical uses, particularly for lubricating machinery, irrespective 
of the value of its oil for medicinal purpose. The seeds con- 
tain about 50 per cenfc. oil. To obtain the best medicinal oil, 
hydraulic pressure should be employed, and the seeds not be 
subjected to heat; the seed-coat should also be removed prior 
to the extracting process being proceeded with. A screw- 
press suffices however for ordinary supply to obtain the oil. 
By decantation and some process of filtration it is purified. Eor 
obtaining oil to be used for lubrication of machinery or other 
technological purposes, the seeds may be pressed and prepared 
by various methods undei' application of heat and access of 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



203 



water. Castor-oil is usually bleached simply hy exposure to 
solar liglit, but this procedure lessens to some extent the 
laxative properties of the oil. It dissolves completely in 
waterless alcohol and in ether, and will become dissolved also 
in spirit of high strength, to the extent of three-fifths of the 
weight of the latter. Solutions of this kind may become 
valuable for various technic purposes, and afford some tests 
for the pureness of the oil. If pressed under heat it will 
depose margaritin. Heated in a retort about one-third of the 
oil will distil over, and a substance resembling india-rubber 
remains, which saponises with alkalies. Other educts are at 
the same time obtained, which will likely become of indus- 
trial value. These facts are briefly mentioned here merely 
to explain^ that the value of this easily produced oil is far 
more varied than is generally supposed, and this remark 
applies with equal force to many other chemical compounds 
from vegetable sources, briefly alluded to in this present 
enumerative treatise. The seeds contain also a peculiar 
alkaloid : Ricinin. The solid chemic compound of Castor-oil 
is the crystalline Isocetin-acid (a Glycerid). The oil con- 
tains also a non-crystalline acid peculiar to it (Ricin-acid). 
For the production of a particular kind of silk the Ricinus- 
plant is also important, inasmuch as the hardy Bombyx 
Arrindi requires for food the leaves of this bush. The value 
of Castor-oil imported in 1871 into Victoria was according 
to the Customs returns not less than £23,755. Even a few 
of the seeds if swallowed will produce poisonous effects. 

Robinia Pseudacacia, Linne. 

The North- American Locust-Acacia. Height to ninety feet. 
The strong hard and durable wood is for a variety of purposes 
in use, and particularly eligible for tree-nails, axle-trees, 
turnery. The natives used the wood for their bows. Tree of 
rapid growth, and attains an age of several hundred years. 
It may be planted closely for timber-belts and hedge-shelter 
on farm-lands. It is one of the best trees for renovating 
exhausted land and for improving poor soil. The roots are 
poisonous. The allied R. viscosa attains a height of forty feet. 
No less than four arborescent Robinias are recorded from 
Juan Fernandez. 

Roccella tinctoria, Candolle. 

Canary Islands, Azores, also in Middle and South Europe and 
North Africa. This Lichen furnishes the Litmus, Orseille or 
Orchil for dyes and chemical tests. It is a question of 
interest, whether it could be trans-located and naturalised on 
the cliffs also of our shores. Other dye-lichens might per- 
haps still more easily be naturalised; for instance, Lecanora 



204 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



tartarea, L. parella, Pertusaria communis, Parmelia sordida, 
Isidium corallinum and some others, which furnish the Cud- 
bear or Persio. 

Rosa centifolia, Linne. 

The Cabbage-Rose. Indigenous on the Caucasus and seem- 
ingly also in other parts of the Orient. Much grown in 
South Europe and South Asia for the distillation of Pose- 
water and Oil or Attar of Poses. From 12,000 to 16,000 
Poses, or from 2501bs. to SOOlbs. of Pose-petals are required 
according to some calculations for producing a single ounce 
of Attar through ordinary distillation. The flowers requii-e 
to be cut just before expansion; the calyx is separated and 
rejected; the remaining portions of the flowers are then sub- 
jected to aqueous distillation, and the saturated Pose- water 
so obtained is repeatedly used for renewed distillation, when 
from the overcharged water the oil separates on a cold place 
and floats on the surface. But some otJier methods exist for 
producing the oil, for instance it may be got by distilling the 
rosebuds without water at the heat of a saltwater bath. 
The odour may also be withdrawn by alcoholic distillation 
from the Poses, or be extracted by the "enfleurage" process. 
The latter is effected by placing the flowers, collected while 
the weather is warm, into shallow frames covered with a 
glass plate, on the inner side of which a pure fatty substance 
has been thinly spread. The odour of the flowers is 
absorbed by the adipose or oleous substance, though the 
blossoms do not come with it in direct contact ; fresh flowers 
are supplied daily for weeks. The scent is finally withdrawn 
from its matrix by maceration with pure alcohol. Mr. Jos. 
Bosisto's method for obtaining the most delicate and precious 
volatile oils will likely be applicable also to the Pose, and 
prove more advantageous both in labour and gain than any 
other process. Purified Eucalyptus-oil can be used for 
diluting Pose-oil, when it is required for the preparation of 
scented soap. 

Rosa Damascena, Miller. 

Orient. Allied to the preceding species, and also largely 
used for the production of Essential Oil of Poses. 

Rosa Gallic a, Linne. 

The French or Dutch Pose. Middle and South Europe, 
Orient. The intensely coloured buds of this species are par- 
ticularly chosen for drying. These however may be got also 
from other kinds of Poses. 

Rosa Indica, Linne. 

Noisette Pose. From Upper India to China and Japan. Some 
Poses of the sweetest scent are derived from this species. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. W^''"^^ 205 

Rosa laevigata, Michaux. (R. Sinica, Aiton.) 

The Cherokee-Rose. China and Japan. Considered one of 
the best Hedge-roses, and for that purpose much employed 
in North America. It serves also well for bowers. Allied 
to the foregoing species. 

Rosa moschata, Miller. 

North Africa and South Asia as far east as Japan. From 
the flowers of this extremely tall climbing species also essen- 
tial oil is obtained. The Attar thus derived from Koses of 
not only different varieties but even distinct species must 
necessarily be of various quality. 

Rosa sempervirens, Linne. 

From South Europe throiigh Southern Asia to Japan. One 
of the best Rose-bushes for covering walls, fences and similar 
structures. Also the flowers of this species can be utilised 
for Rose-oil. 

Rosa setigera, Michaux. 

North America, where it is the only climbing Rose-bush. It 
deserves introduction on accoimt of its extremely rapid growth, 
ten feet to twenty feet in a season. Its flowers however are 
nearly inodorous. 
Other original species of Roses deserve our attention, Dr. J. 
Hooker admitting about thirty, all from the Northern Hemi- 
sphere. But on the snow-clad unascended mountains of 
Borneo, Simiatra, New Guinea, and Africa south of the 
Equator yet perhaps new Roses may be discovered, as they 
have been traced south to Abyssinia already. 

Rosa spinosissima, Linne. 

Europe, North Africa, Middle and North Asia. Adapted 
for holding coasts-sands ; unapproachable to pasture animals, 
and not spreading like the Sweet Briar, R. rubiginosa (L.) 
into culture-land or pastures. 

Rosmarinus officinalis, Linne. 

The Rosemary. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. 
This well-known bush is mentioned here as a medicinal plant, 
from which a distilled oil is rather copiously obtainable. One 
of our best plants for large garden-edgings. The oil enters 
into certain compositions of perfumery. 

Royenia Pseudebenus, E. Meyer. 

South Africa. Only a small tree, but its wood jet-black, 
hard and durable, thus in Capeland and Cafiraria called 
ebony. R. pubescens (Willd.), according to Dr. Pappe, 
furnishes there a wood adapted for xylography; this may 
give a clue to the adaptability of many other kinds of woods 
in the large order of Ebenace£e as substitutes for the Turkish 
boxwood. 



206 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Rubia COrdifolia, Linne. (E. Mungista, Roxburgh.) 

From the Indian Highlands through China and Siberia to 
Japan; also occurring in various parts of Africa, as far 
south as CafFraria and Natal. This perennial plant produces 
a kind of Madder. Probably other species yield likewise 
dye-roots. The genus is represented widely over the globe, 
but as far as known not in Australia. 

Rubia peregrina, Linne. 

Middle and South Europe, South- West Asia. This perennial 
species yields also Madder-root. Several other kinds deserve 
comparative test-culture. 

Rubia tinctorum, Linne. 

The Madder. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A 
perennial herb of extremely easy culture. Soil fit for Barley 
suits also for Madder. Its culture opens any deep subsoil and 
sufibcates weeds, but requires much manure, leaving however 
then the land enriched. Any stagnant water in the soil 
must be avoided, if Madder is to succeed. The harvest is in 
the second or third year. It can be raised from seeds or 
planted from offshoots. The roots merely dried and pounded 
form the dye. The chemical contents are numerous; in the 
herb — Rubichloric and Rubitannic acid ; in the root — Alizarin, 
Purpurin, Rubiacin, Rubian, Ruberythrin acid, and three 
distinct resins; also Chlorogenin, Xanthin, and Rubichloric 
acid. On the five first depend the pigments produced from 
the root. Madder is one of the requisites for Alizarin Ink. 

Rubus Canadensis, Linne.* 

The Dewberry of North America. A shrub of trailing habit. 
Fruit black, of excellent taste, ripening earlier than that of 
R. villosus (Ait.), which constitutes the High Blackberry of 
the United States, with large fruits. 

Rubus Chamaemorus, Linne. 

The Cloudberry. North Europe, North Asia, North America, 
particularly in the frigid zone. A perennial but herbaceous 
plant; a pigmy amongst its congeners. Nevertheless it is 
recommended for introduction to our spongy mossy alpine 
moors, on account of its grateful amber-coloured or red fruit. 
All the species can readily be raised from seeds. R. Articus 
(L.), also with edible fruit, is in the high north usually its 
companion. Near to us we have a similar little herb, living 
for a great part of the year in snow, namely R. Gunnianus 
(Hook.). It occurs on the alpine heights of Tasmania, from 
whence it might be easily transferred to our snowy mountains 
and those of New Zealand. The fruit of R. Gunnianus is red 
and juicy, but not always well developed. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



207 



Rubus cuneifoliusj Pursh. 

The Sand-Blackbeny. North America. A dwarf shrub. 
The fruit is of agreeable taste. 

Rubus deliciosus, Torrey. 

On the sources of the Missouri. An erect shrub. Fruit 
raspberry-like, large and grateful. An exceedingly hand- 
some species. 

Rubus fruticosus, Linne.* 

The ordinary Blackberry or Bramble. All Europe, North 
and Soath Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. This shrub 
bears well in our clime. In some countries it is a favourite 
plant for hedges. It likes above all calcareous soil, though it 
is content with almost any, and deserves to be naturalised on 
the rivulets of our ranges. H. corylifolius (Sm.), K. 
suberectus (Andr.) and R. leucostachys (Sm.) are varieties 
like many other named kinds of European Blackberries, or 
perhaps belong to the closely allied B. caesius (L.), the 
English Dewberry; or in some instances hybrid forms may 
have arisen from the two, although the generality of these 
various Blackberry-bushes bear their fruit freely enough. 

Rubus geoides, Smith. 

Falkland Islands, Fuegia, Patagonia and Chiloe. A herba- 
ceous kind of Baspberry-plant with greenish-yellow fruits, 
resembling the Cloudberry, and of a very agreeable taste. 
Best adapted for our Alps. 

Rubus IdaeuSj Linne.* 

The ordinary Baspberry. Europe, Northern and West Asia. 
It is mentioned here to point out the desirability of 
naturalising the plant in our mountains and on river-banks. 
It would live also on our highest alps, where the native 
Baspberry (R. parvifolius, L.) produces much finer fruits 
than in our lowlands. The fruits contain Stereopten. Leaves 
a substitute for tea. 

Rubus lasiocarpuSj Smith. 

India, reaching in the Himalayas an elevation of 8000 feet, 
in Ceylon of 6000 feet. The black fruit is very palatable. 
B. biflorus (Hamilton) ascends with B. rosifolius to 10,000 
feet; its fruit either red or orange is sweet (J. D. Hooker). 
Rubus macropetaluSj Douglas.* 

California and Oregon. An unisexual shrub. Fruit black, 
oval-cylindric, particularly sweet. 

Rubus occidentalis, Linne.* 

The Black Baspberry or Thimbleberry. North America. A 
species with woody stems and nice fruits, with a glaucous 
bloom, well flavoured and large. It ripens early. 



208 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Rubus odoratus, Liime.* 

North America. A kind of Raspberry. A handsome 
species on account of its large purple flowers. Berry edible. 
Culture would doubtless enhance the value of the fruits of 
many of these E-ubi. Hybridising might be tried. 

Rubus rosifolius, Smith. 

Tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa and Asia, also 
throughout the littoral forests of East-Australia. This shrub 
bears in woody regions an abundance of fruits of large size, 
and these early and long in the season. 

Rubus rugosus, Smith. 

South- Asia. The fruit, whicL ripens here all the year round, 
is nearly twice the size of the ordinary Blackberry. 

Rubus strigosus, Michaux. 

North America. Closely allied to the European Raspberry. 
Its fruits large, also of excellent taste. It would lead too 
far to enumerate other kinds of Rubus, although about a 
hundred genuine species occur, which render the genus one of 
very wide dispersion over the globe. 

Rubus trivialis, Michaux.* 

Southern States of North America. Another shrubby 
species with good edible fruits, which are large and black. 
The plant will thrive in dry sandy soil. Like many other 
species rich in taimic acid. 

Rumex Acetosa, Linne. 

The Kitchen Sorrel. Europe, Middle and North Asia to 
Japan, also in the frigid zone of North America. A peren- 
nial herb. The tender varieties, particularly the Spanish 
one, serve as pleasant aciduous vegetables, but must be used 
in moderation, as their acidity like that of the species of 
Oxalis (Wood-sorrel) depends on binoxylate of potash. The 
South African R. luxurians (L.) serves likewise as culinary 
Sorrel. 

Rumex Patientia, Linne. 

Middle and South Europe, Middle Asia. Biennial. The 
young leaves furnish a palatable Sorrel, like Spinage. In cold 
climes it pushes forth its leaves before the frost is hardly 
gone, and thus comes in as one of the first vegetables of the 
season. 

Rumex scutatus, Linne. 

The Erench Sorrel. Middle and South Europe, North 
Africa, Orient. Also perennial, and superior to the foregoing 
as a culinary plant. They all are of use against scurvy 
and most easily reared. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



209 



Rumex vesicarius, Linne. 

South Eui'ope, Middle Asia, North Africa. An annual herb 
of similar utility as the two former ones. 

Ruscus aculeatus, Linne. 

Middle and South Europe, North Africa, South-West Asia. 
This odd plant is the only shrubby species of the genus. It 
serves for forming garden-hedges. The young shoots of this 
and others are edible. 

Ruta graveolens, Linne. 

The E-ue. Mediterranean countries and the Orient. The 
foliage of this acrid and odorous shrub, simply dried, consti- 
tutes the Kue-herb of medicine. The allied R. silvestris 
(Mill.) is still more powerful in its effect. These plants and 
others of the genus contain a peculiar volatile oil and a 
glycosid (Rutin). 

Sabal Adansoni, Guernsent. 

Dwarf Palmetto. South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. A 
stemless Fan-Palm, with the two following and Chamaerops 
Hystrix attaining the most northerly positions of any 
American Palms. According to Count de Saporta it resists 
a temperature as low as 17° F. This Palm does well in 
marshy places. 

Sabal Palmetto, Roemer and Schultes.* 

Extends from Florida to North Carolina. The stem attains 
a height of forty feet. This noble Palm ought to grow on 
our sandy coast-tracts, as in such it delights to live. 

Sabal serrulata, Poemer and Schultes. 

South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. The stem grows to 
eight feet high ; particularly well-adapted for sea-coasts. 
The leaves can be used for cabbage-tree hats and other 
purposes, for which palm-leaves are sought. The fibrous 
spongy parts of the stem serve as brushes. 

Sabal umbraculifera, Martins. 

West India. Attains, according to Grisebach, a height of 
eighty feet. Though naturally a tropical Savannah-Palm, it 
has proved even hardier than the Orange. Another equally 
tall Antillan-Palm is S. glaucescens (Loddiges). 

Sabbatia angularis, Pursh. 

North-East America, This biennial pretty herb is lauded as 
a substitute for Gentian by American physicians, and might 
with other congeners be grown in medicinal gardens, though 
its naturalisation would not be desirable, as stock avoid the 
bitter gentianaceous plants. 

p 



210 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Saccharum officinarum, Liime. 

The Sugar-Cane. India, China, South Sea Islands, not 
indigenous in any part of America or Australia. Sugar- 
cane having been cultivated in Spain and other countries on 
the Mediterranean Sea, it will be worthy of further trial, 
whether in the warmest parts of our colony under similar 
climatic conditions sugar from cane can be produced to 
advantage. Though the plant will live unprotected in. the 
vicinity of Melbourne, it thrives there not sufficiently for 
remunerative culture. But it may be otherwise in East 
Gipps Land or along the Murray River and its lower 
tributaries. In the United States the profitable culture of 
cane ceases at 32° north latitude, in China it extends only to 
the 30° north latitude. In the last-mentioned country the 
culture of Sugar-cane dates from tlie remotest antiquity; 
moreover we have from thence a particular kind, S. Sinense 
(Roxb,), which is hardier and bears drought better than the 
ordinary cane ; this kind needs renewal only every second or 
third year, and ripens in seven months, if planted early in 
spring, but if planted in autumn and left standing for fully a 
year the return of sugar is larger. Moderate vicinity to the 
sea is favourable for the gro^vth of canes. Prolific yields 
have been secured in East Australia as far south as 28°. 
The multiplication of all sorts of Sugar-cane is usually eflfected 
from top-cuttings, but this cannot be carried on from the same 
original stock for an indefinite period without deterioration ; 
and as seeds hardly ever ripen on the canes, new plants 
must from time to time be brought from the distance. 
Thus New Caledonia has latterly supplied its wild-growing 
splendid varieties for rej^l anting many sugar-fields in 
Mauritius. The Bourbon variety is praised as one of the 
richest for sugar : the Batavian variety S. violaceum 
(Tussac), is content with less fertile soil. Many other 
varieties are known. Excessive rains produce a rank luxu- 
riance of the canes at the expense of the saccharine principle. 
Rich manuring is necessary to attain good crops, unless in 
the best of virgin soil. The lower leaves of the stem must 
successively be removed, also superabundant suckers, to 
promote the growth upwards, and to provide ventilation and 
light. Out of the remnants of Sugar-cane molasses, rum 
and taffia can be prepared. The average yield of Sugar 
varies from 1 ton 6 cwt. to 3 tons for the acre. For fuller 
information the valuable local work of Mr. A. McKay, 
"The Sugar-cane in Australia," should be consulted. The 
stately S. spontaneum (L.), which extends from India to 
Egypt, is available for scenic culture. It attains a height of 
j&fteen feet. Other tall kinds of Saccharum occur in South Asia. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



211 



Sagittaria lancifolia, Linne. 

From Virginia to the Antilles. This very handsome aquatic- 
plant can doubtless be utilised like the following species. It 
attains a height of five feet. 

Sagittaria obtusa, Muehlenberg. {S. latifolia, Willdenow). 
North America, where it replaces the closely-allied S. 
sagittifolia. A few other conspicuous species are worthy of 
introduction. 

Sagittaria sagittifolia, Linne. 

Europe, North and Middle Asia, east to Japan. One of the 
most showy of all hardy water-plants ; still not alone on that 
account deserving naturalisation, but also because its root is 
edible. If once established this plant maintains its ground well, 
and might occupy spots neither arable nor otherwise utilised. 

Salix alba, Linne. 

The Huntingdon or Silky "Willow of Europe, originally pro- 
bably from Middle Asia. Available for wet places not 
otherwise utilised. Height eighty feet, circumference of stem 
twenty feet; wood light and elastic, available for carpenter's 
work and implements, bark for tanning. The Golden Osier, 
Salix vitellina (L.) is a variety. The shoots are used for 
hoops and wickerwork. With other large Willows and 
Poplars one of the best scavengers for back yards, where 
drainage cannot readily be applied; highly valuable also for 
forming lines along narrow watercourses or valleys in forests, 
to stay bush-fires. The charcoal excellent for gunpowder. 
The wood in demand for matches. 

Salix Babylonica, Tournefort. 

The Weeping Willow, indigenous in West Asia as far as 
Japan, sparingly wild, according to Stewart, in the 
Himalayas, probably also in Persia, Kurdistan and China. 
One of the most grateful of all trees for the facility of its 
culture, rapidity of growth, and fitness for embellishments, 
also as one of the quickest growing and most easily reared 
of all shade-trees. Dr. C. Koch distinguishes another 
Weeping Willow as S. elegantis sima from Japan. 
Important for consolidating river-banks. 

Salix Capensis, Thunberg. {S. Gariepina, Burchell.) 

South Africa. This Willow might be introduced on account 
of its resemblance to the ordinary Weeping Willow. S. 
daphnoides (YiH.) of Europe and Asia, S. petiolaris (Smith), 
S. cordata (Muehlenb.), S. tristis (Ait.), of North America, 
are among the best for binding sand. S. longifolia 
(Muehlenb.), also North American, is among those which 
form long flexible withes. 

p2 



212 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Salix caprea, Linne. 

Europe, North and Middle Asia. Tlie British Sallow or 
Hedge Willow; gTOws also to a tree; wood useful for handles 
and other implements, the shoots for hoops. It is largely em- 
ployed for the coal for gunpowder. Bark for tanning, parti- 
cularly glove-leather. The flowers are eagerly sought by 
bees. It is the earliest flowering Willow. 

Salix cordata, Muehlenberg. 

One of the Osiers of North America. 

Salix daphnoides, Yillars. 

Middle Europe and Northern Asia, as far as the Amoor, 
ascending to 15,000 feet in the Himalayas. A tree of sixty 
feet in height, of remarkable rapidity of growth, attaining 
twelve feet in four years. It is much chosen to fijc the 
ground at railway embankments, on sandy ridges and slopes, 
for which purpose its long-spreading and strong roots render 
it particularly fit. The twigs can be used for baskets and 
wickerwork and twig-bridges (Stewart and Brandis). The 
foliage furnishes cattle-fodder. The tree is comparatively 
rich in Salicine, like S. pentandra (L.) 

Salix fragilis, Linne. 

The Crack- Willow. Indigenous in South-Western Asia. 
Height ninety feet, stem to twenty feet in girth. A variety 
of this species is the Bedford- Willow, Salix Busselliana 
(Smith), which yields a light elastic tough timber, more 
tannin in its bark than oak, and more Salicine (a substitute 
for quinine and most valuable as an anti-rheumatic remedy) 
than most congeners. One of the dwarf American Willows, 
perhaps S. tristis (Aiton) has been traced on the coast- 
sands of California to send out root-like stems uj) to 120 feet 
length. 

Salix Humboldtiana, Willdenow. 

Through a great part of South America. This Willow is of 
pyramidal habit, attains a height of fifty feet and more. The 
wood is much in use for yokes and other implements. Many 
kinds of Willow can be grown for consolidating shifting sand 
ridges. 

Salix lucida, Muehlenberg. 

One of the Osiers of North America. 

Salix nigra, Marshall. (S. Purshiana, Sprengel.) 

The Black Willow of North America. It attains a height 
of twenty-five feet. The Black Willow is one used for 
basket-work, although it is surpassed in excellence by some 
other species, and is more important as a timber- Willow. 
Mr. W. Scaling, of Basford, includes it among the sorts. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



213 



which he recommends in his valuable publication ''The 
Willow" (London, 1871). 

Salix purpurea, Linne.* 

Of wide range in Euroj^e and West Asia. One of the Osiers. 
In deep moist soil, not readily otherwise utilised, it will 
yield annually four to five tons of the best of rods, qualified 
for the finest work. Impenetrable, not readily inflammable 
screens twenty-five feet high can be reared from it in five 
years. In localities exposed to storm willow-screens fully 
forty feet high can be raised. It is invaluable also for the 
reclamation of land along water-courses. Hich in Salicine. 
From Mr. Scaling's treatise on the Willow, resting on un- 
rivalled experience, it will be observed, that he anew urges 
the adoption of the Bitter Willow (also called the Hose- 
Willow or the Whipcord- Willow), S. purpurea (L.), for 
game-proof hedges, this species scarcely ever being touched 
by cattle, rabbits and other herbivorous animals. Not only 
for this reason, but also for its very rapid growth and 
remunerative yield of the very best of basket-material he 
recommends it for field-hedges. Cuttings are planted only 
half a foot apart, and must be entirely pushed into the 
ground. The annual produce from such a hedge is worth 4s. 
to 5 s. for the chain. For additional strength the shoots can 
be interwoven. In rich bottoms they will grow from seven 
feet to thirteen feet in a year. The supply of basket- 
material from this species has fallen very far short of the 
demand in England. The plant grows vigorously on Kght 
soil or warp-land, but not on clay. S. rubra (Huds.), is also 
admirably adapted for hedges. The real Osier, S. viminalis 
(L.), is distinguished by basket-makers as the soft- wooded 
Willow, and is the best for rods requiring two years' age, 
and also the most eligible for hoops, but inferior to several 
other species for basket-manufacture. S. triandra (L) is a 
prominent representative of the hard-wooded basket- Willows, 
and comprises some of the finest varieties in use of the 
manufacturers. A crop in the third year after planting from 
an acre weighs about 12 tons, worth £3 for the ton. S. 
fragilis (L.) and S. alba (L.) are more important as timber- 
Willows, and for growing hoop-shoots. Their rapidity of 
growth recommends them also for shelter-plantations, to 
which advantage may be added their uninflammability and 
their easy propagation; the latter quality they share with 
most Willows. Mr. Scaling's renewed advocacy for the 
formation of Willow-plantations comes with so much force, 
that his advice is here given though condensed in a few 
words. Osier-plantations come into full bearing already in 



214 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



tlie third year; they bear for ten years and then slowly 
decline. The raw-produce from an acre in a year averages 
6 tons to 7^ tons, ranging in price from £2 10s. to £3 10s. 
for the ton (unpeeled). Although 7000 acres are devoted in 
Britain to the culture of basket- Willows (exclusive of 
spinneys and plantations for the farmers' own use), yet in 
1866 there had to be imported from the continent 4400 tons 
of Willow-branches, at a value of .£44,000, while besides the 
value of the made baskets imported in that year was equal 
to the above sum. Land comparatively valueless for root- or 
grain-crops can be used very remuneratively for Osier- 
plantations. The soft-wooded Willows like to gi^ow in 
damper ground than the hard-wooded species. The best 
peeled Willow-branches fetch as much as £25 for the ton. 
Peeling is best effected by steam, by which means the 
material is also increased in durability. No basket-Willow 
will thrive in stagnant water. Osier-plantations in humid 
places should therefore be drained. The cuttings are best 
taken from branches one or two years old, and are to be 
planted as close as one foot by one and a half foot. No part 
of the cutting must remain uncovered, in order that only 
straight shoots may be obtained ; manuring and ploughing 
between the rows is thus also facilitated, after the crop has 
been gathered, and this, according to the approved Belgian 
method, must be done by cutting the shoots close to the 
gTound after the fall of the leaves. 

Salix rubra, Hudson.* 

Throughout Europe, also in West Asia and North Africa; it 
is much chosen for osier-beds. When cut down, it will make 
shoots eight feet long in a season. Porcher regards it as one 
of the most valuable species for work in which unpeeled rods 
are used. 

Sallx tetrasperma, Roxburgh. 

Mountains of India, from 2000 to 7000 feet. Height of tree 
forty feet. This thick- stemmed Willow is worthy of a place 
on the banks of our watercourses. The twigs can be worked 
into baskets, the wood serves for gunpowder, the foliage for 
cattle-food. 

Salix triandra, Linne.* (^S'. amygdalina, Linne). 

The Almond- Willow, through nearly all Europe and extra- 
tropical Asia. Height of tree thirty feet. Shoots nine feet 
long, for hoops and white basket-work, being pliant and 
durable. The bark contains a good deal of Salicine. S. 
lanceolata (Smith) is a hybrid between S. triandra and S. 
viminalis, according to Andersson. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



215 



Salix viminaliSj Linne.* 

The common Osier of Europe and North and West Asia ; 
attains the height of thirty feet. One of the best for wicker- 
work and hoops; when cut it shoots up to a length of twelve 
feet. It would lead too far to enumerate even the more im- 
portant Willows all on this occasion. Professor Andersson, 
of Stockholm, admits 158 species. Besides these, numerous 
hybrids exist. Many of the taller of these Willows could 
here be grown to advantage. 

Salvia officinalis, Linne. 

The Garden Sage. Countries at the Mediterranean Sea. A 
somewhat shrubby plant of medicinal value, pervaded by 
essential oil. Prefers calcareous soil. Among nearly half 
a thousand species of this genus some are gorgeously 
ornamental. 
Sambucus Canadensis, Linne. 

North-East America. The berries of this half- woody Elder 
are used as well as those of Phytolacca decandra for colouring 
vinous liquids. S. xanthocarpa (F. v. Mueller) is a large 
Elder-tree of extra-tropic East Australia. 

Sambucus nigra, Linne. 

The ordinary Eider. Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. 
The flowers are of medicinal value, and an essential oil can 
be obtained from them. The wood can be utilised for shoe- 
pegs and other purposes of artisans. The berries are used for 
colouring port- wine and for other purposes of dye. 

Sanguinaria Canadensis, Linne. 

North- East America. A perennial herb. The root impor- 
tant as a therapeutic agent, contains also dye-principles. 

Sanguisorba minor, Scopoli. {Poterium Sanguisorha, Linne.) 
The Salad Burnet. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle 
Asia. A perennial, easily disseminated and naturalised herb, 
particularly adapted for calcareous soils. Serves as salad and 
particularly as a sheep-fodder. 

Sanseviera Zeilanica, Willdenow. 

India. This thick-leaved liliaceous plant should not be 
passed in this enumeration, as it has proved hardy in places 
free of frost. Eour pounds of leaves give about one pound of 
fibre, which unites with softness and silky lustre extraordi- 
nary strength and tenacity, serving in its native country for 
bowstrings. The plant might be left to itself in rocky 
unutilised places. Several allied species exist. 

Santalum album, Linne. 

India, ascending to the temperate elevations of Mysore. A 
small or middle-sized tree, famed for its fragrant wood and 



216 



SELECT PLANTS EEADILY ELIGIBLE 



roots. In the drier and stony parts of ranges the greatest 
fragrance of the wood is generated. S. Freycenetianum 
(Gaudichaud) produces sandal- wood on the mountains of the 
Sandwich Islands, up to 3000 feet. Several other species 
occur in Polynesia. The precious sandal-oil is obtained by 
slow distillation from the heartwood and root, the yield being 
about two and a-half per cent. 

Santalum cygnorum, Miquel. 

South- Western Australia, where this tree yields scented 
sandal-wood. 

Santalum Prelssianum, Miquel. (S. acuminatum, A. de 
Candolle.) 

The Quandong. Desert-country of extra-tropical Australia. 
The fruits of this small tree are called Native Peaches. As 
both the succulent outer part and kernel are edible, it is ad- 
visable to raise the plant in desert-tracts, where the species 
does not occur, since moreover it becomes gradually sacrificed 
on many native places by pasture operations. 

Santalum Yasi, Seemann. 

The Sandal-tree of the Fiji Islands, where it grows on dry 
and rocky hills. It is likely to prove hardy here, and 
deserves with a few other species from the South Sea Islands, 
yielding scented wood, test-culture in the warmest parts of 
our colony. 

Santolina cyparissias, Linne. 

Countries at the Mediterranean Sea. A very aromatic and 
handsome bush, of medicinal value. There are several allied 
species. 

Saponaria officinalis, Linn6. 

The Soapwort or Fuller's Herb. Europe, North and Middle 
Asia. A perennial herb of some technologic interest, as the 
root can be employed with advantage in some final processes 
of washing silk and wool, to which it imparts a peculiar 
gloss and dazzling whiteness, without injuring in the least the 
most sensitive colours. Experiments instituted in the labo- 
ratory of the Botanic Garden of Melbourne render it highly 
probable that Saponin, which produces the froth from the 
Soapwort, is also present in the bark and root of Acacia 
(Albizzia) lophanta (W.) At all events a substance closely 
resembling Saponin was unexpectedly detected (in the course 
of other investigations entrusted to Mr. Rummel) in the 
bark of this Acacia, and this substance occurred in so large 
a proportion as to constitute 10 per cent, of the dry bark. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



217 



Sassafras officinale, Hayne. 

Tlie deciduous Sassafras-tree, indigenous from Canada to 
riorida, in dry open woods. Height lifty feet. It furnishes the 
medicinal Sassafras bark and wood, and from this again an 
essential oil is attainable. The deciduous and often jagged 
leaves are remarkable among those of Lauracese. 

Satureja hortensis, Linn^. 

The Summer Savory. Countries around the Mediterranean 
Sea. An annual scent-herb, from which an essential aromatic 
oil can be distilled. The culture of this and allied plants is 
easy in the extreme. 

Satureja montana, Linne. 

The Winter Savory. On arid hilly places at and near the 
Mediterranean Sea. A perennial somewhat shrubby herb, 
frequently used as a culinary condiment along with or in 
place of the foregoing species, although it is scarcely equal to 
it in fragrance. 

Satureja Thymbra, Linne. 

Countries at or near the Mediterranean Sea. A small ever- 
green bush, with the flavour almost of thyme. The likewise 
odorous S. Graeca (L.) and S. Juliana (L.) have been trans- 
ferred by Bentham to the closely cognate genus Micromeria ; 
they are in use since Dioscorides' time, though not repre- 
senting, as long supposed, the Hyssop of that ancient phy- 
sician. 

Saussurea Lappa, Bentham. (Ra2jlotaxis Zappa, Decaisne.) 

Cashmere. The aromatic root of this perennial species is of 

medicinal value, and by some considered to be the Costus of 

the ancients. 
Saxono-Gotlisea conspicua, Lindley. 

The Mahin of Southern Chili. A middle-sized tree, with 

fine-grained yellowish timber. 

Scandix grandiflora, Linne. 

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An annual herb, 
much liked there as a salad for its pleasant aromatic taste. 

Schizostacliyum Blumei, Nees. 

Java, at an elevation of about 3000 feet. A lofty Bamboo. 
A few other species, less elevated, occur in China, the 
South Sea and Philippine Islands and Madagascar. The 
genus might well be united with Melocanna. The Bam- 
boos being brought once more thus before us, it may 
be deemed advisable to place together into one brief 
list all other kinds which are recorded either as very 
tall or as particularly hardy. Accordingly, from Major- 
General Munro's admirable monography ("Linnean Trans- 



SELECT PLANTS KEADILY ELIGIBLE 

actions," 1868), the succeeding enumeration is compiled, and 
from that masterly essay, resting on very many years' close 
study of the richest collections, a few prefatory remarks are 
likewise offered, to vindicate the wish of the writer of seeing 
these noble and graceful forms of vegetation largely trans- 
ferred to every part of Australia, where they would impress 
a grand tropical feature on the landscapes. Even in our far 
southern latitudes Bamboos from the Indian lowlands have 
proved to resist our occasional night-frosts of the low country. 
But in colder places the many sub-alpine species could be 
reared. Be it remembered that Chusquea aristata advances 
to an elevation of 15,000 feet on the Andes of Quito, indeed 
to near the zone of perpetual ice. Arundinaria falcata, A. 
racemosa and A. spathiflora live on the Indian highlands, at 
a zone between 10,000 and 11,000 feet, where they are 
annually beaten down by snow. We may further recognise 
the great importance of these plants, when we reflect on 
their manifest industrial uses, or when we consider their 
grandeur for picturesque scenery, or when we observe their 
resistance to storms or heat, or when we watch the mar- 
vellous rapidity in which many develop themselves. Their 
seeds, though generally only in long intervals produced, are 
valued in many instances higher than rice. The ordinary 
great Bamboo of India is known to grow forty feet in forty 
days, when bathed in the moist heat of the jungles. The 
Bourbon Bamboo forms an impenetrable sub-alpine belt of 
extraordinary magnificence in yonder island. One of the 
Tenasserim Bambusas rises to 150 feet, with a diameter of 
the mast-like cane sometimes measuring fully one foot. The 
great West Indian Arthrostylidium is sometimes nearly as 
high and quite as columnar in its form, while the Dendro- 
calamus at Pulo Geum is equally colossal. The Platonia 
Bamboo of the highest wooded moimtains of Parama sends 
forth leaves fifteen feet in length and one foot in width. 
Arundinaria macrosperma as far north as Philadelphia rises 
still in favourable spots to a height of nearly forty feet. 
Through perforating with artistic care the huge canes of 
various Bamboos musical sounds can be melodiously produced 
when the air wafts through the groves, and this singular fact 
may possibly be turned to practice for checking the devasta- 
tions from birds on many a cultured spot. Altogether twenty 
genera with 170 well-marked species are cii^cumscribed by 
General Mum-o's consummate care; but how may these 
treasures yet be enriched, when once the snowy mountains of 
New Guinea through Bamboo jungles become ascended, or 
when the alps on the sources of the Nile, which Ptolemseus 
and Julius Caesar already longed to ascend, have become the 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CQLTURE. 



219 



territoiy also of pliytologic researches, not to speak of many 
other tropical regions as yet left unexplored. Europe pos- 
sesses no Bamboo; Australia as far as hitherto ascertained 
only one (in the interior of Arnhem's Land). Almost all 
Bamboos are local, and there seems really no exception to 
the fact, that none are indigenous to both hemispheres, all 
true Bambusas being Oriental. Observations on the growth 
of many Bamboos in Italy are recently offered by Chevalier 
Fenzi. 

The introduction of these exquisite plants is one of the easiest 
imaginable^ either from seeds or the living roots. The 
consuls at distant ports, the missionaries, the mercantile and 
navigating gentlemen abroad, and so particularly also any 
travellers, could all easily aid in transferring the various 
Bamboos from one country to the other — from hemisphere to 
hemisphere. Most plants of this kind here with us, once 
well established in strength under glass, can be trusted out to 
permanent locations with perfect and lasting safety at the 
commencement of the warm season. Indeed, Bamboos are 
hardier than most intra-tropical plants, and the majority of 
them are not the denizens of the hottest tropical lowlands, 
but delight in the cooler aii' of mountain regions. In select- 
ing the following array from General Munro's monography, 
it must be noted, that it comprises only a limited nimiber, 
and that among those, which are already to some extent 
known, but as yet camiot be defined Avith precision in their 
generic and specific relation, evidently some occur which in 
elegance, grace and utility surpass even many of those now 
specially mentioned : — 

Arundinaria Japonica, S. and Z. Japan. Height to twelve 
feet. 

Arundinaria verticillata, Nees. Brazil. Height to fifteen 
feet. 

Arundinaria dehilis, Thwaites. Ceylon; ascends to 8000 

feet. A tall species. 
Arundinaria acuminata, Mimro. Mexico. Height to twenty 

feet. 

Arundinaria tesselata, Munro. South Africa; ascends to 

6500 feet. Height to twenty feet. 
Arundinaria callosa, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6000 

feet. Height to twelve feet. 
Arundinaria Khasiana, Munro. Himalaya ; ascends to 6000 

feet. Height to twelve feet. 
Arundinaria Hookeriana, Munro. Sikkim; ascends to 7000 

feet. Height to fifteen feet. 



220 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Arundinaria suberecta, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 4500 

feet. Height to fifteen feet. 
TJiamnocalamus Falconeri, J. Hook. Himalaya; ascends to 

8000 feet. Tall. 
Tliamnocalamus spathiflorus, Mum'O. Himalaya; ascends to 

11,000 feet. Tall. 
Pliyllostachys hambusoides, S. and Z. Himalaya, China and 

J apan. Height to twelve feet. 
Pliyllostachys nigra, Munro. China, Japan. Height to 

twenty-five feet. 
Arthrostylidium longijlorum, Munro. Venezuela; ascends to 

6000 feet. 

Arthrostylidium Schomburgkii, Mum-o. Guiana; ascends to 

6000 feet. Height to sixty feet. 
Arthrostylidium excelsum, Griseb. West India. Height to 

eighty feet, diameter one foot. 
Arthrostylidium racemiflorum, Steudel. Mexico; ascends to 

7500 feet. Height to thirty feet. 
Aulonemia Quexo, Goudot. New Granada, Venezuela, in 

cool regions. Tall, climbing. 
Merostachys ternata, Nees. South Brazil. Height to twenty 

feet. 

Merostachys Clausseni, Munro. South Brazil. Height to 
eighty feet. 

Merostachys Kunthii, Buprecht. South Brazil. Height to 
thirty feet. 

Chusquea simplicijiora, Munro. Panama. Height to eighty 

feet. Scandent. 
Chusquea abietifolia, Griseb. West India. Tall, scandent. 
Chusquea Culcou, E. Desv. Chili. Height to twenty feet. 

Straight. 

Chusquea uniflora, Steudel. Central America. Height to 
twenty feet. 

Chusquea Galleottiana, Buprecht. Mexico; ascends to 8000 
feet. 

Chusquea montana, Philippi. Chili Andes. Height to ten 
feet. 

Chusquea Domheyana, Kunth. Peru; ascends to 6000 feet. 

Height to ten feet. 
Chusquea Fendleri, Mum'o. Central America; ascends to 

12,000 feet. 

Chusquea scandens, Kunth. Colder Central America. Climb- 
ing, tall. 

Chusquea Quila, Kunth. Chili. Tall. 

Chusquea tenuijiora, Philippi. Chili. Height to twelve feet. 
Chusquea Gaudichaudiana, Kunth. South Brazil. Very tall. 
Chusquea capitulijlora, Trinius. South Brazil. Veiy tall. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



221 



Platonia nohilis, Munro. New Granada, colder region. 
JVastus Borhmiiciis, Gmel. Bourbon, Sumatra- ascends to 

4000 feet. Height to fifty feet. 
Guadua Tagoara, Kunth. South Brazil; ascends to 2000 

feet. Height to thirty feet. 
Guadua macrostachya, Bupr. Guiana to Brazil. Height 

to thirty feet. 

Guadua capitata, Munro. South Brazil. Height to twenty 
feet. 

Guadua virgata, E-upr. South Brazil. Height to twenty- 
five feet. 

Guadua refract a, Munro. Brazil. Height to thirty feet. 
Guadua paniculata, Munro, Brazil. Height to thirty feet. 
Bamhusa Tulda, Boxb. Bengal to Burmah. Height to 
seventy feet. 

Bamhusa nutans, Wall. Himalaya; ascends to 7000 feet. 
Bamhusa tuldoides, Munro. China, Hong Kong, Formosa. 
Bamhusa pallida, Munro. Bengal to Khasia; ascends to 

3500 feet. Height to fifty feet. 
Bamhusa polymorpha, Munro. Burmah, in the Teak-region. 

Height to eighty feet. 
Bamhusa Balcooa, Boxb. Bengal to Assam. Height to 

seventy feet. 

Bamhusa flexuosa, Munro. China. Height to twelve feet. 
Bamhusa Beecheyana, Munro. China. Height to twenty 
feet. 

Bamhusa marginata, Munro. Tenasserim ; ascends to 5000 

feet. Tall, scandent. 
Bamhusa regia, Th. Thomson. Tenasserim. Height to forty 

feet. 

Bamhusa Brandisii, Munro. Tenasserim ; ascends to 4000 
feet. Height to 120 feet, circumference 2 feet. 

Gigantochloa heterostachya, Munro. Malacca. Height to 
thirty feet. 

Oxytenanthera A hyssinica, Munro. Abyssinia to Angola ; 

ascends to 4000 feet. Height to fifty feet. 
Oxytenanthera alho-ciliata, Munro. Begu, Moulmein. Tall, 

scandent. 

Cephalostachyum capitatum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 

6000 feet. Height to thirty feet, 
Cephalostachyum palliditm, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 

5000 feet. Tall, 
Cephalostachyum J^:>er^rac^^e, Munro. Burmah. Height to 

forty feet. 

Pseudostachyum polymorphum, Munro, Himalaya; ascends 

to 6000 feet. Yery tall, 
Teinostachyum Griffithi, Munro. Burmah. Tall and slender. 



222 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Beesha stridula, Munro. Ceylon. 

JBeesha capitata, Munro. Madagascar. Height to fifty feet. 
Dendrocalamus sericeus, Munro. Behar; ascends to 4000 feet. 
Tall. 

Dendrocalamus flagellifer, Munro. Malacca. Very tall. 
Dendrocalamus Hookeri, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6000 

feet. Height to fifty feet. 
Dendrocalamus Hamiltoni, Nees. Himalaya; ascends to 

6000 feet. Height to sixty feet. 
Dinochloa Tjankorreh, Buehse. Java, Philippines; ascends 

to 4000 feet. Climbing. 

Schizostachyum brachycladum, Kurz. 

Sunda Islands and Moluccas. Stems to forty feet high, very 
hollow. The short branches give to this Bamboo a peculiar 
habit. One variety has splendidly yellow stems. 

Schizostachyum elegantissimum, Kurz. 

Java, at elevations from 3000 to 6000 feet. Unlike all other 
Baml)oos, this bears flowers at an age of three years, and is 
therefore of special importance for scenic effect. Height up 
to twenty-five feet, stems stout. It requires, like many allied 
plants, renewal after flowering. 

Schizostachyum Hasskarlianum, Kurz. 

Java. This and S. serpentinum afibrd the best kinds of Bam- 
boo vegetables for cookery, the young shoots, when bursting 
out of the gTOund, being used for the purpose. Kurz mentions 
as culinary *'E.ebong" Bamboos: — Gigantochloa aspera, G-. 
robusta, G. maxima, G. atter. For ornamental culture the 
same meritorious writer singles out Schizostachyum brachy- 
cladum, the varieties of Bambusa vulgaris with gaudy, glossy 
colouring of the stems, in contrast with the black-stemmed 
species of Phyllostachys from China and Japan. 

Schizostachyum irratum, Steudel. 

Sunda Islands and Moluccas. Stems to thirty feet high, re- 
markably slender. 

Schizostachyum Zollingeri, Steudel. 

Hills of Java. Much cultivated. Height up to thirty-five 
feet, stems slender. 

Schoenocaulon officinale, A. Gray. (Asa-Graya officinalis, 
Lindley ; Sahadilla officinalis, Brandt and Dierbach.) 
Mountains of Mexico. A bulbous-rooted herb with leafless 
stem, thus far specially distinct from any "Veratrum. It fur- 
nishes the Sabadilla-seeds and yields two alkaloids : Yeratrin 
and Sabadillin; a resinous substance: Helonin; also Sabadillic 
and Veratric acid. The generic names adopted for this plant 
by Lindley and by Dierbach are coetaneous. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



223 



Sciadopitys verticillata, Siebold. 

The lofty and curious Umbrella-Fir of Japan, 140 feet high. 
Kesists severe frosts. Wood white and compact. 

Scilla esculenta, Ker. {Camassia esculenta, Lindley.) 

The Quamash. In the western extra- tropic parts of North 
America, on moist prairies. The onion-like bulbs in a roasted 
state form a considerable portion of the vegetable food, on 
which the aboriginal tribes of that part of the globe are living. 
It is a pretty plant, and might be naturalised here on our moist 
meadows. 

Sclerachne cyathopoda, F. v. Mueller. 

Tropical Australia. A perennial grass, valuable according to 
Mr. P. O'Shanesy for green feed, yielding a large return. 

Scorzonera crocifolia, Sibthorp. 

Greece. A perennial herb; the leaves, according to Dr. 
Heldreich, used there for a favourite salad and spinage. 

Scorzonera deliciosa, Gusson.* 

Sicily. One of the purple-flowered species ; equal, if not supe- 
rior, in its culinary use to the allied Salsify. 

Scorzonera Hispanica, Linne.* 

Middle and South Europe, Orient. The perennial root of 
this yellow-flowered herb furnishes not only a wholesome and 
palatable food, but also serves as a therapeutic remedy much 
like dandelion. Long boiling destroys its medicinal value. 
Some other kinds of Scorzonera may perhaps be drawn into 
similar use, there being many Asiatic species. 

Scorzonera tuberosa, Pallas. 

At the Yolga and in Syria. Also this species yields an 
edible root, and so perhaps the Chinese Sc. albicaulis (Bunge), 
the Persian Sc. Scowitzii (Cand.), the North African Sc. 
undulata (Yahl), the Greek Sc. ramosa (Sibth.), the Russian 
Sc. Astrachanica (Cand.), the Turkish Sc. semicana (Cand.), 
the Iberian Sc. lanata (Bieberst.). At all events careful 
culture may render them valuable esculents. 

Scutia Indica, Brogniart. 

South Asia. This, on Dr. Cleghorn's recommendation, might 
be introduced as a thorny hedge-shrub. 

Sebaea ovata, P. Brown. 

Extra-tropic Australia and New Zealand. This neat little 
annual herb can be utilised for its bitter tonic principle 
(Gentian-bitter). S. albidiflora (F. v. M.) is an allied species 
from somewhat saline ground. These plants disseminate 
themselves most readily. 



224 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Secale cereale, Linne.* 

The Rye. Orient, but perhaps wild only in the country 
between the Caspian and Black Seas. Mentioned here as 
the hardiest of all grain-plants for our highest alpine regions. 
There are annual and biennial varieties, while a few allied 
species, hitherto not generally used for fodder or cereal 
cultiu-e, are perennial. The Rye, though not so nutiitious as 
wheat, furnishes a most wholesome well-flavoured bread, 
which keeps for many days, and is most extensively used in 
Middle and North Europe and Asia. The grain moreover 
can be reared in poor soil and cold climates, where wheat 
will no longer thiive. In produce of grain Rye is not 
inferior to wheat in colder countries, while the yield of 
straw is larger, and the culture less exhaustive. It is a 
hardy cereal, not readily subject to disease, and can be grown 
on some kinds of peaty or sandy or moory ground. The 
sowing must not be effected at a period of much wetness. 
Wide sand-tracts would be uninhabitabe, if it were not for the 
facility to provide human sustenance from this grateful corn. 
It dislikes moist ground. Sandy soil gives the best grain. 
It is a very remarkable fact, that since ages in some tracts of 
Europe, Rye has been prolifically cultivated from year to 
year without interruption. In this respect Rye stands 
favourably alone among alimentary plants. It furnishes in 
cold countries also the earliest green-fodder, and the return 
is large. Dr. Sender observed in cultivated turf-heaths with 
much humus, that the spikelets produce three or even four 
fertile florets, and thus each spike will yield up to eighty 
beautiful seeds, Langethal recommends for argillaceous soils 
a mixture of early varieties of wheat and rye, the united crops 
furnishing gTain for excellent bread. When the Rye-grain 
becomes attacked by Cordyceps purpurea (Fr.), or very similar 
species of fungi, then it becomes dangerously unwholesome, but 
then also a very important medicinal substance, namely Ergot, 
is obtained. The biennial Wallachian variety of Rye can be 
mown or depastured prior to the season of its forming 
gTain. In alpine regions Wallachian Rye is sown with 
pine-seeds, for shelter of the pine-seedlings in the fii'st year. 

Secale creticum, Linne. 

Though probably only a variety of S. cereale (L.), it deserves 
specially to be mentioned as furnishing a bread of pecuKar taste. 

Sechium edule, Swartz. 

West India. The Chocho or Chayota. The large root of 
this climber can be consumed as a culinary vegetable, while 
the good-sized fruits are also edible. The plant comes in 
climates like ours to perfection. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



225 



Selinum anesorrhizum, F. v. Muller. {Anesorrhiza Capen- 
sis, Ch. and Schl.) 
South Africa. The root of this biennial herb is edible. A. 
montana (Eckl. and Zejh.), a closely allied plant, yields like- 
wise an edible root, and so it is with a few other species of 
the section Anesorrhiza. 

Selinum Monnieri, Linne. 

From East Asia now extending to South Europe, preferring 
moist places. An annual herb, praised by the Chinese as 
valuable for medicinal purposes. 
Sequoia sempervirens, Endlicher.* [Taxodium sempervirens, 
Lambert.) 

Red- Wood or Bastard-Cedar of North- West America, chiefly 
California. A splendid tree, 360 feet high, occasionally with 
a diameter of the stem of fifty-five feet. The wood is reddish, 
close-veined, but light and brittle. One of the most colossal 
trees of the globe. Its growth is about thirty-two feet in six- 
teen years. Often found on metamorphic sandstone. 

Sequoia Wellingtonia, Seemann.* {Wellingtonia gigantea, 
Lindley.) 

Mammoth-tree. California, up to 5000 feet above the sea. 
This, the biggest of all trees, attains a stem of 320 feet in 
length and 112 feet in circumference, the oldest trees being 
estimated at 1100 years. The total height of a tree will 
occasionally be 450 feet. A stem broken at 300 feet had yet 
a diameter of eighteen feet. The wood is soft and white 
when felled, afterwards it turns red. Traditional accounts 
seem to have overrated the height of the Mammoth-tree. In 
the Calaveras-grove two of the largest trees, which may have 
been the tallest of all, were destroyed; the two highest now 
existing there are respectively 325 and 319 feet high, with a 
circumference of forty-five and forty feet at six feet from the 
ground. At the Mariposa-grove the highest really measured 
trees are 272, 270 and 260 feet high, but one of these has the 
enormous circumference of sixty-seven feet at six feet from 
the ground, while another, the height of which is not recorded, 
is ninety-three feet in girth at the ground and sixty-four feet 
at eleven feet from it; the branches of this individual tree 
are as thick as the stems of large Elms. The height of the 
Calaveras-groA^e is 4760 feet above sea-level. Both Sequoias 
produce shoots from the root after the stem is cut away. 

Sesamum Indicum, Linne. 

The Gingili. Southern Asia, extending eastwards to Japan. 
This annual herb is cultivated as far as 42° north latitude. 
The oil, fresh expressed from the seeds, is the best for table 
use ; free of any impleasant taste. In Greece the seeds are 

Q 



226 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



often sprinkled over cakes. One of the advantages of tlie 
culture of this plant consists in its quick return of produce. 
The soot of the oil is used for China-ink. 

Sesbania aculeata, Persoon. 

The Danchi. Intra-tropical and sub-tropical Asia, Africa 
and Australia. This tall annual plant has proved adapted 
for our desert-regions. It yields a tough fibre for ropes, nets 
and cordage, valued at from £30 to £40 for the ton. Several 
congeneric plants can be equally well utilised. 

Sesbania cannabina, Persoon. 

South Asia. An annual herb of easy gro^vth in wet 
localities, requiring less attention in weeding and otherwise 
than the Jute-plant. The crop for fibre ripens in about five 
months. 

Sesleria coerulea, Axduino.* 

Most parts of Europe. Of this perennial grass Langethal ob- 
serves, that it is for dry and loose limestone what Elymus are- 
narius is for loose sand. It stands well depasturing by sheep 
and is one of the earliest grasses in the season. S. dacty- 
loides, Nuttall (Buchloa dactyloides, Torrey), is the Bufialo- 
grass of Kansas. 

Sesuvium Portulacastmm, Linne. 

All around the globe on the shores of tropical and some sub- 
tropical countries, occurring naturally as far south as Port 
Jackson. A perennial creeping herb, fit to fix the sandy silt 
on the edges of sea-coasts. 

Sbepherdia argentea, Nuttall. 

The Bufialo-Berry. Erom the Missouri to Hudson's Bay. 
This bush bears red acidulous edible berries. 

Shorea robusta, Gaertner. 

The Sal -tree. India, up to 3000 feet. It attains as a maxi- 
mum a height of 150 and a gii^th of 25 feet. One of the most 
famed of Indian timber-trees. It could likely be grown in 
the warm forest-valleys of East Gipps Land. Drs. Stewart 
and Brandis found it on sandstone, conglomerate, gravelly 
and shingly ground, where loose water-transmitting soils are 
mixed with a large portion of vegetable mould. The climatic 
conditions within a Sal-area may be expressed as : — Mean an- 
nual rainfall, 40 to 100 inches; mean temperature, in the cool 
season 55° to 77°, in the hot season 77° to 85° F. Sal will 
stand the occasional sinking of the temperature below freezing- 
point. The heart-wood is dark-brown, coarse-grained, hard, 
very heavy, strong, tough, with fibrous cross-structure, the 
fibres interlaced. For buildings, river-boats and railway- 
sleepers it is the most important timber of North India. It 
exudes a pale, aromatic, Dammar-like resin. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



227 



Shorea Talura, Eoxburgli. (aS'. laccifera, Heyne.) 

India, abounding in Mysore, where South European fruits 
prosper. On this tree also the Lac-insect lives. It furnishes 
a peculiar Dammar. 

Sison Amomunij Linne. 

Middle and South Eui-ope. A herb of one or two years' 
duration. It grows best on soil rich in lime. The seeds can 
be used for condiment. 

Smilax officinalis, Humboldt. 

Kew Granada and other parts of Central America. This 
climbing shi'ub produces at least a portion of the Columbian 
Sarsaparilla. 

Smilax medica, Chamisso and Schlechtendal. 

Mexico. This plant produces mainly the Sarsaparilla-root of 
that country. 

Smilax papyracea, Duhamel. 

Guiana to Brazil. The origin of the principal supply of 
Brazilian Sarsaparilla is ascribed to this species, although 
several others of this genus, largely represented in Brazil, 
may yield the medicinal root also. In our fern-tree gullies 
these plants would likely succeed in establishing themselves. 
Smilax Australis (E. Br.), extends from the tropical coast- 
parts of Australia to East Gipps Land. Neither this, nor 
the East Australian S. glycyphylla (Smith) nor the New 
Zealand Bipogonum scandens (Forst.) have ever been sub- 
jected to accurate therapeutic tests, and the same may be 
said of numerous other Smilaces, scattered through the 
warmer countries of the globe. The Italian Sarsaparilla, 
which is derived from the Mediterranean S. aspera (L.), has 
been introduced into medicine. 

Smilax rotundifoliaj Linne. 

Eastern States of North America and Canada. A prickly 
climber ^^-ith deciduous foliage. An immense local use is 
made of the roots for the bowls of tobacco-pipes, clay pipes 
being there almost miknown. It is estimated that nearly 
three millions of these briar-root pipes are now made a-year. 
The reed-portion of these pipes is generally prepared from 
Alnus serrulata (Meehan). 

Smyrnium Olusatrum, Linne. 

The Alisander. Middle and South Em-ope, North Africa, 
Western Asia. A biennial herb, which raw or boiled can be 
utilised in the manner of Celery. The roots and the fruit- 
lets serve medicinal purposes. 

Q 2 



228 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Solanum ^thiopicum, Linne. 

Tropical Africa. Cultivated there and elsewhere on account 
of its edible berries, which are large, red, globular and 
uneven. The plant is annual, 

Solanum Dulcamara, Linne, 

Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. A 
trailing half-shrub, with deciduous leaves. The stems are 
used in medicine, and contain two alkaloids : Dulcamarin and 
Solanin. 

Solanum edule, Schumacher and Thonning. 

Guinea. The berry is of the size of an apple, yellow and 
edible, 

Solanum Fendleri, Asa Gray. 

New Mexico. A new kind of Potato, enduring a tempera- 
ture of zero. Mr. Meehan's endeavours to obtain good-sized 
tubers have as yet not been successful. The following jDlants 
are also spoken of by Dr. Rosenthal and others as new kinds 
of Potato, perhaps to be developed through cultivation: S. 
demissum (Lindley), S. cardiophyllum (Lindley), S. utile 
(Klotzsch), S, verrucosum (Schlechtendal), S. Bulbocastanum 
(Dunal), S. stoloniferum (Schlechtendal), all from Mexico 
and some from elevations 10,000 feet high; S. Magiia 
(Molina) from Chili and S. immite (Dunal) from Peru. 

Solanum Gilo, Raddi. 

Tropical America; much cultivated there for the sake of it& 
large spherical orange-coloured berries, which are eatable. 

Solanum Guinense, La March. 

Within the tropics of both hemispheres. The berries of this 
shrub serve as a dye of various shades, particularly violet, 
for silk. 

Solanum indigoferum, St. Hilaire. 

Southern Brazil. A dye-shrub, deserving here trial-culture. 

Solanum Lycopersicum, Linne. {Lycopersicum esculentum. 
Mill.) 

The Tomato. South America. Annual. Several varieties 
exist, differing in shape and colour of the berries. It is one 
of the most eligible plants with esculent fruits for naturalisa- 
tion in our desert-country. As well known, the Tomato is 
adapted for various culinary purposes. 

Solanum macrocarpum, Linne. 

Mauritius and Madagascar, A perennial herb. The berries 
are of the size of an apple, globular and yellow. S, Thonningi 
(F, Jacq.), from Guinea, is a nearly -related plant, S, calyci- 
num (Moc. et Sess,), from Mexico, is also allied. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



229 



Solanum Melongena, Liime. {S. ovigerum, Dunal; S. escu- 
lentum, Dunal.) 
The Egg-plant. India and some other parts of tropical Asia. 
A perennial plant, usually renewed in cultivation like an 
annual. The egg-shaped large berries are known under the 
name of Aubergines or Bringals or Begoons as culinary- 
esculents. Allied plants are: S. insanum (L.), S. longum 
(Roxb.), S. serpentinum (Desf.), S. undatum (Lam.), S. ferox 
(L.), S. pseudo-saponaceum (Blume), S. album (Lour.), which 
bear all large berries, considered harmless, but may not all 
represent well-marked species. Absolute ripeness of all such 
kinds of fruits is an unavoidable requisite, as otherwise even 
wholesome sorts may prove acrid or even poisonous. Pro- 
bably many other of the exceedingly numerous species of the 
genus Solanum may be available for good-sized edible berries. 

Solanum muricatum, L'Heritier. 

The Pepino of Peru. A shrubby species with egg-shaped edible 
berries, which are white with purple spots, and attain a length 
of six inches. 

Solanum Quitoense, La March. 

Ecuador, Peru. A shrubby plant. The berries resemble in 
size^ colour and taste small oranges, and are of a peculiar 
fragrance. To this the S. Plumierii (Dun.), from the West 
Indian Islands, is also cognate, and the S. Topii'o (Kunth), 
from the Orinoco. 

Solanum torvum, Swartz. 

From West India to Peru. A shrubby species with yellow 
spherical berries of good size, which seem also wholesome. 
Other species from tropical America have shown themselves 
sufficiently hardy for inducing us to recommend the test-culture 
of such kinds of plants. Many of them are highly curious and 
ornamental. 

Solanum tuberosum 5 -Liinne.^ 

The Potato. Andes of South America, particularly of Chili, 
but not absolutely trans-equatorial, as it extends into Colum- 
bia. It is also wild in the Argentine territory. As a starch- 
plant, the Potato interests us on this occasion particularly. 
Considering its prolific yield in our richer soil, we j^ossess as 
yet too few factories for Potato-starch. The latter, by being 
heated with mineral acids or malt, can be converted into Dex- 
trin and Dextro-Glucose for many purposes of the arts. Dex- 
trin, as a substitute for gum, is also obtainable by subjecting 
Potato-starch in a dry state to a heat of 400° F. Alcohol may 
be largely produced from the tubers. The berries and shoots 
contain Solanin. Baron von Liebig remarks: — "So far as its 
foliage is concerned, it is a lime-plant ; as regards its tubers, a 



230 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

potash-plant." Langethal says: — ^'It surpasses in easy range- 
of cultivation all other root-crops. Its culture suppresses- 
weeds and opens up the soil, besides preparing the land for 
cereals." Seeds of the Potato-berries should be sown in 
adapted places by explorers of new countries. The most for- 
midable Potato-disease of the last thirty years from the Pero- 
nospora infestans seems to have originated from the use of 
objectionable kinds of guano, to the introduction of which the 
murrain was contemporaneous. 
Solanum Uporo, Dunal. 

In many of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The large red 
spherical berries of this shrub can be used like Tomato. 

Solanum vescum, F. v. Mueller. 

The Gunyang. South-East Australia. A shrub yielding edible 
berries, which need, however, to be fully ripe for securing ab- 
sence of deleterious properties. 

Solanum xanthocarpum, Schrader and Wendland. 

North Africa and South Asia. A perennial herb. The berries 
are of the size of a cherry, and either yellow or scarlet. 

Sophora Japonica, Linne.* 

A deciduous tree of China and Japan, resembling the 
Laburnum, up to sixty feet high; wood hard and compact, 
valued for turner's work. All parts of the plant purgative ;. 
the flowers rich in a yellow dye, used for silk. 

Sophora tetraptera, Aiton. Far. Macnahiayia, Graham. 

The Pelu of Chili and Patagonia. A small tree with exceed- 
ingly hard and durable wood, much used for cog-wheels and 
similar structures. The wood differs much from that of S. 
Toramiro of the Easter Island (Dr. Philippi). 

Spartina cynosuroides, Willdenow. 

Eastern part of North America. A perennial grass of fresh- 
water swamps, there often-called Prairie-grass; it can be 
utilised for fodder, and its value as paper-material seems 
equal to that of Esparto. 

Spartina juncea, Willdenow. 

Salt marshes of North America. A grass with creeping 
roots ; it can be utilised to bind moist sand on the coast. A 
tough fibre can readily be obtained from the leaves. S. poly- 
stachya (W.) is a stately gi-ass, adapted for saliae soil. 

Spartina stricta, Eoth. 

Countries at the Mediterranean Sea, extending to Britain 
and also to North America. The twin-spiked Cord-grass. A 
rigid perennial with creeping roots, recommended for fixing 
and rendering solid any mud-flats on low shores and at the 
mouth of rivers; only suitable for brackish ground. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 231 

Spartium junceum, Linne. 

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The flowers of this 
bush provide a yellow dye. A textile fibre can be separated 
from the branches. 

Spergula arvensis, Linne. 

All Europe, North Africa, West Asia. This annual herb, 
though easily becoming a troublesome weed, is here men- 
tioned for the desirable completeness of this enumeration. 
The tall variety with large seeds (S. maxima, Weihe), can be 
chosen with advantage for the commencement of tillage on 
any sandy soil, too poor for barley. It takes up the land 
only for about two months, if grown for green-fodder, and 
increases much the yield of milk. It serves also for ad- 
mixture to hay (Langethal). 

Spigelia Marylandica, Linne. 

North America, north to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. A 
perennial handsome herb, requiring as a vermifuge cautious 
administration. S. anthelmia (L.) is an annual plant of 
tropical America and possesses similar medicinal properties, 
in which probably other species likewise share. 

Spilanthes oleracea, N. Jacquin. 

The Para-Cress. South America. An annual herb of 
considerable pungency, used as a medicinal salad. 

Spinacia oleracea, Linne. 

Siberia. The ordinary Spinage. An agreeable culinary 
annual of rapid growth. It is of a mild aperient property. 
Two varieties are distinguished, the Summer and the Winter 
Spinage, the former less inclined to run into seed but also 
less hardy. 

Spinacia tetrandra, Stev. 

Caucasus. Also annual and unisexual like the preceding 
plant, with which it has equal value, though it is less known ^ 

Spinifex hirsutus, La Billardiere. 

On the whole coast of extra-tropical Australia. Highly 
valuable for binding coast-sand with its long creeping roots. 

Spinifex longifolius, R Brown. 

On the tropical and western extra-tropical coast of Aus- 
tralia. Available like the former. 

Spinifex squarrosus, Linne. 

India. Useful, like the two preceding plants. Tennent 
remarks, that the radiating heads become detached when the 
seed is matured, and are carried by the wind along the sand, 
over the surface of which they are impelled by their elastic 
spines, dropping their seeds as they roll along. The heads 



232 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



are so buoyant as to float lightly on water, and while the 
uppermost spiny rays are acting as sails, they are carried 
across narrow estuaries to continue the process of embanking 
beyond on any newly formed sandbars. 

Spondias dulcis, G. Forster. 

Fiji, Tongan and Society Islands. This noble tree is intro- 
duced into this list to indicate, that trials should locally be 
instituted here as regards the culture of the various good 
fruit-bearing species of this genus, one of which, S. pleiogyna 
(F. von Mueller), transgresses in East Australia the tropical 
circle. The lamented Dr. Seemann saw S. dulcis sixty feet 
high, and describes it as laden with fruit of agreeable apple- 
flavour called Rewa, and attaining over 1-lb. weight. 

Stenotaphrum Americanum, Schranck. {S. glabrum, 
Trinius.) 

South Asia, Africa, warmer countries of America, not known 
from any part of Europe or Australia. Here called the 
Bufialo-grass. It is perennial, creeping and admirably 
adapted for binding sea-sand and river-banks, also for 
forming garden-edges, and for establishing a grass-sward on 
lawns much subjected to trafiic ; it is besides of some 
l^astoral value. It was this grass, which Mr. John C. Bell 
reared with so much advantage for fodder on the bare rocks of 
the island of Ascension, and it was there where Australian 
Acacias took the lead to establish wood vegetation and for 
securing permanency of drinking-water. 

Stilbocarpa polaris, Decaisne and Planchon. 

Auckland's and Campbell's Islands, and seemingly also in 
the southern extremity of New Zealand. A herbaceous 
plant with long roots, which are saccharine and served some 
Avrecked people for a lengthened period as sustenance. The 
plant is recommended here for further attention, as it may 
prove through culture a valuable addition to the stock of 
culinary vegetables of cold countries. 

Stipa tenacissima, Limie.* (Macrochloa tenacissima, Kunth.) 
The Esparto or Atocha. Spain, Portugal, Greece, North 
Africa, ascending the Sierra Nevada to 4000 feet. Tliis 
grass has become celebrated since some years, having 
afibrded already a vast quantity of material for British 
paper-mills. It is tall and perennial, and may prove here a 
valuable acquisition, inasmuch as it lives on any kind of poor 
soil, occurring naturally on sand and gravel as well as on 
clayey or calcareous or gypseous soil, and even on the very 
brink of the coast. But possibly the value of grasses of our 
own, allied to the Atocha, may in a like manner become 
commercially established, and mainly with this view paper 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



233 



samples of several grass-kinds were prepared by the writer 
(vide ''Eeport, Industrial Exhibition, Melbourne, 1867"). 
Even in the scorching heat and the arid sands of the Sahara 
the Atocha maintains itself, and it may thus yet be destined 
to play an important part in the introduced vegetation of any 
arid places of oui' desert-tracts, particularly where lime and 
gypsum exist. The very tenacious fibre resists decay, and is 
much employed for the manufacture of ropes. During 1870 
the import of Esparto-ropes into England was 18,500 tons, 
while the raw material to the extent of about 130,000 tons 
was imported. Extensive culture of this grass has com- 
menced in the south of Erance. It is pulled once a year, in 
the earlier part of the summer. The propagation can be 
effected from seeds, but is done usually by division of the 
root. Ten tons of dry Esparto, worth from X4 to £5 each, 
can under favourable circumstances be obtained from an acre. 
The supply has fallen short of the demand. Good writing- 
paper is made from Esparto without admixture ; the process 
is similar to that for rags, but cleaner. The price of Esparto- 
paper ranges from £40 to £50 for the ton. Stipa arenaria 
(Brot.) is a closely allied and still taller species, confined to 
Spain and Portugal. Consul W. P. Mark deserves great 
praise for having brought the Atocha into commercial and 
manufactural recognition. 

Streblus asper, Loui-eiro. 

South Asia. This bears a good recommendation for live 
fences, it being a shrub of remarkable closeness of branches. 

Styrax officinale, Linne. 

Countries on the Mediterranean Sea, A tall bush or small 
tree. The fragrant solid Storax-resin exudes from this plant, 
or is particularly obtained by pressure of the bark. 

Swietenia Maliagoni J l^mne. 

The Mahogany-tree of West India, extending naturally to 
Elorida and Mexico. The degree of endui-ance of this famous 
tree is not sufficiently ascertained. In its native mountains it 
ascends to 3000 feet. 

Symphytum asperrimum, Sims.* 

The Prickly Comfrey. Caucasus. The growth of this hardy 
plant may be recommended as an adjunct to Lupine-culture. 
The Hon. Arthur Holroyd, of Sydney, has recently devoted 
a special publication to this plant. He quotes on good 
authority the retui'n of foliage already in the first year as 
20 tons to the acre, in the second year 50 tons and every 
year after 80 to 120 tons on manured land. It yields a 
nutritive and relished forage in rapid and continuous repro- 
duction. It is likewise recommended for gi-een manure. Dr. 



234 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Yoelcker found mucli mucilage but little sugar in tliis plant. 
The massive root known to penetrate to nine feet depth 
sustains the plant in vigour, 'admitting it to be cut almost 
throughout the year. The propagation is easy from root- 
cuttings, difficult from seeds, 4000 of the former to an acre ; 
it will thrive even in sand and tough clay, but prefers moist 
and even boggy land. It ought here to be naturalised along 
swamps, lagoons and river-banks. It can be dried for hay. 
Finally it is recommended as a plant for game. 

Symphytum officinale, Linne. 

The Comfrey. Europe, Western Asia. A perennial herb. 
The root is utilised in veterinary practice. 

Symplocos ramosissima, Wallich. 

Himalaya, up to 7500 feet. In Sikkim, according to Dr. 
Stewart, the yellow silkworm is reared on the leaves of this 
tree. Two allied species occur spontaneously in the forests of 
East A ustralia. 

Synoon glandulosum, A. de Jussieu. 

New South Wales and South Queensland. This evergreen 
tree deserves cultivation in sheltered warm forest-valleys of 
our colony, on account of its rose-scented wood. Some 
species of Dysoxylon of East Australia produce also rose- 
wood. 

Tacca pinnatifida, G. Forster. 

Sand-shores of the South Sea Islands. Erom the tubers of 
this herb the main supply of the Eiji arrowroot is prepared. 
It is not unlikely, that this plant will endure our coast-clime. 
The Tacca-starch is much valued in medicine, and particularly 
used in cases of dysentery and diarrhoea. Its characteristics 
are readily recognised under the microscope. Several other 
kinds of Tacca are distinguished, but their specific limits are 
not yet well ascertained. Dr. Seemann admits two (T. 
maculata and T. Brownii) for tropical Australia, one of these 
extending as a hill-plant to Eiji. From the leaves and 
flower-stalks light kinds of bonnets are plaited. A Tacca 
occurring in the Sandwich Islands yields a large quantity of 
the so-called arrowroot exported from thence. Other species 
(including those of Ataccia) occur in India, Madagascar, 
Guinea and Guiana, all deserving tests in reference to their 
value as starch-plants. 

Tagetes glanduligera, Schranck. 

South America. This vigorous annual plant is said by Dr. 
Prentice to be pulicifugous. 



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235 



Tamarindus Indica, Linn^. 

Tropical Asia and Africa. This magnificent large expansive 
tree extends northwards of Egypt, and was found by the 
writer of this list in North-Western Australia. Final girth 
of stem 25 feet not rare. Never leafless. Varieties occur 
according to Brandis with sweetish red pulp. It is indicated 
here not without hesitation, to suggest new trials of its 
acclimation on the lower Murray River and in East Gipps- 
land. The acid pulp of the pods forms the medicinal Tama- 
rind, rich in formic and butyric acid, irrespective of its other 
contents. 

Tamarix dioica, Roxburgh. 

India, up to 2500 feet. An important shrub for binding 
newly-formed river-banks even in saline soil. 

Tamarix Gallica, Linn6.* 

South Europe, North and tropical Africa, South Asia, ascend- 
ing the Himalayas to 11,000 feet. This shrub adapts itself 
in the most extraordinary manner to the most different 
localities. It will grow alike in water and the driest soil ; 
also in salty gTound; and is one of the most grateful and 
tractable plants in culture; it is readily multiplied from 
cuttings, which strike root as easily as a willow, and push, 
forth stems with unusual vigour. Hence it is one of the 
most eligible bushes for planting on coast-sand to stay its 
movements, or for lining embankments. Planted much in 
cemeteries. Here first largely sent out by the writer. 

Tamarix Germanica, Linne. 

Europe and West Asia, ascending to 15,000 feet in the 
Himalayas. Likewise available for arresting the ingress of 
shifting sand, particularly in moist places, also for solidifying 
precipitous river-banks. The allied T. elegans (Myricaria 
elegans, Royle) attains a height of twenty feet. 

Tamarix orientalis, Eorskal. {T. articulata, Yahl.) 

North and Middle Africa, South Asia. A fast-growing tree, 
attaining a height of sixty feet, the trunk occasionally ex- 
panding to a circumference of twelve feet. Springs up freely 
from seeds and is also readily propagated from cuttings. 
Coppices well (Stewart and Brandis). The wood serves for 
ploughs, wheels and many implements. Dye-galls and a 
kind of manna are also produced by this tree. The same or 
an allied species extends to Japan. 

Tanacetum vulgare, Linne. 

The Tansy. North and Middle Europe, North Asia, North- 
western America. A perennial herb of well-known medicinal 
value, which mainly depends on its volatile oil. 



2^ SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Taraxacum officinale, Weber. 

Dispersed over most of tlie temperate and cold parts of the 
globe, but apparently not a native of this part of Australia. 
This well-known plant is mentioned, as it can be brought 
under regular cultivation to obtain the medicinal extract from 
its roots. It is also considered wholesome to pasture-animals. 
The young leaves furnish a medicinal salad. 

Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Linne. 

South Africa. This bush deserves attention, being of medi- 
cinal value. As an odorous garden-plant it is also veiy 
acceptable. 

Taxodium distichum, Richard.* 

Vii'ginian Swamp- or Bald-Cypress. In swampy places of 
North America. A large and valuable tree, one hundi'ed 
feet high, Avith a stem cii'cumference of sometimes forty feet ; 
of rapid growth, with deciduous foliage like that of the larch 
and ginkgo. It is found fossil in the miocene formation of 
many parts of Europe. The wood is fine-gi'ained, hard and 
durable ; it yields an essential oil and a superior kind of tur- 
pentine. Useful for avenues on swampy margins of lakes or 
river-banks. Porcher says : This tree, lifting its giant form 
above the others, gives a striking featm-e to many of the 
swamps of Carolina and Georgia; they seem like watch- 
towers for the feathered race. 

Taxodium mucronatum, Teno. 

The famed Montezuma-Cypress of Mexico, 120 feet high, 
with a trunk 44 feet in cii'cumference ; it forms extensive 
forests between Chapultepec and Tescuco. 

Taxus baccata, Linne. 

Yew. Middle and South Europe and Asia, at 1000 to 10,000 
feet elevation. Generally a shrub, sometimes a tree one 
hundred feet high, which furnishes a yellow or brown wood, 
exceedingly tough, elastic and durable, and much esteemed by 
turners ; one of the best of all woods for bows. The tree is 
of very slow growth, and attains a great age, perhaps several 
thousand years ; some ancient ones are kno^Ti with a stem of 
fifty feet in girth. It should be kept out of the reach of 
pasture-animals, as leaves and fruit are deadly poisonous. 

Taxus brevifolia, Nuttall. (T. Lindleyana, Lawson.) 

North- West America. Western Yew. A stately tree, 
seventy-five high, with a stem of five feet in circumference. 
Wood beautifully white or slightly yeUow, as fine and close- 
grained as the European Yew. The Indians use it for their 
bows. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



237 



Tectona grandis, Linne fil. 

The Teak of South Asia. This superb timber-tree has its 
northern limit in Bandalkhand, at elevations of 3000 feet, 
ascending to 4000 feet ; but then not of tall size. In 
Western India, according to Stewart and Brandis, frost is not 
uncommon in the Teak districts. 

Teinostachyum attenuatum, Munro. 

The hardy Bamboo of Ceylon, there growing on the moun- 
tains at elevations between 4000 to 6000 feet. It attains a 
height of 25 feet. 

Telfairia pedata, Hooker. 

Mozambique. A cucurbitaceous climber with perennial 
stems, attaining a length of 100 feet, with fringed lilac 
flowers of extraordinary beauty and with fruits attaining a 
weight of 601bs,, and containing at times as many as 500 
large seeds. The latter in a boiled state are eatable, or a 
large quantity of oil can be pressed from them. The root is 
fleshy. Our summers in the Murray-country are likely to 
bring this plant regularly into bearing. A second huge 
species of similar use, T. occidentalis (J. Hook,), occurs in 
Guinea. 

Terfezia Leonis, Tulasne. 

South Europe, North America. This edible Truffle, together 
with other species of this and other genera, is deserving of 
naturalisation in Australia. 

Terminalia Catappa, Linne. 

India, ascending mountain-regions. Few trees, as stated by 
Koxburgh, surpass this in elegance and beauty. We have 
yet to learn Avhether it can be naturalised here, which it 
especially deserves for its nuts. Several species extend in 
East Australia to subtropical latitudes. The seeds are 
almond-like, of filbert taste and wholesome. The astringent 
fruits of several other species form an article of trade, sought 
for a lasting black dye. T. parviflora (Thwaites) forms a 
large tree in Ceylon, at elevations u]3 to 4000 feet. 

Tetragonia expansa, Murray. 

The New Zealand Spinage, occurring also on many places of 
the coast and in the desert-interior of Australia. Known 
also from New Caledonia, China, Japan and Yaldivia. An 
annual herb, useful as a culinary vegetable, also for binding 
drift-sand. 

Tetragonia implexicoma, J. Hooker. 

Extra-tropic Australia, New Zealand, Chatham Island. A 
frutescent widely expanding plant, forming often large 
natural festoons, or trailing and climbing over rocks and 



238 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



sand, never away from the coast. As a spinage-plant it is as 
valuable as the succeeding species. It is well adapted for 
the formation of bowers in arid places; it helps also to bind 
sand. T. trigyna (Banks and Solander) seems identical. 

Tetranthera Californica, Hooker and Arnott."^ (Oreo- 

daphne Californica, Nees.) 
Oregon and California, where it is called the Mountain-Laurel 
or Bay-tree. On the banks of rivers attaining a height of 
100 feet, throughout pervaded by a somewhat camphoric 
odour. Wood hai'd, close-grained, durable, susceptible of a 
high polish, easily worked, used for superior flooring, turnery 
and manifold other select work. The tree is easily cultivated, 
and of comj)aratively quick growth (Dr. Behr and Prof. 
Bolander.) 

Tetranthera calophylla, Miquel. (Cylicodaphne sehifera, 
Blume.) 

Mountains of Java and the ISTeilgherries. From the kernels 
of the berries a tallow-like fat is pressed for the manufacture 
of candles. The yield is comparatively large. Trial cultures 
with this tree might be instituted in our humid forest- valleys. 
T. laurifolia (Jacq.) of tropical Asia and Australia and T. 
japonica (Sprengel) are noted as similarly utilitarian. 

Teucrium Marum, Linne. 

Countries at the Mediterranean Sea. A small somewhat 
shrubby plant, in use for the sake of its scent, containing a 
peculiar Stearopten. T. Scordium (L.) from Europe and 
Middle Asia, T. Chamaedrys (L.), T. Folium (L.) and T. 
Creticum (L.) from South Europe, are occasionally drawn 
into medical use. All these together with many other species 
from various countries are pleasantly odorous. 

Thapsia edulis, Bentham. {Monizia edulis, Lowe.) 

On the island of Deserte Grande, near Madeira, where it is 
called the Carrot-tree. It might be of some use to bring this 
almost shrubby umbellate to the cliffs of our shores; though 
the root is iiiferior to a carrot, perhaps cultivation would 
improve it. 

Thea Chinensis, Sims.* (Camellia Thea, Link.) 

The Tea-shrub of South-eastern Asia. This evergreen and 
ornamental bush has proved quite hardy in our lowland 
clime, where in exposed positions it endures without any 
attention as well our night-frosts as also the free access of 
scorching summer-winds. But it is in our humid valleys, 
with rich alluvial soil and access to sj^rings for irrigation, 
where only the most productive Tea-fields can be formed. 
The. plant comes into plentiful bearing of its product as early 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



239 



as the Yine and earlier than the Olive. Its culture is 
surrounded with no difficulties, and it is singularly exempt 
from diseases, if planted in proper localities. Pruning is 
effected in the cool season, in order to obtain a large quantity 
of small tender leaves from young branches. Both the 
Chinese and Assam Tea are produced by varieties of one 
single species, the Tea-Shrub being indigenous in the forest- 
country of Assam. Declivities are best adapted and usually 
chosen for Tea-culture, particularly for Congo, Pekoe and 
Souchong, while Bohea is often grown in flat countries. For 
many full details Fortune's work, " The Tea-Districts of 
China," might be consulted. The very troublesome Tea-bug 
of Asia is Helopeltis theivora. Fumigation and the appli- 
cation of bii'dlime are among the remedies to cope with this 
insect. The third volume of the Agricultural and Horticul- 
tural Society of India is mainly occupied by Lieut. -Colonel 
Edw. Money's and Mr. Watson's elaborate essays on the 
cultivation and manufactiu-e of Tea in India, For full advice 
on and cultui-e preparation consult the writer's printed lecture, 
delivered in 1875 at the Farmers' Club of Ballarat. 
The Tea of commerce consists of the young leaves, heated, 
curled and sweated. The process of preparing the leaves can 
be effected by steam machinery ; a machine of particular con- 
struction has been suggested recently by Mr. Joachimi according 
to requirements explained by the writer. In 1866 three 
machines for di-essing Tea have been patented in England, one 
by Messrs. Campbell and Burgess, one by Mr. Thomson and 
one by Mr. Tayser. To give an idea of the quantity of Tea, 
which is consumed at the present time, it may be stated, that 
from June to September, 1871, 11,000,000 lbs. of Tea were 
shipped from China alone to Australia, and that the produce 
of Tea in India from January to June of this year has been 
18,500,000 lbs. Seeds of the Tea-bush are now in many 
parts of this colony locally to be gathered from plants 
distributed by the writer, and for years to come the cultiva- 
tion of the Tea-bush, merely to secure local supplies of fresh 
seeds, ready to germinate, will in all likelihood prove highly 
lucrative. Tea contains an alkaloid : Coffein, a peculiar 
essential oil and Bohea-acid along with other substances. 

Theligonum cynocrambe, Linne. 

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An annual Spinage 
plant of somewhat aperient effect. 

Thouarea sarmentosa, Persoon. 

Tropical shores of the eastern hemisphere. This curious 
and tender grass might be easily introduced, to help binding 
the sand on sea-beaches. 



240 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Thrinax parviflora, Swartz. 

West India, and also on tlie continent of Central America. 
The stem of this Fan-Palm attains a height of twenty-five 
feet. It belongs to the sand-tracts of the coast and may 
endure our clime. Tlie fibre of this palm forms material for 
ropes. T. argentea (Lodd.) is a closely allied palm. The 
few other species of the genus deserve also trial-culture here. 

Thuya gigantea, ISTuttall. 

North- West America, on the banks of the Columbia Kiver. 
The Yellow Cypress of the colonists. A straight, gi-aceful 
tree 200 feet high, furnishing a valuable building- timber of 
a pale or light-yellow colour, kno^^ai as the Oregon White 
Cedar- wood, susceptible of high polish. The diameter of the 
stem attains ten feet or even more. The timber is light. 
Canoes carrying four tons have been obtained out of one 
stem. The bast can be converted into ropes and mats. 

Thuya occidentaliSj Linne. 

North America, particularly frequent in Canada. Northern 
White Cedar. A fine tree, seventy feet high ; the wood is 
reddish or yellowish, fine-grained, very tough and resinous, 
and well fit for building, especially for water-work ; also for 
turnery and machinery. Michaux mentions that posts of this 
wood last forty years ; a house built of it was found perfectly 
sound after sixty years. It prefers moist soil. Valuable for 
hedge-copses ; it can also be trained into garden-bowers. The 
shoots and also an essential oil of this tree are used in 
medicine ; the bast can be converted into ropes. The 
branches serve for brooms. 

Thuyopsis dolabrata, Siebold and Zuccarini. 

Japan. A majestic tree, furnishing an excellent hard timber 
of a red colour. 

Thymelaea tinctoria, Endlicher. {Passerina tinctoria, Pourr.) 

Portugal, Spain, South France. A small shrub. It yields a 
yellow dye. Cursorily it may be noted here, that some of 
our Pimelese contain a blue pigment, which has not yet been 
fully tested. Their bark produces more or less of Daphnin 
and of the volatile acrid prmciple, for which the bark of 
Daphne Mezereum (L.) is used. These are remarkably 
developed in the Victorian Pimelea stricta (Meissn). The 
bark of many is also pervaded by a tough fibre, that of the 
tall Pimelea clavata (Labill.), a West Australian bush, being 
particularly tenacious, and used for whips. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



241 



Thymus capitatus, Hoffmann and Link. (Satureja capitata, 
Lume). 

Around the whole Mediterranean Sea. Since the times of 
Hippocrates, Theophrastos and Galenus this small scented shrub 
has been employed in medicine. 

Thymus Mastichina, Linne. 

Spain, Portugal, Morocco. A half-shrub of agreeable scent, 
used also occasionally in medicine. 

Thymus Serpillum, Linne. 

Europe^ Western Asia. A perennial herb of some medicinal 
value. It would live on our highest alps. An essential oil 
can be obtained from it. One particular variety is lemon- 
scented. 

Thymus vulgaris, Linne. 

The Garden-Thyme. South Europe. This small shrubby 
plant is available for scent and for condiments. It is also 
well adapted for forming garden-edges. The essential oil of 
this plant can be separated into the crystalline Thymol and 
the liquid Thymen and Cymol. T. aestivus (Euet.) and T. 
hiemalis (Lange) are closely cognate plants. Several other 
species with aromatic scent occur at the Mediterranean Sea. 

Tilia Americana, Linne. 

The Basswood-tree or North American Linden-tree, growing 
to 52" north latitude. Height of tree eighty feet, diameter 
of stem four feet. Wood pale and soft. Tilia heterophylla 
(Yent.), the Silver-Lime of North America, and Tilia 
Manchurica (Eupr.) of South Siberia might be tested. 

Tilia argentea, Desfontaines.* 

The Silver Lime-tree of South-East Europe. The wood is 
not attacked by boring insects. The flowers are deliciously 
fragrant, and yield on distillation a precious oil. 

Tilia Europaea, Linne. 

The common Lime of Europe, extending naturally to Jaj^an, 
the large-leaved variety of South European origin. Height up 
to 120 feet, exceptionally 50 feet in girth. The wood pale, 
soft and close-grained ; sought for tiu'nery and carving. The 
bast excellent for mats. 

Tillandsia usneoides, Linne. 

Erom Carolina and Florida to TJrug-uay and Chili, on trees. 
Might be naturalised in our forests. In its native country a 
favourite material for upholsterers' work. 

Tinguarra Sicula, Parlatore. 

In the countries at the Mediterranean Sea. The root is 
edible and celery-like. 



242 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Torreya Calif ornica, Torrey. {T. myristica, Hooker.) 
In California. Tree eighty feet high. 

Torreya grandis, Fortune. 

China. A tree sixty feet high, with an umbrella-shaped 
crown ; it produces good timber. 

Torreya nucifera, S. and Z. {Caryotaxus nudfera, Zuc- 
carini.) 

Japan. Height of tree about thirty feet. From the nuts 
the Japanese press an oil, used as an article of food. 

Torreya taxifolia, Ai-nott. 

Florida. A tree fifty feet in height, with a firm, close- 
grained, durable wood of a reddish colour. 

Touchardia latifolia, Caudichaud. 

In the Hawaian Islands. A shrub allied to Boehmeria nivea, 
yielding a tough and easily separable fibre, as first shown by 
Dr. Hillebrand. Probably best adapted for our ferntree- 
gullies. 

Tragopogon porrifolius, Linne. 

The Salsify. Middle and Southern Europe, Middle Asia. 
Biennial. The root of this herb is well known as a useful 
culinary vegetable. 

Trapa bicornis, Linne fil.* 

The Leng or Ling or Links of China. The nuts of this 
water-plant are extensively brought to market in that 
country. The horns of the fruit are blunt. The kernel, 
like that of the two foUo^ving species, is of excellent taste. 
The plant is regularly cultivated in lakes and ponds of 
China. 

Trapa bispinosa, Roxburgh.* 

Middle and South Asia, extending to Ceylon and Japan; 
found also in Africa as far south as the Zambesi. Here in 
our culture it lasts through several years. In some countries, 
for instance in Cashmere, the nuts form an important staple 
of food to the population. To this species probably belong 
T. Cochin-cliinensis (Lour.) and T. incisa (Sieb. and Zucc.) 

Trapa natans, Linne. 

The ordinary Waternut. Middle and South Europe, Middle 
Asia, North and Central Africa. Recorded as an annual. 
T. quadrispinosa (Roxb.), from Sylhet, is an allied plant. 

Trifolium agrarium, Linne. 

The perennial Yellow Clover or Hop-Clover. All Europe, 
Western Asia. Of considerable value in sandy soil as a 
fodder-herb. It is easily naturalised. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



243 



Trifolium Alexandrinum, Linne.* 

The Bersin-Clover. North-Eastem Africa, South- Western 
Asia, South Europe. Much grown for forage in Egypt. 
Recorded as annual. 

Trifolium alpestre, Linne. 

Europe, West Asia. Perennial. Content with lighter soil 
than that needed for most Clovers, but its constituents must be 
fairly marly or limy. It is early out and very palatable 
(Langethal). 

Trifolium fragiferum, Linne. 

The Strawberry-Clover. Europe, North Africa, Middle and 
North Asia. A perennial species, well adapted for clay-soils. 
Foliage closer and more tender than that of the White 
Clover, but its vegetation later (Langethal). 

Trifolium hybridum, Linne.* 

The Alsike-Clover. Europe, North Africa, Western Asia. 
A valuable perennial pasture -herb, particularly for swampy 
localities. It succeeds where the ground becomes too sandv 
for Lucerne and too wet for Hed Clover. 

Trifolium incarnatum, Linne. 

The Carnation-Clover. Middle and South Europe. Though 
annual only, or sometimes biennial, it is valued in some of 
the systems of rotations of crops. It forms particularly a 
good fodder for sheep; it is recommended especially for 
gypsum-regions. A white-flowering variety exists. 

Trifolium medium, Linn6.* 

The Ked Zigzag-Clover. Europe, North and Middle Asia. 
A deep-rooting perennial herb, much better adapted for dry 
sandy places than T. pratense. It would also endure the 
inclemency of the clime of our higher alpine regions, if dis- 
seminated there. One of the best Clovers for forest-regions. 
For regular culture it needs lime, like most plants of its 
class. More hardy than T. hybridum, less productive than 
T. pratense (Langethal). It ought not to be omitted among 
mixed Clovers and grasses. T. Quartinianum (A. Rich) is an 
allied plant from Abyssinia, where several endemic species 
exist. Some of the twenty-five known Calif ornian Clovers 
would deserve test-culture. 

Trifolium montanum, Linne. 

Europe, West Asia. Perennial. Not without importance 
for limy or marly ground. 

Trifolium ochroleucum, Linne. 

Middle and South Europe, West Asia. Pale-yellow Clover. 
Perennial. This species is much cultivated in L^pper Italy ; 
its value is that of T. medium (Langethal). 

r2 



244 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Trifolium pratense, Limie.* 

The ordinary Eed Clover. All Europe, ISTortli Africa, North 
and Middle Asia, extending to J apan. A biennial or under 
special circumstances also perennial herb, of great importance 
for stable-fodder. It prefers rich soil, and particularly such 
which is not devoid of lime; gypsum dressings are recom- 
mended for its fields. It enters very advantageously into the 
rotation-system of crops. Also this s^^ecies would live in our 
alps, where it would much enrich the pastures. 

Trifolium repens, Linne.* 

The ordinary White Clover. Europe, North Africa, North 
and Middle Asia, Sub-Arctic America. Perennial. Most 
valuable as a fodder-plant on pastoral land. It has a predi- 
lection for moist soil, but springs again from dry s^^ots after 
rain. It likes soil containing lime, prospers on poorer ground 
than Ked Clover, is more nourishing and better digested and 
less exhaustive to the soil. It has naturally spread over 
many of our humid valleys, and its growth should be en- 
couraged in such localities. 

Trifolium spadiceum, Linne. 

Bro^vn Clover. Europe, West Asia. Though only annual 
or biennial, this has been recommended for wet sandy moor- 
land, on which it redisseminates itself with readiness. 

Trifolium subrotundum, Hochstetter. 

The May ad-Clover. North and Middle Africa, ascending to 
9000 feet. A perennial species, in its native countries with 
advantage utilised for Clover-culture. This by no means 
closes the list of the Clovers desirable for introduction, 
inasmuch as about 150 well-marked species are recognised, 
many doubtless of pastoral value. But the notes of rural 
observers on any of these kinds are so sparingly extant, 
that much uncertainty about the yield and nutritive value 
of the various kinds continues to prevail. Most Clovers 
come from the temperate zone of Europe and Asia; only 
two are indigenous to the eastern of the United States of 
North America, none occurs in Australia, few are found 
in South Africa, several in California and the adjoining- 
countries, several also in. Chili; no species is peculiar to 
J apan. 

Trigonella Foenum Graecum, Linne. 

Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. The seeds of this 
annual herb find their use in veterinary medicine. 

Trlgonella suavissima, Lindley. 

Interior of Australia, from the Murray-River and its tribu- 
taries to the vicinity of Shark's Bay. This perennial, 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



245 



fragrant, clover-like plant proved a good pasture-lierb. A 
lithogram, illustrating this plant, occurs in the work on 
the "Plants Indigenous to Victoria." Some of the many 
European, Asian and African plants of this genus deserve 
our local tests. 

Triphasia Aurantiola, Loureiro. 

South-East Asia. This shrub is worth cultivation for the 
exquisite fragrance of its flowers. The fruits though small 
are of pleasant sweetness. The plant may prove also adapted 
for hedges. Glycosmis citrifolia (Lindley) and Claussena 
punctata (Oliver), also both East Asiatic fruit-shrubs, may 
possibly show themselves hardy in our sheltered forest- 
regions. 

Tripsacum dactyloides, Linne. 

Central and North America. A reedy perennial grass, more 
ornamental than utilitarian. It is the original Buffalo- 
grass, and attains a height of seven feet, assuming the aspect 
of Maize. It is of inferior value for fodder, but serves for 
binding sand. The seeds are available for food. To T. 
monostachyon belongs, according to Decaisne, the Teosinte or 
Reana luxurians (Durien.) 

Tristania conferta, E. Brown. 

New South Wales and Queensland. A noble shady tree, 
attaining a height of 150 feet. It is not only eligible as an 
avenue-tree, but also as producing select, lasting timber ; ribs 
of vessels from this tree have lasted unimpaired thirty years 
and more. 

Triticum junceum, Linne. 

Europe and North Africa. A rigid grass with pungent leaves 
and extensively creeping roots, requiring sea-sand for its 
permanent growth. One of the best grasses to keep rolling 
sand-ridges together, and particularly eligible where cattle 
and other domestic animals cannot readily be prevented from 
getting access. 

Triticum vulgare, Yillars.* 

The "Wheat. Apparently arisen through culture from 
^gilops ovata (L.), and then a South European, North 
African and Oriental plant. This is not the place to enter 
into details about a plant universally known. It may there- 
fore suffice merely to mention, that three primary varieties 
must be distinguished between the very numerous sorts of 
cultivated Wheat: 1. Yar. muticum, T. hybernum (L.), the 
Winter Wheat or Unbearded Wheat ; 2. Yar. aristatum, 
T. sestivum (L.), the Summer Wheat or Bearded Wheat; 
3. Yar. adhserens, T. Spelta (L.), Wheat with fragile axis 



246 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



and adherent grain. Metzger enumerates as distinct kinds 
of cultivated Wheat: — 

T. vulgare (YilL), wliich includes among other varieties the 
ordinary Spring Wheat, the Fox Wheat and the Kentish 
Wheat. It comprises also the best Italian sorts for plaiting 
straw-bonnets and straw-hats, for which only the upper 
part of the stem is used, collected before the ripening of the 
grain and bleached through exposure to the sun while kept 
moistened. 

T. turgidum (L.), comprising some varieties of White and Bed 
Wheat, also the Clock Wheat and the Revet Wheat. 

T. durum (Desfont.), which contains some sorts of the Bearded 
Wheat. 

T. Polonicum (L.), the Polish Wheat, some kind of which is 
well-adapted for peeled Wheat. 

T. Spelta (L.), the Spelt Corn or Dinkel Wheat, a kind not 
readily subject to disease, succeeding on soil of very limited 
fertility, not easily attacked by birds, furnishing a flour of 
excellence for cakes, also yielding a superior grain for peeled 
Wheat. For preparing the latter it is necessary to collect 
the spikes while yet somewhat gi^een and to dry them in 
baking-houses. 

2\ dicoccum (Schrank). (T. amyleum, Ser.) The Emmer 
Wheat. Its varieties are content with and prolific on poor soil, 
produce excellent starch, are mostly hardy in frost and not 
subject to diseases. To this belongs the Arras Wheat of 
Abyssinia, where a few other peculiar sorts of Wheat are to 
be found. 

T. ononococcum (L.) St. Peter's Corn, which is hardier than 
most other Wheats; exists in the poorest soils, but produces 
grains less adapted for flour than for j)eeled Wheat. 

Tropaeolum majus, Linne. 

Peru. This showy perennial climber passes with impro- 
jDriety under the name of Nasturtium. The herbage and 
flowers serve as Cress, and are also considered antiscorbutic. 
A smaller species T. minus (L.), also from Peru, can likewise 
be chosen for a Cress-salad; both besides furnish in their 
flower-buds and young fruits a substitute for Capers. A 
volatile oil of burning taste can be distilled from the foliage 
of both; and this is more acrid even than the distilled oil 
of Mustard- seeds. In colder countries these plants are only 
of one year's duration. Numerous other species, all highly 
ornamental, occur in South America and a few^ also in 
Mexico. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



247 



Tropaeolum sessilifolium, Poeppig. 

Chili. Among the species of this genus one of the most 
eligible for its tubers, which can be consumed even in a raw 
state and are larger than those of most other Tropseolums, while 
the stems are short and procumbent (Philippi). 

Tropaeolum tuberosum, Ruiz and Pavon. 

Peru. The tuberous root serves as an esculent. 

Trophis Americana, Linne. 

West Indian Archipelagus. The foliage of this milky tree 
has been recommended as food for the silk-insect. In Cuba 
and Jamaica it is used as provender for cattle and sheep. 

Tuber aestivum, Yittadini. 

The Truffle most in the markets of England. The white 
British Truffle, Chairomyces meandriformis (Yitt.), though 
large is valued less. In the Department Yaucluse (Prance) 
alone about 60,000 lbs. of Truffles are collected annually at 
a value of about £4000. Many other kinds of Truffles are 
in use. Our own native Truffle, Mylitta Australis (Berk.) 
attains sometimes the size of the Cocos-nut, and is also a fair 
esculent. It seems also quite feasible to naturalise the best 
of edible fungi of other genera, although such may not be 
amenable to regular culture. 

Tuber albidum, Fries. 

Occurs with T. sestivum, but is smaller and less agreeable in 
taste. The means of transferring Truffles and any other 
edible fungi from one country to another require yet to be 
further studied and finally devised, but they appear quite 
feasible. 

Tuber cibarium, Sibthorp. 

Middle and South Europe. The Black Truffle. Like all 
others growing under ground, and generally found in forest- 
soil of limestone formations. It attains a weight over one 
pound. Experiments for naturalisation may be effected with 
every prospect of success by conveying the Truffle in its. 
native soil to us, and locating it in calcareous places of our 
forest-regions. As condiment or merely in a roasted state it 
aJffords an aromatic food. T. melanosporum (Yitt.) from 
France, Germany and Italy, is of a still more exquisite taste 
than T. cibarium, indeed of strawberry flavour. 

Tuber magnatum, Pico. 

Grey Truffle. South Europe. One of the most esteemed 
Truffles, with some garlic flavour. 

Tuber rufum, Pico. 

Bed Truffle, especially in vineyards. Much used for food^ 
but smaller than the Terfezia Truffles. 



248 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Ulex Europaeus, Linne. 

Middle and South Europe, Azores, Canary Islands. The 
Whin, Gorse or Furze. A bush important for covering 
quickly drift-sands on coasts. Too apt to stray as a hedge- 
plant. 

Ullucus tuberosus, Lozano. {Melloca tuberosa, Lindley.) 
Andes of New Granada and Peru, up to an elevation of 
9000 feet. A perennial herb, the tubers of which are edible. 

Ulmus alata, Michaux. 

The Whahoo-Elm of North America. Height of tree thirty 
feet. Wood fine-grained, heavier and stronger than that 
of the White Elm, of a dull red colour, used by wheelwrights, 
but like that of U. Americana not equal to the European Elm. 

Ulmus Americana, Linn6. 

The White Elm of North America. A tree fond of moist 
river-banks. One hundred feet high, trunk sixty feet, five 
feet in diameter. 

Ulmus campestris, Linne.* 

The ordinary Elm, indigenous to South Europe and temperate 
Asia, as far east as Japan. Several marked varieties, such as 
the Cork-Elm and Wych-Elm, exist. The Elm in attaining 
an age of several centuries becomes finally of enormous size. 
In Britain much attacked by Scolytus destructor. The wood 
is tough, hard, fine-grained and remarkably durable, if 
constantly under water. Next to the Yew it is the best of 
European woods, where great elasticity is required, as for 
archery bows. It is also used for keels, blocks and wheels. 
Bast tough. 

Ulmus crassifolia, Nuttall. 

The evergreen Elm of Mexico and Texas. 

Ulmus Floridana, Chapman. 

The West Florida Elm. Forty feet high. 

Ulmus fulva, Michaux. 

The Slippery or Red Elm of North America. Sixty feet 
high. Wood red, tenacious. 

Ulmus Mexicana, Planchon. 

c, Cordilleras of North America. This Elm attains a height 
of sixty feet or perhaps more. Many of these Elms are 
available as quick-growing avenue trees for shade-lines. 

Ulmus parvifolia, Jacquin. 

The evergreen Elm of China, Japan and Queensland. A 
similar tree is found in the Himalaya Mountains. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



249 



Ulmus pedunculata, Fougeraux. {U. ciliata, Ehrhart.) 

Europe and Asia, through their middle zone. A fine avenue- 
tree. 

Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. 

The Cork-Elm of North America. 

Ulmus Wallichianaj Planchon. 

Himalayan Elm. In the mountains of India from 3500 to 
10,000 feet. A tree up to ninety feet high with deciduous 
foliage, the stem attaining a girth of twenty-four feet. 

Uniola paniculata, Linne. 

North-East America. This tall maritime grass can be chosen 
on account of its creeping roots to bind rolling coast-sands. 
It serves also as a nourishing forage-plant on sand-tracts. 

Urginia Scilla, Steinheil. (Scilla maritima, Linne.) 

South Europe, North Africa. The medicinal Squill. The 
plant needs not regular cultivation, but settlers living near 
the coast might encourage its dissemination, and thus obtain 
the bulbs as drug from natural localities. Its peculiar bitter 
principle is called Scillitin. U. altissima (Baker) serves in 
South Africa as Squill. 

Uvularia sessilifolia, Linne. 

North America, in forests. This pretty herb is mentioned as 
yielding a good substitute for Asparagus. 

Yaccinium alatum, Dombey. (TJiibaudia alata, Dunal.) 
Frigid regions of the Andes of Peru. A tall evergreen 
shrub, with pink berries of the size of a cherry. This highly 
ornamental plant could be grown in our sub-alpine regions. 

Yaccinium bicolor, F. v. Mueller. {Thibaudia bicolor, 
Ruiz and Pavon.) 
Cold zone of the Peruvian Andes. A high evergreen bush, 
with red berries of the size of a hazel-nut. All Thibaudias 
seem best to form a section in the genus Yaccinium, some 
species of the latter, for instance Yaccinium Imrayi (Hook.), 
from Dominica, mediating the transit. The species of the 
section Thibaudia are, as a rule, producing red berries of 
acidulous grateful taste. Many others may deserve there- 
fore culture in oar forest-ravines or on our alpine heights. 
They occur from Peru to Mexico, also in West India. One 
species, Yaccinium melliflorum (Thibaudia melliflora, R. and 
P.), has its flowers rich in honey-nectar. 

Yaccinium caespitosum, Michaux. 

Canada and Northern States of North America. A deciduous- 
leaved small bush, with bluish edible beriies. Y. ovalifolium 
(Smith) is an allied species. 



250 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 

Vaccinium corymbosum, Liime.* 

The Swamp-Bluebeny or Blue Huckle-berry. Canada and 
United States of North America. A good-sized shrub with 
deciduous foliage. Berries bluish-black of sweetish taste, 
ripening late in the season. 

Vaccinium erythrocarpum, Michaux. {Oxycoccus erectus, 
Pursh.) 

Carolina and Virginia, on high mountains. An upright bush 
of a few feet in height, with deciduous leaves. The transparent 
scarlet berries, according to Pursh, are of excellent taste. 

Vaccinium grandiflorum, Dombey. {Ceratostemma grandi- 
Jlorum, Puiz and Pavon.) 

Andes of Peru. A tall evergreen shrub. The berries of a 

pleasant acidulous taste. 
Vaccinium humifusum, Graham. 

North- Western America, on the Pocky Mountains. Berries 

of this bush well flavoured. 
Vaccinium Leschenaultii, Wight. (Aga^jetes arborea,'D\m.sil.) 

India, Neilgherries and Ceylon. This evergreen species 

attains the size of a tree, flowering and fruiting throughout 

the year. The fruits resemble cranberries. 

Vaccinium leucanthum, Cham. 

Mountains of Mexico. An arborescent species. The blackish 
berries are edible. 

Vaccinium macrocarpon, Alton.* (Oxycoccus macrocarpus^ 
Persoon.) 

The large Cranberry. Prom Canada to Virginia and Caro- 
lina, particularly in sandy and peaty bogs and in cold mossy 
swamps. A trailing evergreen bush, with stems attaining a 
length of three feet. It is this species which has become so 
extensively cultivated in the eastern parts of the United 
States, where on moory land, often not otherwise to be 
utilised, enormous quantities of this fruit have been pro- 
duced by regular culture at a highly profitable scale. The 
berries are of the acid taste, pleasant aroma and scarlet 
brightness of the British Cranberry, but considerably larger. 

Vaccinium meridionale, Swartz. 

Jamaica, from the summits of the highest ranges down to 
the cofiee-regions. It attains a height of thirty feet and is 
evergreen. The small berries are of the taste and colour of 
those of V. Vitis Idsea. 

Vaccinium Mortinia, Bentham. 

Mountains of Columbia. A shrub several feet high. The 
fruits resemble those of V. Myrtillus, but are more acid. 
They come under the name Mortina to the Quito market. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



251 



Vaccinium myrtilloides, Michaux. 

Michigan, Canada, Newfoundland, Labrador. The large 
edible berries are called Bluets. This little bush is adapted 
for our higher alpine country. 

Vaccinium Myrtillus, Linne.* 

The British Whortleberry or Bilberry. Throughout Europe, 
North and Middle Asia, remotest North America, in heathy 
and turfy forest-land. A shrub, a few feet high or less, deci- 
duous, erect, of great value for its copious supply of berries. 
They are, as well known, black with a blueish-grey hue and 
of exceedingly grateful taste. The naturalisation of this 
plant on our alpine ranges and in our cooler woodlands, par- 
ticularly in our forests of Fagus Cunninghami, would prove 
a boon. The berries can be utilised for their dye. The whole 
bush contains Quina acid. 

Vaccinium Oxycoccus, Linne. {Oxycoccus palustris, Per- 
soon.) 

The British Cranberry. Through Europe, North and Middle 
Asia, North America, on turf-moss in moory heaths. A 
creeping evergreen shrub of particular neatness. The berries 
give a most agreeable preserve and are of anti-scorbutic value. 
This species is particularly eligible for the spongy mossy bogs 
of our snowy mountains. 

Vaccinium parvifolium, Smith. 

North- Western America. A tall shrub. The berries are 
excellent for preserves. 

Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lamarck.* (F. angustifo- 
lium, Alton.) 

The early Blueberry or Blue Huckleberry. North America, 
on dry woody hills. A dwarf-bush with deciduous foliage, 
producing fruit in abundance. The berries are large, blueish- 
black and of sweet taste. Y. Canadense (Kalm), according 
to Dr. Asa Gray, is closely allied. 

Vaccinium praestans, Rudolphi. 

Kamschatka. A minute plant, but with large delicious fruits. 
It might easily be disseminated on our Alps. 

Vaccinium uliginosum, Linne. 

British Bog-Bilberry. Europe, North and Middle Asia, 
North America. A deciduous bush, with blackish berries, 
similar to those of Y. Myrtillus, but hardly of equal excel- 
lence. 

Vaccinium vacillans, Solander. 

North America, in sandy forest-lands. A deciduous small 
bush, coming with its blue berries later into season than 
Y. Pennsylvanicum. 



252 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Vaccinium Vitis Idaea, Limie. 

Europe, North and Middle Asia, Nortli America. A dwarf 
shrub with evergreen leaves. The purplish-red berries are 
sought for jellies and other preserves. 

It is as yet impossible to say, how many other species of 
Yaccinium produce good-sized and well-flavoured fruits. 
The genus ranges in many species from Continental Asia 
to the Indian Archipelagus, and has a wide extension also in 
South America, occupying in hot countries higher mountain 
regions, but few reliable notes on the tropical sj)ecies are 
extant, as far as the fruits are concerned. 

Valeriana Celtica, Linne. 

Alps of Europe. The root of this perennial herb is particu- 
larly aromatic. 

Valeriana edulis, Nuttall. 

North- Western America, from Oregon to the Kocky Moun- 
tains. The thick spindle-shajDed root of this herb afibrds 
food to the natives of that part of the globe. When baked 
the root proves agreeable and wholesome. When we con- 
sider the wild states of the plants, from which many of our 
important root-crops arose, then this Valeriana and several 
otlier plants, suggestively mentioned in these pages, may well 
be admitted for trial-culture. 

Valeriana officinalis, Linne. 

Europe, North and Middle Asia, in swampy grass-land, with 
a predilection for forests and river-banks. This perennial 
herb would do particularly well on our alps. It is the 
only one among numerous congeners of Europe, Asia and 
America, which is drawn to a considerable extent into 
medicinal use. The root and herb contain Valerianic acid 
and a peculiar tannic acid; the root furnishes an essential 
oil, which again resolves itself into Valerol (70 per cent.), 
Valereen, Barneol and Valerianic acid. The order of 
Valerianae is not represented by any native plant in 
Australia. 

Valerianella olitoria, Moench. 

Lamb's Lettuce. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle 
Asia. A fair and early Salad-plant. It is an annual plant, 
and has several congeners in Europe and Asia. 

Veratrum album, Linne. 

Europe, North and Middle Asia, extending eastwards to 
Japan. It delights particularly in sub-alpine localities. The 
root furnishes Veratrin, Jervin and Sabadillic acid. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



253 



Yeratrum viride, Aiton. 

Canada and United States of North America. A near 
relative of the former plant. Its root has come recently into 
medicinal use. 

Yicia Cracca, Linne. 

Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia, North 
America. Perennial. Recommendable for naturalisation as 
a fodder-plant in silvan and alpine lands. It yields in shade 
a three times larger return than in open places (Langetlial). 
The cognate Y. Cassubica and Y. biennis (Linne) serve also 
for field-culture. 

Yicia Ervilia, Willdenow. (Ervum Ervilia, L.) 

South Europe, North Africa, South- Western Asia. An 
annual herb, praised as a valuable fodder-plant on dry cal- 
careous soil. 

Yicia Faba, Linn^.* 

The Straight Bean. Orient, particularly on the Caspian Sea. 
This productive annual herb affords not only its seeds for 
table-use, but provides also a particularly fattening stable- 
food. The seeds contain about 33 per cent, starch. Y. 
Narbonensis (L.), from South Europe and South- West Asia 
is preferable for the table, because its seeds contain less 
bitter principle, though they are smaller. 

Yicia peregrina, Linne. 

South Europe. Annual. In Italy preferred to the ordinary 
Tare for sand-soil; it recommends itself also for its close 
growth. 

Yicia sativa, Linn^.* (F. angustifolia, Koth.) 

The ordinary Yetch or Tare. Europe, North Africa, North 
and Middle Asia. One of the best fodder-plants, but only 
of one or two years' duration. Important also for green- 
manure, and as a companion of clovers. The allied Y. 
cordata (Wulfen) and Y. globosa (Retzius) are similarly cul- 
tivated in Italy (Langethal). Many of the other European 
and Asiatic species of Yicia are deserving our attention. 

Yicia sepium, Linne. 

Europe, West and North Asia. Deserves attention as a 
perennial Yetch, enduring an alpine clime. It might with 
advantage be naturalised in our forests and alps, but it can 
also readily be subjected to field-culture, the yield being large 
and nutritious in regions with humid air, though the soil 
might be poor. This Yetch can be kept for about fifteen 
years continually on the same field (Langethal). Y, Pan- 
nonica (Jacquin) is an allied but annual species. 



II 



254 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Vicia silvatica, Linne. 

Europe, North Asia. The Wood-Yetch. Perennial. Ke- 
commendable to culturists settling in new forest-land, avail- 
able also for our alpine copses. Pasture animals have a 
predilection for this Vetch; its yield is large. In limestone 
soil of forests Y. pisiformis and Y. dumetorum (Linn^) can 
best be selected for introduction. 

Vicia Sitchensis, Bongard. 

From California to Sitka. Asa Gray remarks that the young 
seeds of this tall Vetch are eatable like green peas. 

Vicia tetrasperma, Koch. (Ervum tetraspermum, Linne.) 

The Lentil-Tare. Europe, West Asia, North Africa. An- 
nual. According to Langetlial this species is preferable to 
the ordinary Tare for sandy soil. It is also less hard as 
fodder, and very palatable. Lime in the sand enlarges the 
yield. Y. monantha and Y. hirsuta (Koch) serve nearly 
as well. 

Vigna lanceolata, Bentham. 

Tropical and sub-tropical Australia. Mr. O'Shanesy observes 
that this twiner produces, along with the ordinary cylin- 
drical pods, others underground from buried flowers, and 
these somewhat resemble the fruit of Arachis. The plant is 
available for culinary purposes. 

Vigna Sinensis, Endlicher.* (Dolichos Sinensis, Linne.) 

Tropical Asia and Africa. The cultivation of this twining 
annual Pulse-herb extends to Southern Europe and many 
other countries with a clime like ours. The pods are remark- 
able for their great length, and used like French Beans. 
Vigna Catjang (A. Bich) and Vigna sesquipedalis and V. 
melanophthalma are varieties of this species. In fair soil 
the produce is fortyfold. 

Villebrunia integrifolia, Gaudichaud. 

India, ascending the Himalayan mountains to 5,000 feet. A 
small tree, allied to the Bami-plant, Boehmeria nivea. Mr. 
C. B. Clarke regards the fibre as one of the strongest 
available in India, it being used for bow-strings. Other 
Villebrunias, for instance Y. frutescens, and also some 
species of Debregeasia, particularly D. velutina, deserve 
likewise regular culture, for the sake of their fibre. Moist 
forest-tracts seem particularly adapted for these plants, 
because Y. integrifolia grows in Sikkim at an elevation 
where, according to Dr. G. King, the rainfall ranges from 100 
to 200 inches. This fibre is much more easily separable than 
that of Maoutia Puya, according to Dr. King's observations. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



255 



Viola odorata, Linne, 

The Yiolet. Middle and South Europe, North Africa, 
Middle Asia. Passingly alluded to here, as this modest 
though lovely plant should be extensively naturalised in our 
forest-glens, to furnish its delicate scent for various com- 
positions of perfumery. 

Vitis acetosa, F. v. Mueller. 

Carpentaria and Arnhem's Land. Stems rather herbaceous 
than shrubby, erect. The whole plant is pervaded with 
acidity, and proved valuable in cases of scurvy. The berries 
are edible. This species, if planted here, would likely spring 
annually afresh from the roots. 

Vitis aestivalis, Michaux.* 

The Summer-Grape of the United States of North America. 
Mowers fragrant. The berries are deep blue^ of pleasant 
taste, and ripen late in the season. 

Vitis Baudiniana, F. v. Mueller. (Cissus Antarctica, 
Ventenat.) 

East Australia. With Y. hypoglauca the most southern of 
all Grapes, none extending to New Zealand. It is evergreen, 
and here a vigorous plant for bowers^ but suffers even from 
slight frosts. The berries are freely produced and edible, 
though not large. 

Vitis cordifolia, Michaux.* (Vitis riparia, Michaux.) 

The Winter- Grape or Frost-Grape. From Canada to Florida. 
A deciduous vine. The scent of the flowers reminds of 
Reseda. The berries are small, either blackish or amber- 
coloured, and very acid. They can be used for preserves, and 
are only fully matured when touched by frosts. A succession of 
seedlings may give us a superior and simultaneously a very 
hardy vine. 

Vitis hypoglauca, F. v. Mueller. 

East Australia, as far south as Gipps Land. An evergreen 
climber of enormous lengthy forming a very stout stem in 
age. The black berries attain the size of small cherries. 
Also this species may perhaps be vastly changed in its fruit 
by continued culture. 

Vitis Indica, Linne. 

On the mountains of various parts of India, ascending an 
altitude of 3000 feet in Ceylon. The small berries are 
edible. The plant should be subjected to horticultural 
experiments. This is an apt opportuity to draw attention 
to the various Indian species of Yit^s with large edible 
berries; for instance: Y. laevigata (BL), Y. thyrsiflora 
(Miq.), Y. mutabilis (Bl.), Y. Blumeana (Steud.), all from the 



256 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



mountains of Java, and all producing berries as large as 
cherries, those of Y. Blumeana being particularly sweet. 
Further may here be inserted Y. imperiaiis (Miquel) from 
Borneo, Y. auriculata (Wallich), and Y. elongata (Wallich), 
both the last from the mountainous mainland of Coromandel, 
and all producing very large juicy berries even in the jungle 
wilderness. Y. quadrangularis (L.) stretches from Ai^abia to 
India and Central Africa, and has also edible fruits. Many 
such plants may be far more eligible for Grape-culture in hot 
wet climes than the ordinary vine. About 250 species of 
Yitis are already known, mostly from intra-tropical latitudes, 
and mostly evergreen ; but in regard to their elevation above 
the ocean, and to the nature of their fruits, we are almost 
utterly without data. 

Yitis Labrusca, Linne.* 

The Isabella- Grape. North America, from Canada to Texas 
and Florida, also in J apan. The Schuylkill-Grape is derived 
from this species. A pale-fruited variety furnishes the 
Bland's Grape. Another yields the American Alexander- 
Grape. The berries are large among American kinds and 
are of pleasant taste. Flowers fragrant. This and the other 
hardy North American Yines seem never to be attacked by 
the Oidium disease. 

Vitis Scliimperiana, Hochstetter. 

From Abyssinia to Guinea. This Yine may become perhaps 
valuable with many other Central African kinds for tropical 
culture, and may show itself hardy here. Barter compares 
the edible berries to clusters of Frontignac-grape. 

Yitis vinifera, Linne.* 

The Grape Yine. Turkey, Persia, Tartary ; probably also in 
the Himalayas and Greece. This is not the place to discuss 
at length the great industrial questions concerning this highly 
important plant, even had these not engaged already since 
many years the attention of a large number of our colonists. 
The whole territory of Yictoria stretches essentially through 
the Yine-zone, and thus most kinds of Yine can be produced 
here, either on the lowlands or the less elevated mountains 
in various climatic regions and in different geologic forma- 
tions. 

The Corinthian variety, producing the "Currants" of commerce, 
thrives also well in some districts, where with Baisins its fruit 
may become a staple article of our exports beyond home 
consumption. Dr. W. Hamm, of Yienna, has recently issued 
a Yine-map of Europe, indicating the distribution of the 
different varieties and the principal sources of the various 
sorts of Wine. The writer would now merely add, that the 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



257 



preservation of the Grapes in a fresh state, according to M. 
Charmeux's method, and the sundry modes of effecting the 
transit of ripe Grapes to long distances, ought to be turned 
to industrial advantage. The pigment of the dark Wine- 
berries is known as Oenolic acid. The juice contains along 
with Tartaric acid also Grape acid. All these chemically 
defined substances have uses of their own in art and science. 
It might be worthy of trial, how far the Grape-vine can be 
grafted on such other species of the extensive genus Yitis as 
may not be attacked by the destructive Pemphygus or Phyl- 
loxera, Irrespective of sulphur, latterly also borax has been 
recommended against the Oidium-disease. 

Vitis vulpina, Linne. {Vitis rotundifolia, Michaux.) 

The Muscadine or Fox-Grape. South-Eastern States of 
North America. Extends also to Japan, Manchuria and 
the Himalayas. This species includes as varieties also the 
Bullace, the Mustang, the Bullet-Grape and both kinds of 
the Scuppernangs. The berries are of a pleasant taste, but 
in some instances of a strong flavour; they are the largest 
among American Grapes. The Clinton- and Elsinboro-Grapes, 
according to Mr. Meehan, the eminent American horticul- 
turist, seem to have had their origin with Y. cordifolia and 
Y. riparia. Y. Labrusca extends also to the Himalayas. 
Dr. Planchon's important memoir, "Les Yignes Ameri- 
caines," published in 1875, should be consulted in reference 
to American grapes. 

Voandzeia subterranea, Thouars. 

Madagascar and various parts of Africa, as far south as 
Natal. This Earth-Pea is annual, and pushes its pods under 
ground in the manner of Arachis hypogsea for maturation. 
The pods are edible, and much consumed in tropical 
countries. 

Wallichia oblongifolia, Griflith. 

Himalaya, as far as 27° north. There one of the hardiest of 
all Palms. It is not a tall one, yet a graceful and useful 
object for cultural industries. Several species exist. 

Wettinia augusta, Poeppig. 

Peru, on mountains several thousand feet high. This Palm 
is therefore likely to endure our clime. 

Wettinia Maynensis, Spruce. 

Cordilleras of Peru. Like the foregoing, it attains a height 
of forty feet and advances to elevations of 3000 or 4000 feet. 
Before finally parting from the American Palms, it may be 
appropriate, to allude briefly to some of the hardier kinds, 

S 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



whicli were left unnoticed in the course of this compilation. 
From Dr. Spruce's important essay on the Palms of the 
Amazon-River may be learnt that, besides other species as 
yet imperfectly known from the sources of this great river, 
the following kinds are comparatively hardy; thus they 
might find places for cultivation or even naturalisation within 
the limits of our colony: — Geonema undata (Klotzsch), 
Iriartea deltoidea (R. and P.), Iriartea ventricosa (Mart.), 
which latter rises in its magnificence to fully 100 feet; 
Iriartea exorrhiza (Mart.) ; this with the two other Iriarteas 
ascends the Andes to 5000 feet. — Oenocarpus multicaulis 
(Spruce) ascends to 4000 feet; from six to ten stems are 
developed from the same root, each from fifteen to thirty feet 
high. — Euterpe; of this two species occur in a zone between 
3000 and 6000 feet. — Phytelephas microcarpa (R. and P.), 
eastern slope of the Peru Andes, ascending to 3000 feet. — 
Phytelephas macrocarpa (R. and P.), also on the eastern side 
of the Andes, up to 4000 feet; it is this superb species, which 
yields by its seeds part of the vegetable ivory. — Phytelephas 
aequatorialis (Spruce), on the west slope of the Peruvian 
Andes, up to 5000 feet; this Palm is one of the grandest 
objects in the Avhole vegetable creation, its leaves attaining a 
length of thirty feet ! The stem rises to twenty feet. Palm- 
ivory is also largely secured from this plant. Though aequi- 
noctial it lives only in the milder regions of the mountains; 
therefore in the equable temperature of East Gipps Land it 
would likely prosper without protective cover. — Carludovica 
palmata (R. and P.), on the east side of the Andes of Peru 
and Ecuador, up to 4000 feet; the fan-shaped leaves from 
cultivated specimens furnish the main material for the best 
Panama-hats. The illustrious Count de Castelnau saw many 
Palms on the borders of Paraguay during his great Brazilian 
expedition. Most of these together with the Palms of 
Uruguay and the wide Argentine territory would likely 
prove adapted for acclimation in our latitudes; but hitherto 
the limited access to those countries has left us largely unac- 
quainted with its vegetable treasures also in this dii-ection. 
Von Martins demonstrated already in 1850 the occurrence 
of the following Palms in extra-tropic South America: — 
Ceroxylon australe (Mart.), on high mountains in Juan Fer- 
nandez at 30° south latitude; Jubsea spectabilis (Humb.), in 
Chili at 40° south latitude; Trithrinax Brasiliana (Mart.), at 
31° south latitude; Copernicia cerifera (Mart.), at 29° south 
latitude; Acrocomia Total (Mart.), at 28° south latitude; 
Cocos australis (Mart.), at 34° south latitude; Cocos Yatai 
(Mart.), at 32° south latitude; Cocos Romanzoffiana (Cham.), 
at 28° south latitude; Diplothemium littorale (Mart.) at 30° 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



259 



south latitude. All the last-mentioned Palms occur in 
Brazil, the Acrocomia and Trithrinax extending to Paraguay, 
and Cocos australis to Uruguay and the La Plata States. 
While some Palms, as indicated, descend to cooler latitudes, 
others ascend to temperate and even cold mountain regions. 
Among the American species are prominent in this respect : — 
Euterpe andicola (Brogn.), E. Haenkeana (Brogn.), E. longi- 
vaginata (Mart.), Diplothemium Porallyi (Mart.) and 
Ceroxylon pithy rophy Hum (Mart.), all occurring on the Boli- 
vian Andes at an elevation of about 8000 feet. — Ceroxylon 
andicola (Humb.), Kunthia montana (Humb.), Oreodoxa 
frigida (Humb.) and Geonoma densa (Linden) reach also on 
the Andes of New Granada a height of at least 8000 feet. — 
Ceroxylon Klopstockia (Mart.) advances on the Andes of 
Venezeula to a zone of 7500 feet altitude, where Karsten saw 
stems 200 feet high with leaves twenty-four feet long! There 
also occur Syagrus Sancona (Karst.) and Platenia Chiragua 
(Karst.) at elevations of 5000 feet, both very lofty Palms. 
From the temperate mountain-regions of sub-tropical Mexico 
are known, among others: — Chamaedora concolor (Mart.), 
Copernicia Pumos (Humb.), C. nana (Kunth), and Brahea 
dulcis (Mart.), at elevations from 7000 to 8000 feet. 

Widdringtonia juniperoides, Endlicher. 

South Africa, 3000 to 4000 feet above sea-level. A 
middling-sized tree, rich in resin. 

Witheringia solanacea, L'Heritier. 

South America. This perennial herb needs trial-culture, on 
account of its large edible tubers. 

Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, L'Heritier. 

North America. A perennial almost shrubby plant of 
medicinal value. The root produces a yellow pigment 
similar to that of Hydrastis Canadensis (L.). Both contain 
also Berberin. 

Ximenia Americana, Linne. 

Tropical Asia, Africa and America, passing however the 
tropics in Queensland, and gaining also an indigenous 
position in Florida. This bush may therefore accommodate 
itself to our clime in localities free of frost. The fruits are 
edible, resembling yellow plums in appearance; their taste is 
agreeable. The wood is scented. 

Yucca filamentosa, Linne. 

The Adam's Needle. From Carolina and Florida to Texas 
and Mexico. An almost stemless species. It would hardly 
be right to omit here the plants of this genus altogether, as 

s 2 



260 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



they furnish a fibre of great strength, similar to that of the 
Agaves. Moreover all these plants are decorative, and live 
in the poorest soil, even in drifting coast-sand. They are also 
not hurt, as is the case with the Fourcroyas, by the frosts 
of our lowlands. Among the species with stems of several 
feet in height may be recorded Y. gloriosa (L.) and Y. 
aloifolia (L.), both from the sandy south coast of North 
America. • 

Zalacca secunda, Griffith. 

Assam, as far north as 28°. A stemless Palm with large 
feathery leaves, exquisitely adapted for decorative purposes. 
Before we finally quit the Asiatic Palms we may yet learn 
from Yon Martius's great work, how many extra-tropic 
members of this princely order were known in 1850 already, 
when that masterly work was concluded. Martins enume- 
rates as belonging to the boreal extra-tropic zone in Asia : 
Prom Silhet at 24° north latitude : Calamus erectus, Roxb.; 
C. extensus, E,oxb.; C. quinquenervius, Koxb.; — from Garo 
at 26° north latitude : Wallichia caryotoides, Poxb.; Ptycho- 
sperma gracilis, Miq.; Caryota urens, L.; Calamus leptospadix, 
Grifi*.; — from Khasya in 26° nortli latitude : Calamus acantho- 
spathus, Grrfif.; C. macrospathus, Griff'.j Plectocomia 
Khasyana, Griff.; — from Assam about 27° north latitude : 
Areca Nagensis, Griff.; A. triandra, Poxb.; Livistona 
Jenkinsii, Griff.; Daemonorops nutantiflorus. Griff.; D. 
Jenkiiisii, Griff.; D. Guruba, Mart.; Plectocomia Assamica, 
Griff.; Calamus tenuis, Poxb.; C. Plagellum, GrifF.; C. 
Heliotropium, Hamilt.; C. floribundus. Griff.; Phoenix 
Ouseloyana, Griff.; — from Upper Assam between 28° and 29° 
north latitude : Caryota obtusa. Griff.; Zalacca secunda, 
Griff".; Calamus Mishmelensis, Griff.; — from Darjiling at 27° 
nortli latitude : Wallichia obtusifolia, Griff.; Licuala peltata, 
Poxb.; Plectocomia Himalaiana, Griff.; Calamus schizo- 
spathus, Griff*.; — from Nej^al between 28° and 29° north 
latitude : Chamaerops Martiana, Wall.; — from Guhrval in 30° 
north latitude : Calamus Poyleanus, Griff.; — from Saharam- 
poor in 30° north latitude : Borassus flabelliformis, L.; — from 
Duab in 31° north latitude : Phoenix silvestris, Poxb.; — from 
Kheree in 30° north latitude : Phoenix humilis, Poyle ; — 
from Dekan : Bentinckia Coddapanna, Berry ; at an elevation 
of 4000 feet. 

Miquel mentions as Palms of Japan (entirely extra-tropical): 
Phapis fiabelliformis, Alton ; P. humilis, Blume ; Cham- 
aerops excelsa, Thunb.; Livistona Chinensis, Br. and Arenga 
saccharifera, La Bill, or a species closely allied to that 
Palm. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 261 

.Zea Mays, Lmn6.* 

The Maize or Indian- Corn. Indigenous to the warmer parts 
of South America. St. Hilarre mentions as its native 
country Paraguay. Found in Central America ah^eady by 
Columbus. This conspicuous though annual cereal-grass 
interests us on this occasion as being applicable here to far 
more uses than those, for which it has hitherto been employed. 
In North America, for instance. Maize is converted into a 
variety of dishes for the daily table, being thus boiled in an 
immature state as "green corn." Mixed with other flour it 
furnishes good bread. For some kinds of cakes it is solely 
used, also for Maizena, Macaroni and Polenta. Several 
varieties exist ; the Inca-Maize of Peru being remarkable for 
its gigantic size and large grains. Maize is not readily 
subject to the ordinary corn-diseases ; but to prosper it 
requires fair access to potash and lime. Good writing and 
printing papers can be prepared from Maize-straw. Meyen 
calculated that the return from Maize under most favourable 
circumstances in tropical countries would be eight hundred 
fold, and under almost any circumstance it is the largest yielder 
among cereals in warm countries. As a fattening saccharine 
green-fodder Maize is justly appreciated. Any Ergot from it 
is used, like that of Pye, for medicinal purposes. Maize- 
corn contains about 75 per cent, of starch. Dierbach 
recommends mellago or treacle from Maize, instead of that 
prepared from the roots of Triticum repens (L.), and the 
molasses, so obtained, serve also culinary uses. 

.Zelkova acuminata , Planchon. (Planera acuminata, Lind- 
ley; P. Jai^onica, Miquel.) 
The "Keaki," considered one of the best timber-trees of 
Japan; proved here of rapid growth and valuable as a shade- 
tree. 

Zelkova crenata, Spach. {Flanera Ricliardi, Michaux.) 

South- West Asia, ascending to 5000 feet. In favourable 
localities a good-sized tree, with qualities resembling those of 
the Elms. The allied Z. cretica (Spach) is restricted to 
South Europe. 

Zingiber officinale, Poscoe. 

The Ginger. India and China. Possibly this plant may be 
productive in the hottest parts of our colony, and give satis- 
factory results. The multiplication is effected by division 
of the root. For candied Ginger only the young succulent 
roots are used, which are peeled and scalded prior to the 
immersion into the saccharine liquid. 



262 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Zizania aquatica, Linne.* {Hydropyrum esculentum, Link.) 
The Canada-Rice. In sliallow streams and around ponds 
and lakes from Canada to Florida. This tall grass might 
be readily naturalised. Although its gi^ain can be utilised 
for bread-corn, we would wish to possess the plant chiefly to 
obtain additional food of a superior kind for water-birds. 

Zizania latifolia, Hance.* {Hydropyrum latifolium, Grise- 
bach.) 

The Kau-sun of China. In lakes of Amur, Manchuria, 
China and J apan. Nearly related to the preceding species. 
From Dr. Hance we know, that the solid base of the stem 
forms a very choice vegetable, largely used in Chiiia, where 
this tall water-gi'ass undergoes regular cultivation like the 
Trapa. 

Zizania miliacea, Michaux. 

Southern part of North America, "West India. Likewise 
tall and perennial, but more restricted to the tide-water 
meadows and ditches, according to Pursli; but according to 
Chapman's note generally distributed like Z. aquatica, Avith 
which it has similar use. In South Brazil occurs .a similar 
grass, namely Z, microstachya (Nees). 

Zizyphus Joazeiro, Martius. 

Brazil. Recommended as yielding fruit in arid regions. 

Zizyphus Jujuba, La March. 

From India to China, East Australia, extending also to 
tropical Africa, ascending the Himalayas to 4500 feet. This 
shrub or tree can only be expected to bear its pleasant fruits 
in the warmest part of our colony. The fruit is red or 
yellow, and of the size of a cherry. 

Zizyphus Lotus, La March. 

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The fruits are 
small and less sweet than those of Z. vulgaris ; nevertheless 
they are largely used for food in the native country of this 
bush. Z. nummularia (Wight and Arnott) is an allied 
species from the mountains of India, ascending to 3000 feet. 
It is much used for garden-hedges. The fruit is sweet and 
acidulous and of a pleasant flavour (Brandis). 

Zizyphus rugosa. La March. 

Nepal and other mountainous parts of India. A. small tree, 
hardier than the last. The drupe of this is also edible, and 
the same may be said of a few other Indian species. 

Zizyphus Sinensis, La March. 

China and J apan. Similar in use to the last. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



263 



Zizyphus Spina Christi, Willdenow. 

Middle and North Africa, South-West Asia. Eather a 
hedge-plant than a fruit-bush. 

Zizyphus vulgaris, La Marck. 

Orient, particularly Syria ; in the Himalayas up to 6500 
feet. A small tree, well adapted for our clime. Fruits 
scarlet, about an inch long, with edible pulp ; they are known 
as South European Jujubs. The allied Z. oxyphylla (Edge- 
worth) has a very acid fruit. 

Zoysia pungens, Willdenow. 

Eastern and Southern Asia, East Australia. This creeping 
grass, although not large, is important for binding coast- 
sands. 



ADDITIO^^S. 

Acacia Arabica. 

Add : Wood very durable if water-seasoned, extensively used 
for wheels, wellcurbs and many kinds of implements, also for 
the knees of boats. A. latronum (Willdenow) and A. 
modesta (Wallich) form thorny hedges in India (Brandis). 

Acacia armata, R. Brown. 

Extra-tropic Australia. The Kangaroo-Thorn. Much grown 
for hedges, though less manageable than various other hedge- 
plants. Important for covering coast-sand with an unap- 
proachable prickly vegetation. 

Acacia Catechu, Willdenow. 

India, up to 3000 feet. Tree of forty feet height. The 
extract prepared from the heartwood is the Catechu of medi- 
cine or Cutch of tannery. A Suma (Kurz) is closely allied. 

Acacia longifolia, Willdenow. 

South-Eastern Australia. Although this tree occurs indi- 
genously here, it is introduced into this list inasmuch as the 
very bushy variety known as A . Sophorse (B. Brown) renders 
most important services in subduing loose coast-sand; it 



264 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



should therefore be disseminated on our extensively bare 
sand-shores. To the recommendations of this bush can be 
added that it grows so quicklj. 

Acer niveum, Blume. 

Continental and Insular India, up on the forest-ranges. 
This is the tallest of the Maples, attaining a height of 150 
feet. Several other large Maples worthy of introduction, 
particularly into our pai^ks, occur on the mountains of India. 

^sculus Indica, Coiebrooke. 

In the Himalayas, from 3500 to 9000 feet. Height finally 
fifty feet; trunk comparatively short, occasionally with a 
girth of twenty- five feet. Never quite ^vitllout leaves. Can 
be used like the Horse- Chestnut as an ornamental shade- 
tree. 

Albizzia bigemina, F. v. Mueller. ( PithecoloUum hige- 
minum, Martins.) 
India, up to Sikkim and Nepal, ascending in Ceylon to 4000 
feet. Available for our forests for its peculiar dark and hard 
wood. Another congener, A. subcoriacea (Pithecolobium 
subcoriaceum, Tliwaites) from the mountains of India is 
deserving with numerous other tall species here test-culture. 

Albizzia lophantha. 

Add: Here better still than the Broom-bush for shelter of 
new forest-plantations in open sand-lands. 

Alnus Nepalensis, D. Don. 

Himalayas, between 3000 and 9000 feet. Reaches a height 
of sixty feet. With an other Himalayan Alder, A. nitida 
(Endlicher), it can be grown along streams for the sake of its 
wood. 

Artocarpus integrifolia, Linne. 

India. The famous Jack-tree, ascending like the allied A. 
Lakoocha (Roxburgh) to 4000 feet. Trials might be made 
to see, whether it would ripen its fruit in the hottest and 
moistest regions of our colony. 

Berberis Nepalensis, Sprengel. 

Himalayas, at elevations between 4000 and 8000 feet. The 
fruit of this evergreen species is edible. 

Betula acuminata, Wallich. 

Himalaya, between 3000 and 10,000 feet. Attains a height 
of sixty feet, and delights on forest-streams. The wood hard, 
strong and durable. Another Himalayan Bii^ch, B. utilis 
(D. Don), grows on arid ground, and produces good timber of 
less hardness. 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



265 



Borassus flabelliformis, Linne. 

The Palmyra. From the Persian Gulf to India, extending 
to 30° North. This noble Palm attains a height of 100 feet. 
The pulp of the fruit serves as food. Enormous masses of 
sugar or toddy are produced in India from the sap, which 
flows from incisions of the stalk of the unexpanded flowers. 
By us to be reared for scenic plantations. 

JBoswellia thurifera, Colebrooke. 

India. A deciduous tree, living in arid forest-regions, pro- 
bably hardy here. Yields an aromatic resin. The real 
Olibanum is exuded by B. Carter! (Bird wood), of Arabia and 
tropical Africa. 

Brassica alba. 

Add: Can be grown in shallow soil, even on land recently 
reclaimed from swamps. It prefers argillaceous ground. The 
return is in a few months. The stalks and foliage after the 
seed-harvest serve as sheep-fodder. 

Butea frondosa. 

Add : Ascends to elevations of 4000 feet. 

Camellia Thea, Link. 

This name should be adopted by priority for the Tea-plant, 
Thea Chinesis (Sims.) 

Carum Petroselinum. 

Add: Always desirable on pastures as a preventive or 
curative of some kidney and liver diseases of sheep, horses 
and cattle. The root is also valuable for the table. 

Castanopsis Indica, A. de Candolle. 

Mountains of India, at about 4000 feet. This Oak-Chestnut 
produces seeds with the taste of filberts. 

Casuarina distyla, Yentenat. 

Extra-troj)ical Australia. A shrubby species, well adapted 
for fixing the sand-drifts of sea-coasts. All Casuarinas can 
be pollarded for cattle-fodder. 

Cedrela Chinensis, A. de Jussieu. 

China. An elegant tree, hardy in Middle Europe. It 
furnishes a wood not unlike that of the Singapore Cedar, 
reddish in colour, particularly sought for cigar-boxes. 

Cedrela Taona. 

Add : Ascends the Himalayas to 8000 feet. The Bev. Dr. 
Woolls noted in New South Wales trees so large as to 
yield 30,000 feet of timber. 

Celtis Australls. 

Add : Ascends the Himalayas to 9000 feet. 



266 



SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE 



Chlorogalum pomeridianum. 

Add : The bulb contains Saponin. 

Cupressus torulosa. 

Add : Dr. Brandis thinks that it may attain an age of 1000 
years. 

Dalbergia Sissoo, Roxburgh. 

The Indian Sissoo-tree, ascending to elevations of 5000 feet, 
attaining a height of 60 feet. It may be worthy of test 
whether in localities free of frost, particularly along sandy 
river-banks, this important timber-tree could be naturalised. 
Brandis found the transverse strength of the wood greater 
than that of teak and of sal ; it is very elastic, seasons well, 
does not warp or split and takes a fine polish. It is also 
durable as a wood for boats. The tree is easily raised from seeds 
or cuttings, is of quick growth and resists slight frosts. The 
supply of its wood has fallen short of the demand in India. 

Dendrocalamus Hamiltoni, Nees. 

Himalayas, between 2000 and 6000 feet. Height up to 60 
feet. The young shoots of this stately Bamboo are edible in 
a boiled state (Brandis). D. strictus attains a height of 100 
feet and occasionally forms forests of its own. 

Eucalyptus amygdalina. 

Add: It is this species which yields more volatile oil than 
any other hitherto tested, and which therefore is largely 
chosen for distillation; thus it is also one of the best for 
subduing malarian efflu^da in fever-regions, although it does 
not grow with quite the same ease and celerity as E. globu- 
lus. The respective hygienic value of various Eucalypts 
may to some extent be judged from the percentage of oil in 
their foliage, as stated below and as ascertained by Mr. 
Bosisto, at the author's instance, for the exliibition of 1862: 
E. amygdalina ... 3 '31 3 per cent, volatile oil. 
E. oleosa .. ... 1*250 „ „ 
E. leucoxylon ... 1*060 „ „ 
E. goniocalyx ... 0*914 „ 
E. globulus ... 0*719 „ 

E. obliqua 0*500 „ „ 

The lesser quantity of oil of E. globulus is however compen- 
sated for by the vigour of its gi'owth and the early copious- 
ness of its foliage. The proportion of oil varies also some- 
what according to locality and season. E. rostrata, though 
one of the poorest in oil, is nevertheless important for mala- 
rian regions, as it will grow well on periodically inundated 
places, and even in stagnant water not saline. E. oleosa (F. 
V. M.), from the desert regions of extra-tropic Australia, 



FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 



267 



might be reared on barren sands of other countries for the 
sake of its oil. According to Mr. Osborne's experiment, 
Eucaljptus-oils dissolve the following among other substances 
for select varnishes and other preparations : Camphor, Pine- 
resins, Mastich, Elemi, Sandarac, Kauri, Dammar, Asphalt, 
Xanthorrhcea-resin, Dragon's-blood, Benzoe, Copal, Amber, 
Anime, Shellac, Caoutchouc, also Wax, but not Gutta-Percha. 
These substances are arranged here in the order of their 
greatest solubility. The potash obtainable from the ashes of 
various Eucalypts varies from five to twenty-seven per cent. 
One ton of the fresh foliage of E. globulus yields about 8-g- 
lbs. of Pearl-ash, a ton of the green wood about 2^ lbs., of 
dry wood about 4|- lbs. For resins, tar, acetic acid, tannin 
and other products of many Eucalypts see various docu- 
ments and reports of the writer, issued from the Melbourne 
Botanic Garden. 

Ficus infectoria, Willdenow. 

India, ascending to 5000 feet. Probably hardy, and then 
adapted for street-planting. Brandis and Stewart found its 
growth quicker than that of Siris or Albizzia procera. 
F. religiosa (L.) ascends to the same height, and is in moist 
climates of quick growth. It is one of the trees on which 
the Lac-insect largely exists. The fruits of some huge Hima- 
layan species, for instance F. virgata (Boxb.), F. glomerata 
(Koxb,), F. Boxburghii (Wallich), are edible. 

Fraxinus floribunda. 

Add: Himalaya, between 5000 and 11,000 feet. It attains 
a height of 120 feet, and serves as a fine avenue-tree; girth 
of stem sometimes fifteen feet. The wood much sought for 
oars, ploughs and various implements (Stewart and Brandis). 
For forest-plantations Ashes are best mixed with Beeches and 
some other trees. 

Hardwickia binata, Boxburgh. 

India, up to elevations of nearly 4000 feet. Maximum height 
of tree 120 feet. Wood from red-brown to nearly black, 
close-grained, exceedingly hard, heavy and durable, valued 
for underground work. The bark furnishes easily a valuable 
material for cordage. The tree can readily be pollarded for 
cattle-fodder (Brandis). 

Helianthus annuus. 

Add: Important also for raising quickly vegetation around 
fever-morasses, the absorbing and exhaling power of this 
plant being very large (Dr. v. Hamm). 



268 SELECT PLANTS ELIGIBLE FOR VICTOKIAN CULTURE. 

Juniperus communis. 

Add : Colder parts of Europe, Asia, North Africa and jS'orth 
America, ascending tlie European Alps to 8000 feet, the 
Indian mountains to 14,000 feet. Important for fuel in the 
coldest regions. 

Juniperus excelsa. 

Add : Extends to the Himalayas, where its range of elevation 
is from 5000 to 14,000 feet. Trunk short but of great girth, 
over twenty feet cii'cumference being known (Stewart and 
Brandis). 

Lavandula Stoechas. 

Add : Mr. James Dickinson, of Portarlington, informs us, 
that this is the best plant known to him for staying sand. 
It grows much quicker than the Ulex ; every seed which falls 
germinates, so that around each bush every stroke of the 
spade brings up lots of seedlings fit for transplantation. 
Here five months in full flower annually, it being early in 
bloom. Bees are passionately fond of the mucilaginous secretion 
of the flowers. Mr. Dickinson calculates, that annually from 
an acre of this Lavender a ton of the finest-flavoured honey 
can be obtained. 

Morus alba. 

p. 135, last line, read Pebrine-disease instead of Pedrine- 
disease. 

Quercus Mongolica, Fischer.* 

Manchuria. It is on this tree and on Q. serrata (Thunberg) 
that the silk-insect peculiar to Oak-trees mainly, if not 
solely, is reared, as shown by Dr. Hance. 

Tripsacum dactyloides. 

Add : Known vernacularly as Gama-grass. 



GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 



NOETHEEN AND MIDDLE EUEOPE. 

Acer campestre, A. platanoides, A. Pseudo-platanus, Achillea atrata, A. 
Millefolium, A. moschata, A. nana, Aconitum Napellus, Acorus Calamus, 
Actaea spicata, Agaricus auricula, A. cassareus, A. Cardarella, A. deliciosus, 
A. eryngii, A. esculentus, A. extinctorius, A. giganteus, A. Marzuolus, A. 
melleus, A. Mouceron, A. odorus, A. oreades, A, socialis, A. splendens, 
Agrostis alba, A, rubra, A. vulgaris, Aira cajspitosa, Allium Schoenoprasum, 
A. Scorodoprasum, Alnus glutinosa, A. incana, Alopecurus bulbosus, A. 
geniculatus, A. pratensis. Althaea officinalis, Anemone Pulsatilla, Anthemis 
nobilis, A. tinctoria, Anthriscus Cerefolium, Archangelica officinalis, Arcto- 
staphylos uva-ursi, Arnica montana, Artemisia Absinthium, A, Mutellina, 
A. Pontica, Asparagus officinalis. Astragalus arenarius, A. glycyphyllos, 
A. hypoglottis, Atropa Belladonna, Avena elatior, A. fatua, A. flavescens, 
A. pubescens, A. sativa, Barbarsea vulgaris. Beta vulgaris, Betula alba, 
Brassica alba, B. Napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. Eapa, Bromus asper, 
Calamintha officinalis, Camelina sativa, Carex arenaria, Carpinus Betulus, 
Carum Bulbocastanum, C. Carui, C. segetum, Chseromyces meandriformis, 
Chasrophyllum bulbosum, 0. sativum, Cichorium Intybus, Cochlearia 
Armoracia, C. officinalis, Colchicum autumnale, Conium maculatum, 
Corylus Avellana, Crambe maritima, Crataegus Oryacantha, Cynosurus 
cristatus, Cytisus scoparius, Dactylis glomerata, Daucus Carota, Digitalis 
purpurea, Dipsacus fuUonum, Elymus arenarius, Fagus silvatica, Festuca 
arundinacea, F. drymeia, F. duriuscula, F. elatior, F. gigantea, F. hetero- 
phylla, F. loliacea, F. ovina, F. pratensis, F. rubra, F. silvatica, F. 
spadicea, Fragaria collina, F. vesca, Fraxinus excelsior, Gentiana lutea, 
Helleborus niger, Heracleum Sibiricum, Holcus lanatus, H. mollis, 
Hordeum secalinum, Humulus Lupulus, Hydnum album, H. auriscalpium, 
H. Caput- Medusae, H. coralloides, H. diversidens, H. erinaceum, H. 
fuligineo-album, H. graveolens, H. Hystrix, H. imbricatum, H. infundi- 
bulum, H. laevigatum, H. subsquamosum, H. violascens, Hyoscyamus 
niger, Ilex Aquifolium, Inula Helenium, Juniperus communis, Lactuca 
virosa, Laserpitium aquilegium, Lathyrus macrorrhizus, L. pratensis, L. 
sativus, Lavatera arborea, Leersia oryzoides, Lolium perenne, Lotus 
corniculatus, L. major, Marrubium vulgare, Matricaria Chamomilla, Medi- 
cago falcata, M. sativa, Melica ciliata, M. nutans, M. uniflora, Melilotus 
alba, M. officinalis, Mentha citrata, M. crispa, M. piperita, M. Pulegium, 
M. rotundifolia, M. silvestris, M. viridis, Menyanthes trifoliata, Milium 
effusum, Morchella deliciosa, M, esculenta, M, Gigas, M. patula, Onobrychis 
sativa. Origanum vulgare, Peucedanum officinale, P. Ostruthium, P. 
sativum, Phleum alpinum, P. pratense, Physalis Alkekengi, Pimpinella 
Saxifraga, Pinus Abies, P. Cembra, P. Larix, P. montana, P. Picea, P. 
silvestris, Poa airoides, P. alpina, P. angustifolia, P. aquatica, P. distans, 
P. fertilis, P. fluitans, P. maritima, P. nemoralis, P. pratensis, P. trivialis, 
Populus alba, P. canescens, P. dilatata, P. fastigiata, P. nigra, P. tremula, 



270 



GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 



Prunus Mahaleb, P. spinosa, Psamma arenaria, P. Baltica, Pyrus 
Germanica, P. nivalis, Quercus Robur, Peseda Luteola, Phamnus cathar- 
ticus, Pibes Grossularia, P. nigrum, P. rubrum, Posa Gallica, R. 
spinosissima, Pubia peregriaa, Pubus csesius, P. Chamaemorus, P. 
fruticosus, P. Idaeus, Pumex Acetosa, P. scutatus, Puscus aculeatus, Salix 
alba, S. caprea, S. daphnoides, S. fragilis, S. lanceolata, S. purpurea, S. 
rubra, S. triandra, S. viminalis, Sambucus nigra, Sanguisorba minor, 
Saponaria officinalis, Scorzonera Hispanica, Sesleria coerulea, Sisou 
Amomum, Smyrnium Olusatrum, Solanum Dulcamara, Spartina stricta, 
Spergula arvensis, Tanacetum vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Tilia Europaea, 
Tragopogon porrifolius, Trapa natans, Trifolium agrarium, T. alpestre, T. 
fragiferum, T, hybridum, T. incamatum, T. medium, T. montanum, T. 
ocbroleucum, T. pratense, T. repens, T. spadiceum, Triticum junceum, 
Tuber sestivum, T. albidum, T. cibarium, T. magnatum, T. melanosporum, 
Ulex Europaeus, Ulmus campestris, U. pedunculata, Vaccinium Mjrrtillus, 
V. Oxy coccus, V. uliginosum, V. Vitis-Idsea, Valeriana Celtica, Valerian- 
ella olitoria, Veratrum album, Vicia sativa, V. sepium, V. silvatica, Viola 
odorata. 

COUNTPIES AT OP NEAP THE MEDITEPPANEAN SEA. 

Acacia Arabica, A. Seyal, A. tortilis, A. Verek, Acer Creticum, Achillea 
fragrantissima, ^gilops ovata, ^sculus Hippocastanum, Agaricus cassareus, 
Agrostis alba, A. vulgaris, Aira csespitosa, Alkanna tinctoria, Allium 
Ascallonicum, A. Cepa, A. Neapolitanum, A. Porrum, A. roseum, A. 
Scorodoprasum, A. sativum. Aloe vulgaris, Alopecurus bulbosus, A. genicu- 
latus, A. pratensis. Althaea officinalis, Amarantus Blitum, Anacyclus 
Pyrethrum, Andropogon Haleppensis, A. Schoenanthus, Anthemis nobilis, 
A. tinctoria, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Anthyllis vulneraria, Apium 
graveolens, Argania Sideroxylon, Artemisia Absinthium, A. Pontica, 
Arundo Ampelodesmos, A. Donax, A. Pliniana, Asparagus acutifolius, A. 
albus, A. aphyllus, A. horridus, A. officinalis, Astragalus Cephalonicus, A. 
Cicer, A. Creticus, A. gummifer. A, Parnassi, A. strobiliferus, A. verus, 
Atropa Belladonna, Avena elatior, A. fatua, A. flavescens, A. pubescens, 

A. sativa, Balsamodendron Ehrenbergii, B. Mukul, B. Opobalsamum, Beta 
vulgaris, Betula alba, Bongardia Pauwolfii, Borrago officinalis, Brassica 
alba, B. campestris, B. Cretica, B. juncea, B. Napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea, 

B. Papa, Bromus erectus, Buxus Balearica, B. longifolia, B. semper virens, 
Cajanus Indicus, Calamintha Nepeta, C. officinalis, Callitris quadrivalvis, 
Camelina sativa. Cannabis sativa, Capparis spinosa, Carpinus Betulus, 
Carthamus tinctorius, Carum Bulboscastanum, C. Carui, C. ferulifolium, C. 
Petroselinum, C. segetum, Cassia acutifolia, 0. angustifolia, C. obovata, 
Castanea sativa, Catha edulis, Cedronella triphyUa, Celtis Australis, 
Ceratonia Siliqua, Chserophyllum bulbosum, C. sativum, Chamaerops 
humilis, Chelidonium majus, Chenopodium Blitum, Chrysanthemum carneum, 

C. roseum, Cicer arietinum, Cichorium Endivia, C. Intybus, Cistus 
Creticus, C. Cyprius, Cochlearia Armoracia, Cofifea Arabica, Colchicum 
autumnale, Colocasia antiquorum, Conium maculatum, Conopodium denu- 
datum. Convolvulus fioridus, C. Scammonia, C. scoparius, Coriandrum 
sativum, Corylus Colurna, Corynosicyos edulis, Crambe cordifolia, C. 
Klotschyana, C. maritima, C. Tataria, Crataegus Azarolus, C. Oxyacantha, 
C. pyracantha, Crithmum maritimum, Crocus sativus, C. serotinus, Crozo- 
phora tinctoria, Cucumis CitruUus, C. Colocynthis, C. Melo, C. sativus, 
Cucurbita maxima, C. Melopepo, C. moschata, C. Pepo, Cuminum 
Cyminum, C. Hispanicum, Cupressus sempervirens, Cynara Cardunculus, 
C. Scolymus, Cynodon Dactylon, Cynosurus cristatus, Cyperus esculentus, 
C. Papyrus, C. proliferus, C. Syriacus, Cytisus scoparius, Dactylis 
glomerata, Daphne Mezereum, Daucus Carota, Digitalis purpurea, Dios- 



GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 



271 



pyros Lotus, Dipsacus fullonum, Dolichos Lablab, T>. uniflonis, Dorema 
Ammoniacum, Dracocephalum Moldavica, Ecballion Elaterium, Eleusine 
flagellifera, E. Tocussa, Elymus arenarius, Ervum Lens, Fagopyrum 
esculentum, F. Tataricum, Fagus silvatica, Ferula galbaniilua, F. longi- 
folia, Festuca elatior, F. gigantea, F. silvatica, Ficus Carica, F. Syca- 
morus, Fceniculum ofi&cinale, Fragaria coUina, F. pratensis, F. vesca, 
Fraxinus excelsior, F. Omus, Genista monosperma, G, sphserocarpa, 
Gentiana lutea, Glycyrrhiza echinata, G. glabra, Gossypium arboreum, 
Guilandina Bonduc, G. Bonducella, Hedysarum coronariuni, Helichrysum 
orientale, Helleborus niger, Hippocrepis comosa, Holcus lanatus, H. 
mollis, Hordeum deficiens, H. distichon, H. hexastichon, H, macrolepis, 
H. secalinum, H. vulgare, H. zeocriton, Humulus Lupulus, Hydnum 
imbricatum, Hyoscyamus niger, Hyphaane Argun, H. coriacea, Imperata 
arundinacea, Indigofera argentea, Inula Helenium, Isatis tinctoria, 
Jasminum odoratissimum, J. officinale, Juglans regia, Juniperus brevifolia, 
J. Cedrus, J. drupacea, J. excelsa, J. foetidissima, J. Phoenicea, J. procera, 
Koeleria cristata, K. glauca, Lactuca virosa, Lathyrus Cicera, L. pratensis, 
L. tuberosus, Laserpitium aquilegium, Laurus nobilis, Lavandula angusti- 
folia, L. latifolia, L. Stoechas, Lavatera arborea, Lawsonia alba, Leersia 
oryzoides, Lepidium latifolium, L. sativum, Linum usitatissimum, Liquid- 
ambar Altingia, L. Orientalis, Lolium Italicum, L, perenne, Lotus 
comiculatus, L. major, L. siliquosus, L. tetragonolobus, Lupinus albus, L. 
luteus, L. varius, Lycium Afrum, Lygeum Spartum, Marrubium vulgare, 
Matricaria Chamomilla, Medicago arborea, M. lupulina, M. media, M. 
sativa, Melica ciliata, M. nutans, M. uniflora, Melilotus alba, M. coerulea, 
M. macrorrhiza, M, officinalis, Melissa officinalis, Mentha citrata, M. 
crispa, M. piperita, M. Pulegium, M. rotundifolia, M. silvestris, M. viridis, 
Menyanthes trifoliata, Meriandra Abyssinica, Milium effiisum, Morchella 
deliciosa, M. esculenta, Moringa aptera. Moras nigra, Musa Ensete, M. 
Livingstoniana, Myrica Faya, Myrrhis odorata, Myrtus communis, Nelumbo 
nucifera, Nicotiana Persica, Ocimum Basilicum, 0. sanctum, 0. suave, Olea 
Europsea, Onobrychis sativa. Origanum Dictamus, 0. hirtum, 0. Majorana, 
O. Maru, 0. normale, 0. Onites, 0. virens, 0. vulgare, Ornithopus sativus, 
Ostrya carpinifolia, Oxytenantbera Abyssinica, Oxytropis pilosa, Paliurus 
Spina- Christi, Panicum brizanthemum, P, Crus-Galli, P. glabrum, P. 
maximum, P. prostratum, P. repens, P. sanguinale, P. spectabile, P. 
turgidum, Papaver somniferum, Pennisetum thypboideum, Persea Tener- 
ifFee, Peucedanum cachrydifolium, P. officinale, Phalaris brachystachys, P. 
Canariensis, P. minor, P. truncata, Phaseolus coccineus, Phleum alpinum, P. 
pratense, Phoenix d actylif era, Physalis Alkekengi, P. angulata, Pimpinella 
Anisum, P. magna, P. nigra, P. Saxifraga, P. Sisarum, Pinus Abies, P. 
Canariensis, P. Cedrus, P. Cembra, P. Cilicica, P. Haleppensis, P. Laricio, 
P. Larix, P. montana, P, orientalis, P. Pinaster, P. Pinea, P. Pinsapo, P. 
Pyrenaica, Pistacia Atlantica, P. Lentiscus, P. Terebinthus, P. vera, 
Peucedanum sativum, Platanus orientalis, Poa Abyssinica, P. airoides, P. 
angustifolia, P. aquatica, P. cynosuroides, P. distans, P. fluitans, P. 
maritima, P. nemoralis, P. trivialis, Populus alba, P. canescens, P. dilatata, 
P. Euphratica, P. fastigiata, P. nigra, P. tremula, Prosopis Stephaniana, 
Prunus Amygdalus, P. Armenica, P. avium, P. Cerasus, P, domestica, P, 
Lauro-Cerasus, P. Mahaleb, P. Padus, P. Persica, P, spinosa, Psamma 
arenaria, Punica granatum, Pyrus communis, P. Cydonia, P. malus, P. 
nivalis, P. salicifolia, Quercus ^gilops, Q. Cerris, Q, coccifera, Q. Ilex, Q. 
infectoria, Q. Eobur, Q. Suber, Q. Toza, Peseda luteola, R. odorata, 
Phamnus amygdalinus, R. catharticus, E. Grsecus, P. infectorius, R. 
oleoides, R. prunifolius, R. saxatilis, Rhaponticum acaule, Rheum Rhapon- 
ticum, Rhus Coriaria, R. Cotinus, Ribes Grossularia, R. nigrum, R. rubram, 
Ricinus communis, Roccella tinctoria, Rosa centifolia, R. Damascena, R. 
Gallica, R. moschata, R. sempervirens, R. spinosissima, Rosmarinus officin- 



272 



GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 



alis, Rubia peregrina, R. tinctorum, Rubiis fruticosiis, 11. Idseiis, Rumex 
Acetosa, R. scutatus, Ruscus aculeatus, Ruta graveolens, R. silvestris, 
Sagittaria sagittifolia, Salix alba, S. Babylonica. S. daphnoides, S. fragilis, 
S. purpurea, S. rubra, S. viminalis. Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, 
Sanguisorba minor, Santolina Cyparissias, Saponaria officinalis, Satureja 
Grrseca, S. hortensis, S, Juliana, S. montana, S. Thymbra, Saussurea Lappa, 
Scandix grandiiiora, Scorzonera Astrachanica, S. crocifolia, S. deliciosa, S. 
Hispanica, S. lanata, S. ramosa, S. Scowitzii, S. semicana, S. tuberosa, S. 
undulata, Secale cereale, SesuAdum Portulacastrum, Sison Amomum, Smilax 
aspera, Smjrrnium Olusatrum, Solanum ^thiopicum, S. Dulcamara, S. 
edule, S. xanthocarpum, Spartina stricta, Spartium junceum, Spergula 
arvensis, Spinacia tetrandra, Stenotaphrum Americanum, Stipa arenaria, 
S. tenacissima, Styrax officinalis, Symphytum asperrimum, S. officinale, 
Tamarindus Indica, Tamarix articulata, T. GaUica, T. Germanica,. 
Tanacetum vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Taxus baccata, Terfezia Leonis, 
Teucrium Chamsedrys, T. Creticum, T. Marum, T. Folium, T, Scordium, 
Tbapsia edulis, Theligonum Cynocrambe, Thouarea sarmentosa, Thymeleea 
tinctoria, Thymus aestivus, T. capitatus, T. hiemalis, T. Mastichina, T. 
Serpillum, T. vulgaris, Tilia argentea, T. Europaea, Tinguarra Sicula, 
Tragopogon porrif olius, Trapa natans, Trifolium agrarium, T. Alexandrinum, 
T. alpestre, T. fragiferum, T. hybridum, T. incarnatum, T. medium, T. 
montanum, T. ochroleucum, T. pratense, T. Quartinianum. T. repens, T. 
spadiceum, T. subrotundum, Trigonella Foenum-Graecum, Triticum junceum, 
T. vulgare. Tuber sestivum, T. albidum, T. cibarium, T. magnatum, Ulex 
Europseus, Ulmus campestris, U. pedunculata, Urginia Scilla, Vacciniuni 
Myrtillus, V. Oxycoccus, V. uliginosum, V. Vitis-Idaea, Valeriana officin- 
alis, Valerianella olitoria, Veratrum album, Vicia Cracca, Y. Ervilia, "\^. 
Faba, V. peregrina, V. sativa, V. sepium, V. silvatica, V, tetrasperma, 
Viola odorata, Vitis Schimperiana, V. vinifera, Zelkova crenata, Z. Cretica, 
Zizyphus Lotus, Z. Spina- Christi, Z. vulgaris. 

MIDDLE AND TEMPERATE EASTERN ASIA. 

Acer palmatiim, A. pictum, Agrostis vulgaris, Ailantusglandulosa, Albizzia 
Julibrissin, Allium fistulosum, Alopecurus geniculatus, Aralia cordata, 
Arenga saccharifera (under Zalacca), Aristolochia recurvilabra, Artemisia 
Cina, A. Dracunculus, Arundinaria Japonica (under Schizostachyum), 
Atriplex hortensis, Avena elatior, A. fatua, A. flavescens, A. pubescens, 
Balsamodendron Mukul, Bambusa Beechyana, B. flexuosa, B. tultoides, 
(under Schizostachyum), Barbaraea \T.ilgaris, Basella rubra, Betula alba, 
Bcehmeria nivea, Brassica alba, B. Chinensis, B. juncea, B. nigra, Bromus 
asper, Broussonetia papyrifera, Buxus microphylla, Csesalpinia sepiaria, 
Camellia Thea, Cannabis sativa, Caragana arborescens, Carpinus cordata, 

C. erosa, C. Japonica, C. laxiflora, Carum Bulbocastanum, C. Carui, 
Cedrela Sinensis, Cephalotaxus Fortunei, Cham^rops excelsa, C. Fortunei, 
Cinnamomum Camphora, Citrus Japonica, Corchorus capsularis, Cordy- 
line Ti, Corylus heterophyUa, Cryptomeria Japonica, Cucumis Conomon, 
Cupressus obtusa, C. pisifera, Cycas revoluta, Daucus Carota, Debregeasia 
edulis, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dioscorea Japonica, D. oppositifolia, 

D. quinqueloba, D. sativa, Diospyros Kaki, D. Lotus, Ehrharta caudata, Elaeag- 
nus parvif olius, Eleusine Coracana,Excgecaria sebif era, Euryale ferox,Euryan- 
gium Sumbul, Fagopyrum cymosum, F. emarginatum, F. esculentum, F. 
Tataricum, Fagus Sieboldii, Fatsia papyrifera, Flueggea Japonica, Fraxinus 
Chinensis, Ginkgo biloba, Gleditschia horrida. Glycine hispida, G. Soya, 
Heleocharis tuberosa, Heracleum Sibiricum, Hovenia dulcis. Hydrangea 
Thunbergi, lUicium anisatum, Imperata arundinacea, Isatis indigotica, 
I. tinctoria, Jasminum grandiflorum, J, officinale, J. Sambac, Juglans 
cordiformis, J. Mandschurica, J. Sieboldiana, J. stenocarpa, Juniperus 



GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 



273 



Chinensis, J. sphserica, Lathyrus macrorrhizus, Lepidium latifolium, Lespe- 
deza striata, Ligustrum Japonicum, Livistona Chinensis, Magnolia Yulan, 
Morus alba, Musa Cavendishii, Myrtus tomentosa, Nageia cupressina, 
Nephelium Litchi, N. Longanum, Pachyma Hoelen, Paliurus ramosissimus, 
Pennisetum cereale, Perilla arguta. Phoenix pusilla, Phyllostachys bam- 
busoides, P. nigra (under Schizostachyum), Physalis Alkekengi, P. angulata, 
Pinus Alcocquiana, P. densiflora, P. firm i, P. Fortunei, P. Jezoensis, P. 
Ksempferi, P, Koraiensis, P. leptolepis, P. Massoniana, P. parviflora, P. Si- 
birica, P. Tsuga, Planera Japonica, Poa airoides, P. alpina, P. fertilis, Poly- 
gaster Sampadarius. Polygonum tinctorium, Populus nigra, P. tremula, 
Prangos pabularia, Pterocarpus Indicus, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, P. stenop- 
tera, Pyrus Japonica, Quercus Chinensis, Q. cornea, Q. glabra, Q. Mongolica, 
Q. serrata, Rhamnus chlorophorus, K. utilis, Rhapis flabelliformis, 
humilis. Rheum officinale, R. palmatum, R. Rhaponticum, R. Tartaricum, 
R. undulatum, Rhus semialata, R. succedanea, R, vernicifera, Rosa Indica, 
R, laevigata, R. moschata, R. sempervirens, R. spinosissima, Rubia cordifolia, 
Rumex Acetosa, R. Patentia, Saccharum officinarum, S. Sinense, Sagittaria 
sagittifolia, Salix Babylonica, Sanguisorba minor, Sciadopitys verticillata, 
Scorzonera albicavilis, Selinum Monnieri, Sophora Japonica, Spergula 
arvensis, Spinacia oleracea, Tetragonia expansa, Tetranthera Japonica, Thea. 
Chinensis, Tilia Europsea, T. Manchurica, Thuyopsis dolabrata, Torreya 
grandis, T. nucifera, Trapa bicornis, T. bispinosa, Trifolium pratense, 
Triphasia Aurantiola, Ulmus campestris, U. parvifolia, Vaccinium prasstans, 
Veratrum album, Vicia Cracca, V. sepium, V. silvatica, Vigna Sinensis, 
Vitis Labrusca, V. vulpina, Zelkova acuminata, Zizania latifolia^ Zizyphus 
Jujuba, Z. Sinensis, Zoysia pungens. 

SOUTHERN ASIA. 

Acacia Arabica, A. Catechu, A. concinna, A. Farnesiana, A. latronum, 
A. Sundra, Acer Isevigatum, A. niveum, A. sterculiaceum, A. villosum, 
Aconitum ferox, Aegiceras majus, Aeschynomene aspera, Aesculus Indica, 
Albizzia bigemina. A, Lebbeck, Aleurites cordata, Alnus Nepalensis, Aloe 
socotrina, Aloexylon Agallochum, Amarantus paniculatus, Andropogon 
Calamus,- A. cernuus, A. citratus, A. Ivarancusa, A. Martini, A. muricatus, 
A. Nardus, A. pertusus, A. saccharatus, A. Schoenanthus, A. Sorghum, 
Anthistiria ciliata, Aponogeton crispus, Aquilaria Agallocha, Areca Nagen- 
sis, A. triandra (under Zalacca), Aristolochia Indica, Artocarpus integri- 
folia, Arundinaria falcata, A. callosa, A. debilis, A. Hookeriana, A. Khasi- 
ana, A. suberecta (under Schizostachyum), Arundo Karka, Averrhoa Bilimbi, 
A. Carambola, Avicennia officinalis, Azima tetracantha, Bambusa arundi- 
nacea, B. aspera, B. attenuata, B. Blumeana, B. elegantissima, B. mona- 
delpha, B. spinosa, B. stricta, B. verticillata, B. vulgaris, B. Balcooa, B. 
Blumeana, B. Brandisii, B. marginata, B. nutans, B. pallida, B. polymor- 
pha, B. regia, B. Tulda (under Schizostachyum), Basella lucida, B. rubra, 
Beesha elegantissima, B. Rheedei, B. stridula, B. Travancorica (under 
Schizostachyum), Benincasa cerifera, Bentinckia Coddapanna (under 
Zalacca), Berberis aristata, B. Asiatica, B. Lycium, B. Nepalensis, Betula 
acuminata, Boehmeria nivea, Borassus flabelliformis, Boswellia thurifera, 
Brassica juncea, Butea frondosa, Buxus Wallichiana, Csesalpinia Sappan, 
C. sepiaria, Cajanus Indicus, Calamus montanus, C. acanthospathus, C. 
erectus, C. extensus, C. Flagellum, C. floribundus, C, leptospadix, C. 
macrospathus, C. Mishmelensis, C. quinquenervius, C. Royleanus, C. 
schizospathus, C. tenuis (under Zalacca), Capparis aphylla, C, horrida, C. 
Roxburghi, C. sepiaria, Carex Moorcroftiana, Carissa Carandas, Carpinus 
viminea, Carthamus tinctorius, Carum Ajowan, C. gracile, C. nigrum, 
Caryota obtusa (under Zalacca), C. urens. Cassia fistula, Castanopsis 
argentea, C. Indica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Cephalostachyum capitatum, 

T 



274 



GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 



C. pallidum, 0. pergracile (under Schizostachyum), Chamserops Khasyana, 

C. Martiana, C. Richieana, Chloroxylon Swietenia, Chrysanthemum roseum, 
Citrus Aurantium, C. medica, Colocasia antiquorum, C. Indica, Corchorus 
acutangulus, C. eapsularis, C. olitorius, Crambe cordifolia, Crotalaria 
Burhia, C. juncea, C. retusa, Croton lacciferus, Cucumis cicatrisatus, C. 
Colocynthis, C. Momordica, C. utilissimus, Cupressus torulosa, Cynodon 
Dactylon, Cyperus corymbosus, C. tegetum, DEemonorops Curuba, J). 
Jenkinsii, D. nutantifiorus (under Zalacca), Dalbergia Sissoo, Dammara 
alba, Debregeasia dichotoma, D. hypoleuca, D. velutina, D. Wallichiana, 
Dendrocalamus flagellifer, D. giganteus, D. Hamiltoni, D. Hookeri, d'. 
sericeus, D. strictus (under Schizostachyum), Desmodium triflorum, Dios- 
corea aculeata, D. alata, D. deltoidea, D. globosa, D. nummularia, D. oppo- 
sitifolia, D. pentaphylla, D. purpurea, D. sativa, D. spicata, D. tomentosa, 

D. triphylla, Diospyros chloroxylon, "D. Ebenum, D. Melanoxylon, D, oppo- 
sitifolia, D, quaesita, Dolichos unifiorus, Eleusine Corocana, E. stricta, 
Engelhardtia spicata, Eugenia cordifolia, E. Jambos, E. maboides, E. 
Malaccensis, E. revoluta, E. rotundifolia, Euryale ferox, Fagopyrum cymo- 
sum, F. emarginatum, F, rotundatum, F. triangulare, Ficus elastica, F. 
Indica, F. infectoria, F. laccifera, Flacourtia cataphracta, F. Ramontchi, 
Flemingia tuberosa, Fraxinus floribunda, Garcinia Travancorica, Giganto- 
chloa apus, G. aspera, G. atter, G. heterostachya, G. maxima (under 
Schizostachyum), G. nigrociliata, G. verticillata, G. robusta, Glycine 
hispida, Gossypium arboreum, G, herbaceum, Guizotia oleifera, Gunnera 
macrophylla, Hardwickia binata, Harina caryotoides, Heleocharis fistulosa, 
H. plantaginea, Hemarthria compressa. Hibiscus caimabinus, Holoptolea 
integrifolia, Indigofera argentea, I. tinctoria, Ipomoea mammosa, I, panicu- 
lata, Jasminum grandiflorum, J. Sambac, Juniperus recurva, J. Wallichiana, 
Justicia Adhatoda, Lactuca sativa, Lawsonia alba, Licuala peltata (under 
Zalacca), Limonia acidissima, Liquidambar Altingia, Livistona Jenkinsii 
(under Zalacca), Magnolia Campbelli, M. sphaerocarpa, Maharanga Emodi, 
Mallotus Philippinensis, Mangifera Indica, Maoutia Puya, Melaleuca Leu- 
cadendron, Melia Azedarach, Meloccanna bambusoides, M. humilis. Mimosa 
Tubicaulis, Moringa pterygosperma, Morus atropurpurea, Musa coccinea, 
M. paradisiaca, M. sapientum, M. simiarum, M. troglodytarum, Myrica 
sapida, Myrtus tomentosa, Nageia amara, N. bracteata, N. cupressina, 
Nardostachys grandiflora, N. Jatamansi, Nastus Borbonicus (under Schizos- 
tachyum), Nephelium lappaceum, N. Longanum, Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis, 
Ocimum Basilicum, 0. canum, O. gratissimum, 0. sanctum, Ophelia 
Chirata, 0. elegans, Oryza sativa, Oxytenanthera albo-ciliata, 0. nigro- 
ciliata, 0. Thwaitesii (under Schizostachjrum), Pandanus furcatus, Panicum 
brizanthum, P. fluitans, P. frumentaceum, P. Italicum, P. Koenigii, P. 
miliaceum, P. prostratum, P. repens, P. sarmentosum, P. virgatum, 
Parrotia Jacquemontiana, Paspalum distichum, P. scrobiculatum, Penni- 
setum thyphoideum, Perilla ocimoides, Peucedanum Sowa, Phaseolus ade- 
nanthus, P. lunatus, P. Max, P. vulgaris, Phoenix humilis, P. Ouseloyana 
(under Zalacca), P. paludosa, P. pusilla, P. silvestris, Phyllostachys bam- 
busoides (under Schizostachyum), Pinus Brunoniana, P. Cedrus, P. excelsa, 
P. Gerardiana, P. Griffithii, P. longifolia, P. Pindrow, P. Smithiana, P. 
Webbiana, Pipturus propinquus, P. velutinus, Plectocomia Assamica (under 
Zalacca), P. Himalayana, P. Khasyana (under Zalacca), Poa cynosuroides, 
Podophyllum Emodi, Pogostemon Heyneanus, P. parviflorus, P. Patchouli, 
Polygala crotalaroides, Polygaster sampadarius, Populus ciliata, P. Euphra- 
tica, Prosopis spicifera, Pseudostachyum polymorphum (under Schizos- 
tachyum), Pterocarpus Indicus, P. Marsupium, P. santalinus, Ptychosperma 
disticha, jP. gracilis (under Zalacca), Pueraria tuberosa, Pyrularia edulis, 
Quercus annulata, Q. dilatata, Q. incana, Q. lancifolia, Q, semicarpifolia, 
Q. squamata, Q. Sundaica, Raphanus caudatus, R. sativus. Rheum Australe, 
R. officinale, Rhododendron Falconeri, Rhus vernicifera, Ribes glaciale, E. 



GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 



275 



■Griffithii, R. laciniatum, R. villosum, Ricinus communis, Rosa Imlica, R. 
moschata, R. sempervirens, Rubia cordifolia, Rubus lasiocarpus, R. rugo- 
sus, Saccharum officinarum, S. sponHaneum, S. violaceum, Salix tetrasperma, 
Sanseviera Zeylanica, Santalum album, Schizostachyum Blumei, S. brachy- 
cladum, S. Hasskarlianum, S. irratum, S. ZoUingeri, Scutia Indica, Sesamum 
Indicum, Sesbania aculeata, S. cannabina, Sesuvium Portulacastrum, 
Shorea robusta, S. Talura, Solanum album, S. ferox, S. Guineense, S. 
insanum, S. longum, S. Melongena, S. pseudo-saponaceum, S. undulatum, 
S. xanthocarpum, Spinifex squarrosus, Stenotaphrum Americanum, Streb- 
lus asper, Symplocos ramosissima, Tamarindus Indica, Tamarix articu- 
lata, T. dioica, T. G-allica, Tectona grandis, Teinostachyum attenuatum, 
T. Griffithii (under Schizostachyum), Terminalia Catappa, T. parviflora, 
Tetranthera calophylla, T. laurifolia, Thamnocalamus Falconeri, T. spathi- 
florus (under Schizostachyum), Thea Chinensis, Thouarea sarmentosa,, 
Trapa bispinosa, T. Cochinchinensis, T. incisa, T. quadrispinosa, Triphasia 
Aurantiola, Ulmus Wallichiana, Vaccinium Leschenaulti, Vigna Sinensis, 
Villebrunea frutescens, V. integrifolia, Vitis auriculata, V. Blumeana, V. 
elongata, V. imperialis, V. Indica, V. Labrusca, V. l«vigata, V. mutabilis, 
V. quadrangularis, V. thyrsiflora, V. vulpina, Wallichia caryotoides, W. 
oblongifolia, W. obtusif olia, Ximenia Americana, Zalacca secunda, Zingiber 
officinale, Zizyphus Jujuba, Z. rugosa, Zoysia pungens. 

WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA. 

Acacia Cavenia, Adenostemum nitidum, Adesmia balsamica, Alstroe- 
meria pallida, Andropogon argenteus, Anon a Cherimolia, Apium pro- 
stratum, Arachis hypogsea, Araucaria imbricata, Aristotelia Macqui, Arra- 
cacha xanthorriza, Berberis buxifolia, B. Darwinii, Caesalpinia brevifolia, 
C. tinctoria, Canna edulis, Ceroxylon andicola, Cereus Quisco, Ceroxylon 
Australe, C. pithyrophyllum (under Wettinia), Cervantesia tomentosa, 
Chenopodium Quinoa, Chusquea Culcon, C. Dombeyana, C. montana, C. 
Quila, C. tenuiflora (under Schizostachyum), Cinchona Calisaya, C. 
micrantha, C. nitida, C. officinalis, C. succirubra, Dactylis csespitosa, Dios- 
corea piperifolia, Diplothemium Porallys (under Wettinia), Diposis Bulbo- 
•castanum, Drimys Winteri, Elymus condensatus, Embothrium coccineum, 
E. emarginatum, E. lanceolatum, Erythroxylon Coca, Eucryphia cordifolia, 
Eugenia Hallii, Euterpe andicola, E. Hasnkena, E. longivaginata (under 
Wettinia), Fagus Dombeyi, F. obliqua, F. procera, Festuca Coiron, Fitzroya 
Patagonica, Fragaria Chiloensis, Geonoma densa (under Wettinia), Gossy- 
pium religiosum, Guadua angustifolia, G. latifolia, Guevina Avellana, Gun- 
nera Chilensis, Helianthus annuus, H. tuberosus, Heliotropium Peruvia- 
num. Hibiscus esculentus, Hypochoeris apargioides, H. Scorzoneree, 
Ipomoea Batatas, Jubsea spectabilis, Krameria triandra, Lapageria rosea, 
Lardizabala biternata, Laurelia aromatica, L. serrata, Libocedrus Chilensis, 
L. tetragona, Lippia citriodora, Manihot Aipi, Maranta arundinacea, Mau- 
ritia flexuosa, Maytenus Boaria, Melicocca bijuga, Morus celtidifolia, M. 
insignis, Myrtus Luma, M. Meli, M. nummularia, M. Ugni, Nageia andina, 
N, Chilina, N. nubigena, Opuntia vulgaris, Oreodoxa frigida (under 
Wettinia), Oryza latifolia, Oxalis crassicaulis, 0. crenata, 0. enneaphylla, 
O. succulenta, 0. tuberosa, Pacchyrrhizus angulatus, Panicum pilosum, 
Paspalum ciliatum, P. dilatatum, Passiflora alata, P. ligularis, P. macro- 
carpa, Persea gratissima, Peumus Boldus, Physalis Peruviana, Phytelephas 
sequatorialis (under Wettinia), Prosopis horrida, P. juliflora, P. Siliquas- 
trum, Priva Isevis, Quillaja saponaria, Rhus caustica, Rubus geoides, Salix 
Humboldtiana, Saxono-Gothaea conspicua, Sesuvium Portulacastrum, 
Smilax officinalis, Solanum Gilo, S. Guineense, S. Lycopersicum, S. muri- 
catum, S. Quitoense, S. tuberosum, S. torvum, Sophora tetraptera, Spi- 
lanthes oleracea, Tagetes glanduligera, Tetragonia expansa, Tillandsia 

T 2 



276 



GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 



usneoides, Tropeeolum majus, T. minus, T. sessilifolium, T. tuberosum^ 
Ullucus tuberosus, Vaccinium alatum, V. bicolor. V. grandiflorum, V. melli- 
florum, Wettinia augusta, W. Maynensis, Witheringia solanacea, Zea^ 
Mays, Zizyplius loazeiro. 

WESTERN NORTH AMERICA. 
Acer macrophylliim, Arbutus Menziesii, Baccharis consanguinea, B. 
pilularis, Barbarsea vulgaris, Bouteloua barbata, Castaneopsis cliryso-- 
phylla, Ceanothus prostratus, C. rigidus, C. thyrsiflorus, Cercocarpus ledi- 
folivis, C. parvifolius, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Cupressus Lawsoniana, 
C. macrocarpa, C. Nutkaensis, Cymopterus glomeratus, Fraxinus Oregaua, 
Gaultiera chyrsinites, Juglans rupestris, Juniperus occidentalis, Libocedrus- 
decurrens, Lupinus Douglasii, Myrrhis occidentalis, Nicotiana multivalvis, 
Nyssa aquatica, Parkinsonia aculeata, P. microphylla, Pinus amabilis, P. 
bracteata, P. contorta, P. Coulteri, P. Douglasii, P. grandis, P. Jefireyi, J*. 
Lambertiana, P. Menziesii, P. Mertensiana, P. monopliylla, P. monticola, 
P. muricata, P. nobilis, P. Pattoniana, P, ponderosa, P. radiata, P. Sabi- 
niana, Platanus racemosa, Populus tremuloides, P. tricliocarpa, Prosopis 
pubescens, Prunus ilicifolia, Quercus agrifolia, Q. densiflora, Q. Douglasii, 
Q. Garryana, Q. lobata, Ribes aureum, R. divaricatum, R. niveum, R. 
tenuiflorum, R. villosum, Rubus macropetalus, Scilla esculenta, Sequoia 
semper virens, S. "Wellingtonia, Solanum Fendleri, S. tuberosum, Tetran- 
thera Californica, Torreya Californica, Vaccinium liumifusum, Valeriana 
edulis, Yucca Sitcbensis. 

EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 
Acer dasycarpum, A. Negundo, A. rubrum, A. saccharinum, Achillea 
Millefolium, Acliras Sapota, Acorus Calamus, Actaea alba, Agave Ameri- 
cana, A. Mexicana, Agrostis alba, A. rubra, A. scabra, A. vulgaris, 
Aletris farinosa, Allium Canadense, A. Schoenoprasum, Amelanchier 
Botryapium, Andropogon n^^tans, Apios tuberosa, Apocynum cannabinum, 
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Aristolochia anguicida, A. ovalifolia, A. Serpen- 
taria, Arundinaria macrosperma. Astragalus hypoglottis, Barbaraea \ti1- 
garis, Betula lenta, B. lutea, B. nigra, B. papyracea, Bouteloua barbata, 
Bucliloa dactyloides, Calamagrostis longifolia, Canna flaccida, Carya alba, 
C. amara, C. glabra, C. microcarpa, C. oliviformis, C. sulcata, C. tomen-- 
tosa. Cassia Marylandica, Catalpa bignonioides, Cedronella cordata, Celtis 
occidentalis, Chamaedora concolor, Chamjerops Hystrix, Cimicifuga race- 
mosa, Cinna arundinacea, Cladastris tinctoria, Cochlearia officinalis, Cra- 
taegus aestivalis, C. apiifolia, C. coccinea, C. cordata, C. Crus-Galli, C. 
parvifolia, C. tomentosa, Cupressus Benthami, C. Lindleyi, C. thurifera, 
C. tliuyoides, Diospyros Virginiana, Elymus mollis, Festuca fiava, F. 
purpurea, Fragaria Chiloensis, F, grandiflora, F. lUinoensis, F. vesca, F. 
Virginiana, Fraxinus Americana, F. platycarpa, F. pubescens, F. quadran- 
gulata, F, sambucifolia, F. viridis, Gaultieria Shallon, Gaylussacia frondosa, 
G. resinosa, Gelsemium nitidum, Gleditschia monosperma, G. triacanthos, 
Gordonia lasianthos, Guilandina Bonduc, Gyranocladus Canadensis, 
Hedeoma pulegioides, Hordeum secalinum, Humulus Lupulus, Hydrastis 
Canadensis, Ilex Cassine, Indigofera Anil, Ipomoea plantanifolia, I. simu- 
lans, Juglans cinerea, J. nigra, Juniperus flaccida, J. Mexicana, J. Vir- 
giniana, Levisia rediviva, Liatris odoratissima, Lindera Benzoin, Liqui- 
dambar styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Lithospermum canescens, L. 
liirtum, L. longiflorum, Lupinus perennis, Lycopodium lucidulum, Madura 
aurantiaca. Magnolia acuminata, M. cordata, M. Fraseri, M. grandiflora, 
M. macropliylla, M. umbrella, Melica mutica, Menyanthes trifoliata, 
Milium effusum, Monarda didyma, M. fistulosa, M, punctata, Morchella 
esculenta, Morus rubra, Myrica cerifera, Nelumbo lutea, Nicotiana quadri- 
valvis, N. repanda, N. rustica, N. Tabacum, Nyssa aquatica, N. multiflora,. 



GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 



277 



IN. uniflora, Opuntia coccinellifera, 0. Ficus-Indica, 0. Hernandezii, 0. 
Missouriensis, 0. Rafinesquii, 0. spinosissima, 0. Tuna, 0. vulgaris, Oryza 
latifoiia, 0. perennis, Ostrya Virgiuica, Oxalis Deppei, 0. esculenta, 0. 
tetraphylla, 0. violacea, Panicum amarum, P. virgatum, Parkinsonia 
-aculeata, Parthenium integrifolium, Passiflora incarnata, P. lutea, P. 
suberosa, Peireskia aculeata, P. Bleo, P. portulacifolia, Phaseolus perennis, 
Pliysalis angulata, Pinus alba, P. Australis, P. Ayaeahuite, P. balsamea, 
P. Canadensis, P. cembroides, P. Fraseri, P. glabra, P. Hartwegii, P. 
Hudsonica, P. leiophylla, P. mitis, P. Montezumse, P. nigra, P. patula, P. 
pendula, P. Pinceana, P. Pseudo-strobus, P. religiosa, P. rigida, P, rubra, 
P. serotina, P. Strobus, P. Tseda, P. tenuifolia, P. Teocote, Pisonia 
.aculeata, Planera aquatica, Platanus occident.dis, Poa airoides, P. alpina, 
P, angustifolia, P. aquatica, P. Canadensis, P. distans, P. fertilis, P. 
iluitans, P, maritima, P, nemoralis, Podophyllum peltatum, Polygala 
Senega, Populus balsa mif era, P. grandidentata, P. heterophylla, P. monili- 
fera, P. tremuloides, Prosopis dulcis, P. glandulosa, P. juliflora, P. 
pubescens, Prunus Americana, P. Caroliniana, P. Chisasa, P. maritima, P. 
Pennsylvanica, P. pumila, P. serotima, P. Virginiana, Psamma arenaria, 
Pycuantliemum incanum, P. montanum, Pyrularia edulis, Pyrus coronaria, 
Quercus acutifolia, Q. alba, Q. aquatica, Q. clirysopliylla, Q. coccinea, Q. 
falcata, Q. glaucescens, Q. lanceolata, Q, laurina, Q. lyrata, Q. macrocarpa, 
obtusata, Q. obtusiloba, Q. palustris, Q. Phellos, Q. Prinus, Q. reti- 
culata, Q. rubra, Q, Sideroxylon, Q. stellata, Q. virens, Q. Xalapensis, Rho- 
dodendron maximum, Rhus copallina, R. glabra, R. typhina, Ribes aureum, 
R. Floridum, R. hirtellum, R. Hudsonianum, R. nigrum, R. rotundifolium, 
R. rubrum, Robina Pseudo-acacia, Rosa setigera, Rubus Arcticus, R. 
Canadensis, R. Chamsemorus, R. cuneifolius, R. deliciosus, R. occidentalis, 
H. odoratus, R. strigosus, R. trivialis, R. villosus, Rumex Acetosa, Sabal 
Adansoni, S. Palmetto, S. serrulata, Sagittaria lancifolia, S. obtusa, Salix 
cordata, S. longifolia, S. lucida, Sabbatia angularis, S. nigra, S. petiolaris, 
S. tristis, Sambucus Canadensis, Sanguinaria Canadensis, Sassafras officinale, 
Schoenocaulon officinale, Shepherdia argentea, Smilax medica, S. rotundi- 
folia, Solanum calycinum, S. Fendleri, S. tuberosum, Spartina cynosu- 
roides, S. juncea, S. polystachya, Spartina stricta, Spigelia Marylandica, 
Stenotaphrum Americanum, Tanacetum vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, 
Taxodium distichum, T. mucronatum, Taxus brev^ifolia. Thuya gigantea, 
T. occidentalis, Tilia Americana, T. heterophylla, Tillandsia usneoides, 
Torreya taxifolia, Trifolium repens, Tripsacum dactyloides, Ulmus alata, 
U. Americana, U. crassifolia, U. fulva, U. Mexicana, U. racemosa, Uniola 
paniculata, Uvularia sessilifolia, Vaccinium csespitosum, V. corymbosum, 
V. erythrocarpum, V. leucanthum, V. macrocarpum, V. myrtilloides, V. 
Myrtillus, V. ovalifolium, V. Oxycoccus, V. parvifolium, V. Pennsyl- 
vanicum, V. uliginosum, V. vacillans, V. Vitis-Idsea, Valeriana edulis, 
"Veratrum viride, Vicia Cracca, Vitis aestivalis, V. Labrusca, V. vulpina, 
Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, Ximenia Americana, Yucca aloifolia, Y. filamentosa, 
Y, gloriosa, Zizania aquatica, Z. miliacea. 

CENTRAL AMERICA. 
Achras Sapota, Agave Americana, A. rigida, Albizzia dulcis, A. latisi- 
liqua, A. Saman, Amarantus paniculatus, Anona muricata, A. squamosa, 
Arracacha xanthorrhiza, Arthrostylidium excelsum, A. longiflorum, A. 
racemiferum (under Schizostachyum), Arundinaria acuminata, Aulonemia 
"Quexo (under Schizostachyum), Bactris Gasipaes, Batis maritima, Boute- 
loua barbata, Brahea dulcis, Buxus acuminata, B. citrifolia, B. Cubana, B. 
glomerata, B. gonoclada, B. laevigata, B. Purdieana, B. retusa, B. sub- 
columellaris, B. Vahlii, B. Wrightii, Canna coccinea, C. glauca, Carludovica 
palmata (under Wettinia), Ceroxylon andicola, C. Klopstockia (under 
Wettinia), Chusquea abietifolia, C. Fendleri, C. Galeottiana, C. scandens 



278 



GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 



C. simpliciflora, C. uniflora (under Schizostachyiim), Copernicia nana, C. 
Pumos, Cypenis giganteus, Dioscorea Cajennensis, D. esurientum, D. trifida, 
Eupatorium triplinerve, Fourcroya Cubensis, F. gigantea, F. longseva, Geo- 
nema undata, Gossypium Barbadense, G. hirsutum, G. religiosiim, Hibiscus 
esculentus, Indigofera Anil, Ipomoea Batatilla, Juniperus Bermudiana, 
Kunthia montana, Maranta arundinacea, Melicocca bijuga, Morus celtidi- 
folia, Nageia coriacea, N. Purdieana, Opuntia coccinellifera, 0. Dillenii, 

0. elatior, 0. Hernandezii, 0. spinosissima, 0. Tuna, Oreodoxa regia, Pa- 
chyrrhizus angulatus, Paspalum stoloniferum, Passiflora lauriflora, P. 
ligularis, P. maliformis, P. serrata, Peireskia aculeata, Persea gratissima, 
Platenia Chiragua (under Wettinia), Podachaenium alatum, Psidium 
acidum, P. Araca, P. cordatum, P. Guayava, P. polycarpum, Quercus 
agrifolia, Q. Castanea, Q. Skinneri, Sabal umbraculifera, Sechium edule, 
Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Smilax officinalis, S. papyracea, Solanuni 
Guineense, S. Plumieri, S. Topiro, S. torvum, Swietenia Mahagoni, 
Thrinax argentea, T. parvifiora, Tillandsia usneoides, Tropliis Americana, 
Vaccinium meridionale, V. Mortinia, Zizania miliacea. 

EASTERN SOUTH AMERICA. 

Acrocomia Totai (under "Wettinia), Amyris terebintliifolia, Apium pro- 
stratum, Araucaria Brasiliensis, Arundinaria verticillata (under Schizo- 
stachyum), Arundo saccliaroides, A. Sellowiana, Bromus unioloides, Caesal- 
pinia coriaria, C. Gilliesii, Calyptranthes aromatica, Canna Acliiras, 
Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum, C. frutescens, C. longum, Cephaelis Ipeca- 
cuanha, ChenoiDodium ambrosioides, Chusquese capituliflora, C. Gaudi- 
ckaudiana (under Schizostachyum), Cocos Australis, C. Romanzoffiana, C. 
Zantai (under Wettinia), Copernicia cerifera, Cyperus giganteus, Dactylis 
csespitosa, Desmodium triflorum, Dioscorea conferta, D. tuberosa, Diplo- 
themium littorale (under Wettinia), Eugenia Nhanica, E. pyriformis, E. 
supra-axillaris, Guadua latifolia, G. angustifolia, G. capitata, G, macro- 
stachya, G. paniculata, G. refracta, G. Tagoara, G. virgata, Hymenasa 
Courbaril, Ilex Paraguensis, Indigofera Anil, Ipomoea Batatas, I. Batatilla, 

1. operculata, I. paniculata, Iriartea deltoidea, I. exorrhiza, I. ventricosa 
(under Wettinia), Lippia citriodora, Lupinus arboreus, Manihot Aipi, M. 
utilissima, Maliera glonierata, M. tomentosa, Merostacbys Claussenii, M. 
Kunthii, M. ternata (under Schizostachyum), Myrtus edulis, Nageia Lam- 
berti, Nicotiana rustica, N. Tabacum, Ocimum gratissimum, CEnocarpus 
multicaulis (under Wettinia), Opuntia vulgaris, Oryza latifolia, Oxalis 
carnosa, 0. conorrhiza, Pacchyrrhizus angulatus, Panicum barbinode, P. 
latissimum, P. pilosum, Parkinsonia aculeata, Paspalum ciliatum, P. dila- 
tatum, Passiflora alata, P. coccinea, P. coerulea, P. edulis, P. filamentosa, 
P. laurifolia, P. maliformis, P. quadrangularis, P. serrata, P. suberosa, 
Peireskia aculeata, P. Bleo, P. portulacifolia, Periandra dulcis, Persea 
gratissima, Phaseolus adenanthus, P. lunatus, Phytelephas macrocarpa, 
P. microcarpa (under Wettinia), Prosopis diilcis, P. Siliquastrum, Psidium 
Araca, P. arboreum, P. Cattleyanum, P. chrysophyllum, P. cinereum, P. 
cuneatum, P. grandifolium, P. Guayava, P. incanescens, P. lineatifolium, 
P. malifolium, P. polycarpon, P. rufum, Salix Humboldtiana, Sesuvium 
portulacastrum, Smilax papyracea, Solannm Gilo, S. Guineense, S. indigo- 
ferum, S. Lycopersicum, S. torvum, S. tuberosum, Spilanthes oleracea, 
Syagrus Sancona, Tagetes glanduligera, Tillandsia usneoides, Trithrynax 
Brasiliana (under Wettinia), Trophis Americana, Ullucus tuberosus, Zea 
Mays, Zizania microstachya. 

MIDDLE AFRICA (AND MADAGASCAR). 

Beesha capitata, Buddleya Madagascariensis, Buxus Madagascarica, 
Casuarina equisetifolia, Corchorus acutangulus, Hagenia Abyssinica,. 



GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 



279 



Hjrphaene Thebaica, Panicum fluitans, Phoenix spinosa, Pterolobium 
lacerans, Pubus rosifolius, Solanum eclule, S. Thonningi, Telfairia occiden- 
talis, T. pedata, Vigna Sinensis, Vitis Schimperiana. 

SOUTHEEN AFKICA. 

Aberia Caffra, A. tristis, A. Zeyheri, Acacia Giraflfse, A. horrida, Aloe 
dicbotoma, A. ferox, A. linguiformis, A. plicatilis, A. purpurascens, A. 
spicata, A. Zeyberi, Andropogon Caflfrorum, Anthistiria ciliata, Apono- 
geton distachyon, Arundinaria tesselata, Asparagus laricinus, Azima 
tetracantha, Barosma serratifolia, Cannamois cephalotes, Carissa Arduina, 
C. ferox, C. grandiflora, Carum Capense, Combretum butyraceum, 
Elegia nuda, Euclea myrtina, E. undulata, Eugenia Zeyheri, Garuleum 
bipinnatum, Gladiolus edulis, Gonioma Kamassi, Grumilea cymosa, 
Hemarthria compressa, Hibiscus Ludwigii, Hyphsene ventricosa, Leuca- 
dendron argenteum, Leyssera gnaphalioides, Lyperia crocea, Matricaria 
glabrata, Melianthus major, Mesembrianthemum acinaciforme, M. edule, 
Monetia barlerioides, Myrica cordifolia, M. quercifolia, M. serrata, Nageia 
elongata, Thunbergi, Osmitopsis asteriscoides, Pappea Capensis, 

Parkinsonia Africana, Pentzia virgata, Phoenix reclinata, Plectronia 
ciliata, P. spinosa, P. ventosa, Pafnia amplexicaulis, R. perfoliata, Phus 
lucida, Royenia Pseudebenus, P. pubescens, Pubus fruticosus, Salix 
Capensis, Selinum anesorrhizum, S. montanum, Tarchonantlius camphora- 
tus, Voandzeia subterranea, Widdringtonia juniperoides. 

WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 

Acacia acuminata, A. armata, A. saligna, Albizzia lophantha, Boronia 
megastigma, Casuarina Decaisneana, C. distyla, C. Fraseriana, C. Huege- 
liana, C. trichodon, Dioscorea hastifolia, Encephalartos Preissii, Eucalyptus 
calophylla, E. cornuta, E. diversicolor, E. Doratoxylon, E. ficifolia, E. 
gomphocephala, E. marginata, Frenela Actinostrobus, Helichcrysum 
lucidum, H. Manglesii, Lepidosperma gladiatum, Oryza sativa, Phaseolus 
vulgaris, Pimelea clavata, Santalum cygnorum, S. Preissianum, Spinifex 
hirsutus, S. longifolius, Strychnos Nux-Vomica, Tamarindus Indica. 

EASTERN AUSTRALIA (INCLUDING TASMANIA). 

Acacia armata, A. decurrens, A. falcata, A. Farnesiana, A. fascifulifera, 
A. glaucescens, A. harpophylla, A. homalophylla, A. longifolia, A. Melan- 
oxylon, A. pendula, A. pycnantha, A. salicina, A. stenophylla, ^giceras 
majus, Aira csespitosa, Alstonia constricta, Andropogon pertusus, Ango- 
phora intermedia, Anthristiria avenacea, A. ciliata, Apium prostratum, 
Aponogeton crispus, Araucaria Bidwilli, A. Cunninghami, Aristolochia 
Indica, Atalantia glauca, Atriplex halimoides, A. holocarpum, A. nummu- 
larium, Backhousia citriodora, Bologhia lucida, Brachychiton acerifolium, 
Carissa Brownii, Caryota Alberti, Casuarina distyla, C. equisetifolia, 
C. glauca, C. quadrivalvis, C. suberosa, C. torulosa, Cedrela Taona, Cheno- 
podium auricomum, Chi oris truncata, Citrus Australasica, C. Planchoni, 
Colocasia Indica, Corchorus acutangulus, C. Cunninghami, C. olitorius, 
Crotolaria juncea, C. retusa, Cudrania Javanensis, Cycas angulata, C. 
Normanbyana, Cjmodon Dactylon, Cyperus textilis, Dammara robusta, 
Danthonia nervosa, D. pectinata, D. triticoideg, Dioscorea sativa, D. trans- 
versa, Ehrharta stipoides, Embothrium Wickhami, Encephalartos Deni- 
sonii, E. spiralis, Eucalyptus acmenoides, E. alpina, E. amygdalina, E. 
botryoides, E. brachypoda, E. citriodora, E. coccifera, E. coriacea, 
E. crebra, E. drepanophyUa, E. eugenioides, E. globulus, E. goniocalyx, E. 
Gunnii, E. hemiphloia, E. leptophleba, E. leucoxylon, E, maculata, E. 
melanophloia, E. melliodora, E. miniata, E. obliqua, E. paniculata, E. 



280 



GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 



Phoenicea, E. pilularis, E. platyphylla, E. polyanthemos, E. resinifera, 
E. robusta, E. rostrata, E. siderophloia, E. IStuartiana, E. tereticornis, 
E. tesselaris, E. trachyphloia, E. urnigera, E. vernicosa, E, viminalis, 
Eucrjrphia Billardieri, E. Moorei. Eugenia myrtifolia, Fagus Cumiinghami, 

E. Moorei, Festuca distichopliylla, F. dives, F. Hookeriana, F. littoralis, 
Fious colossea, F. eolumnaris, F. Cunningliami, F. macrophylla, F. 
rubiginosa, Flindersia Bennettiana, F. Oxleyana, Frenela Macleayana, 

F. Parlatorei, F. verrucosa, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Grevillea robusta, 
Harpullia Hillii, Heleocharis sphacelata, Helichrysum lucidum, Hemarthria 
compressa. Hibiscus cannabinus, Hierochloa redolens, Hymenantbera 
Banksii, Imperata arundinacea, Ipomoea paniculata, Jasminum calcareum, 
J. didymum, J, lineare, J. racemosum, J. simplicifolium, J. sua^assimum, 
Kentia Belmoreana, K. Canterburyana, K. Mooreana, Lepidosperma 
gladiatum, Leptospermum laevigatum, Lycopodium clavatum, L. densum, 
L. laterale, L. varium, Maba fasciculosa, M. geminata, Macadamia 
ternifolia, Mallotus Philippinensis, Marlea Vitiensis, Melaleuca parviflora, 
M. trichostacbya, Melia Azedaracb, Mentba Australis, M. gracilis, M. 
laxiflora, M. saturejoides, Mesembriantbemum sequilaterale, Microseris 
Forsteri, Mylitta Australis, Myoporum insulare, Myrtus acmenoides, 
ISfageia elata, Niemej^era prunifera, Ocimum sanctum, Oryza sativa, 
Pandanus Forsteri, P. pedunculatus, Panicum depositum, P. Italicum, P. 
miliaceum, P. prostratum, P. repens, P. sanguinale, P. virgatum, Pappo- 
phorum commune, Paspalum distichum, Pbaseolus adenantbus, P. Max, 
Phyllocladus rbomboidalis, Pimelea stricta, Pipturus propinquus, Pisonia 
aculeata, Pittosporum undulatum, Poa Australis, P. Browaiii, P, digitata, 
Ptycbosperma Alexandr^e, P. Cunningbami, P. elegans, E-bagodia Billar- 
dieri, Rubus Gunnianus, P. parvifolius, E,. rosifolius, Santalum Preissia- 
num, Scleracbne cyatbopoda, Sebasa albidiflora, S. ovata, Selaginella 
iiliginosa, Sesbania aculeata, Sesu\aum Portulacastrum, Smilax Austrabs, 
S. glycyphylla, Solanum vescum, Spinifex birsutus, Spondias pleiogyna, 
Stenocarpus sinuosus, Synoon glandulosum, Tacca pinnatibda, Tetragonia 
expansa, T. implexicoma, Tetrantbera laurifolia, Trigonella suavissima, 
Tristania conferta, Ulmus parvifolia, Vigna lanceolata, Vitis acetosa, 
v. Baudiniana, V. bypoglauca, Ximenia Americana, Zizypbus Jujuba, 
Zoysia pungens. 

NEW ZEALAND. 

Apium prostratum, Arundo conspicua, Cordyline Banksii, C. Forsteri, C. 
indivisa, Corynocarpus laevigata, Dacrydium Colensoi, D. cupressinum, 
Dammara Australis, Dantbonia Cunningbami, Ebrbarta Diplax, E. stipoides, 
Festuca littoralis, Fucbsia excorticata, Fagus fusca, F. Menziesii, F, Solan- 
dri, Hierocbloa redolens, Hjmienantbera Banksii, Kentia sapida, Libocedrus 
Doniana, Metrosideros florida, M. lucida, M. robusta, M. tomentosa, Myo- 
porum Isetum, Nageia dacrydioides, N. ferruginea. N. spicata, N. Totara, 
Pbormium tenax, Pbyllocladus tricbomanoides, Pittosporum eugenioides, 
P. tenuifolium, Eipogomim scandens, Sebsea ovata, Tetragonia expansa, T. 
implexicoma. 

POLYNESIA. 

^giceras majus, Araucaria Cookii, A. excelsa, A. Pulei, Aristolocbia 
Indica, Batis maritima, Broussonetia papyrifera, Casuarina equisetifoba, 
Colocasia antiquorum, C. Indica, Cordyline Baueri, Cyrtosperma edulis, 
Darmnara macropbylla, D. Moorei, D. obtusa, T>. ovata, D. Vitiensis, Dios- 
■corea aculeata, D. alata, D. nummularia, D. pentapbylla, D. sativa, Gossy- 
pium Taitense, G. tomentosum, Ipomoea paniculata, Kentia Baueri, Musa 
Troglodytarum, Ocimum gratissimum, Pipturus propinquus, Pringlea anti- 
scorbutica, Saccbarum officinarum, Santalum Freycinetianum, S. Yasi, 
Solanum Uporo, Spondias dulcis, Stilbocarpa polaris, Tacca pinnatifida, 
Tetragonia expansa, Touchardia latifolia. 



INDICATED GEITEEA, 



CONTAINING 

Alimentary Plants: 

1. Yielding Herbage: 

Allium, Amarantus, Anthriscus, Apium, Aralia, Atriplex, 
Barbarsea, Basella, Beta, Bongardia, Borrago, Brassica, 
Chenopodium, Corclioms, Crambe,* Cynara, Fagopyruin, 
Gunnera, Hibiscus, Lactuca, Lepidium, Musa, Pringlea, 
Bheum, Rumex, Sanguisorba, Scandix, Scorzonera, Spina- 
cia, Tetragonia, Theligonum, Tropseolum, Yalerianella, 
Zizania. 

-2. Yielding Roots: 

AUium, Apios, Aponogeton, Arracacha, Asparagus, Beta^ 
Brassica, Butomus, Carum, Chseropliyllum, Cichorium, 
Cochleria, Colocasia, Conopodium, Cordyline, Cymopterus, 
Cyperus, Daucus, Dendrocalamus, Dioscorea, Diposis, Fe- 
rula, Fleuiingia, Elueggea, Geitonoplesium, Gigantocliloa, 
Gladiolus, Heleocharis, Heliantlius, Hypochceris, Ipomsea, 
Manihot, Microseris, Nelumbo, Oxalis, Pacbyrrhizus, Peu- 
cedanum, Pimpinella, Priva, Pueraria, Baphanus, Bhapon- 
ticum, Buscus, Scilla, Scorzonera, Sechium, Selinum, Sola- 
num, Stilbocarpa, Thapsia, Tinguarra, Tragopogon, Tro- 
pseolum, Ullucus, Uvularia, Yaleriana, Witheringia. 

3. Yielding Cereal Grain: 

Andropogon, Avena, Eleusine, Hordeum, Oryza, Panicum, 
Pemiisetum, Poa, Secale, Triticum, Zea, Zizania. 

4. Yielding Table-Pulse: 

Cajanus, Caragana, Cicer, Dolichos, Ervum, Lupinus, 
PhaseoluSj Pisum, Yicia, Yigna. 

5. Yielding various Esculent Fruits: 

Aberia, Achras, Adenostemon, Albizzia, Amarantus, Ame- 
lanchier, Anona, Aracliis, Araucaria, Aristotelia, Artocar- 
pus, Atalantia, Averrhoa, Benincasa, Berberis, Borassus, 
Carissa, Carya, Castanea, Castanopsis, Celtis, Ceratonia, 
Cereus, Cervantesia, Citrus, Corynocarpus, Corynosicyos, 
Crataegus, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cudrania, Cynara, Debre- 
geasia, Diospyros, Euclea, Eugenia, Fagopyrum, Ficus, 
Fragaria, Gaultiera, Gaylussacia, Gingko, Guevina, Hibis- 
cus, Hovenia, Hymensea, Juglans, Juniperus, Lapageria, 



282 INDICATED GENERA. 

Limonia, Macadamia, Madura, Mangifera, Marlea, Mar- 
liera, Melicocca, Mesembrianthemnm, Moringa, Morus, 
Musa, Myrica, Myrtus, Nageia, Nelumbo, Nephelium, 
Niemeyera, ISTyssa, Opnntia, Pappea, Parinarium, Passi- 
Hora, Peireskia, Persea, Peumus, Phoenix, Physalis, Pinus, 
Pistacia, Prunus, Psiclmm, Punica, Pp'ularia, Pyrus, Qiier- 
cus, Ribes, Rubus, Sambiiciis, Santakun, Secliium, Shep- 
herdia, Solanum, Spondias, Tamarindus, Telfairia, Termi- 
nalia, Trapa, Triphasia, Vaccinium, Yitis, Voandzeia, Xime- 
nia, Zizyphus. 
6. Truffles: 

Agaricus, Hydnum, Morcliella, Pacbyma, Polygaster, 
Terfezia, Tuber. 

Bamboo-Plants : 

Arundinaria (Arundo), Bambusa, Beesba, Dendrocalamus, 
Gigantocbloa, Guadua, Melocanna, Oxytenanthera, ScMzo- 
stacbyum (many other genera mentioned under Scbizo- 
stacbyum), Teinostacbyum. 

Camphor- Plant : 
Cinnamomum. 

Coffee-Plant : 

Coffea (doubtful). 

Condiment- Plants : 

Acorus, Allium, Apium, Arcbangelica, Artemisia, Borrago, 
Brassica, Calamintba, Calyptrantlies, Capparis, Capsi- 
cum, Carum, Cbseropbyllum, Citrus, Cocblearia, Corian- 
drum, Critbmum, Cuminum, Foeniculum, Glycine, 
Illicium, Laserpitum, Laurus, Lepidium, Lindera, Mentha, 
Meriandra, Myrrhis, Ocimum, Olea, Origanum, Peuce- 
danum, Pimpinella, Prunus (Amygdalus), Pycnanthemum, 
Satureja, Sison, Smyrnium, Spilanthes, Tropseolum,, 
Thymus, Tuber, Valerianella, Zingiber. 

Cork- Plant : 
Quercus. 

Dye- Plants : 

Acacia, Acer, Albizzia, Aleui'ites, Alkanna, Alnus, An 
themis, Baloghia, Caesalpinia, Carthamus, Carya, Chloro- 
galum, Cladastris, Crocus, Crozophora, Cytisus, Dracaena^ 
Excsecaria, Fagopyrum, Garcinia, Gunnera, Helianthus, 
Indigofera, Isatis, Juglans, Lawsonia, Lithospermum,, 
Lyperia, Madura, Maharanga, Mallotus, Opuntia, Pei- 
reskia, Perilla, Peumus, Phyllocladus, Pinus, Polygonum^ 
Quercus, Beseda, Bhamnus, Bhus, Boccella, Bubia, Sam- 
bucus, Saponaria, Solanum, Sophora, Spartium, Terminalia^ 
Thymelsea, Yaccinium, Xanthorrhiza. 



INDICATED GENERA. 



28S 



Fibre- Plants : 

Agave, Apocynum, Boelimeria, Broussonetia, Camelina, 
Cannabis, Caryota, Clilorogalum, Copernicia, Corchoms, 
Cordyline, Crotalaria, Cyperus, Debregeasia, Fitzroya, 
Fourcroya, Gossypinm, Hardwickia, Heliantlius, Hibiscus, 
Humulus, Lardizabala, Lavatera, Linum, Maoutia, Musa, 
PachyiThiziis, Phormium, Pipturus, Poa, Sanseviera, Ses- 
bania, Spartina, Spartium^ Thuya, Tillandsia, Toucliardia, 
Yillebrunea, Yucca. 

Fullers- Plant : 

Dipsacus. ^ 

Fodder- Plants : 

1. Grasses: 

Agi'ostis, Aira, Alopecurus, Andropogon, Antliistiria, An- 
thoxantlium, Avena, Bouteloua, Bromus, Buchloa, Carex, 
Chloris, Cinna, Cynodon, Cynosurus, Dactylis, Dantbonia, 
Ehrbarta, Eleusine, Festuca, Hemartbria, Hierocbloa, Hol- 
cus, Hordeum, Koeleria, Leersia, Lolium, Melica^ Milium, 
Panicum, Pappopborum, Paspalum, Pennisetum, Pbalaris, 
Pbleum, Poa, Scleracbne, Secale, Sesleria, Spartina, Steno- 
tapbrum, Tripsacum, Triticum, IJniola, Zizania. 

2. Other Herbage: 

Achillea, Antbyllis, Aracbis, Astragahis, Atriplex, Bras- 
sica, Cicborium, Desmodium, Ervum, Heracleum, Hippo- 
crepis, Lespedeza, Lotus, Pentzia, Peucedanum, Prangos, 
Sanguisorba, Spergula, Symphytum, Trophis. 

3. Stable Pulse (Pods and Herbs) : 

Cicer, Dolicbos, Hedysarum, Latbyrus, Lupinus, Medicago, 
Melilotus, Onobrychis, Ornitbopus, Oxytropis, Pisum, 
Tiifolium, Trigonella, Yicia. 

4. Other Fruits: 

Argania, Carya, Ceratonia, Heliantbus, Prosopis, Quercus. 

Garland- Plants : 

Baccbaris, Helichrysum, Laurus, Lycopodium, Melaleuca, 
Qviercus. 

Grave- Plants: 

Boronia, Cupressus, Fraxinus, Helicbrysum, Lycopodium, 
Salix, Tamarix, Thuya, Yiola. 

Gum- Plants : 

Acacia, Albizzia, Astragalus, Bambusa, Brachychiton, 
Caragana, Olea, Prosopis. 

Hedge-Plants : 

Aberia, Acacia, Acer, Agave, Albizzia, Azima, Baccbaris, 
Bambusa, Berberis, Buxus, Csesalpinia, Capparis, Carissa, 



284 



INDICATED GENERA. 



Ceanotliiis, Crataegus, Cupressus, Elseagnus, Flacourtia, 
Gleditscliia, Guilandina, Hymenaiitliera, Jiisticia, Law- 
sonia, Ligustrum, Ljcium, Madura, Mimosa, Monetia, 
Opuntia, Paliurus, Parkinsonia, Peii-eskia, Pisonia, Pista- 
cia, Pittosporum, Plectronia, Prosopis, Prunus, Punica, 
Pyrus, Rhamnus, Ehus, Posa, E-ubus, Ruscus, Salix, 
Scotia, Streblus, Thuya, Zizyphus. 

Honey- Plants : 

Acacia, Agave, Brassica, Eucalytus, Eucryphica, Heliantlius, 
Lavandula, Medicago, Melissa, Mentha, Origanura, Rosa, 
Rosmarinus, Salvia, Thymus, Tilia, Trifolium, Tropseolum, 
Viola. 

Hop- Plant : 

Humulus. 

Medicinal Plants: 

1. Yielding Herbage or Flowers : 

Achillea, Aconitum, Agave, Aletris, Aloe, Althaea, Ane- 
mone, Anthemis, Arctostaphylos, Aristolochia, Arnica, 
Artemisia, Atropa, Barosma, Cannabis, Cassia, Catha, 
Chelidonium, Chenopodium, Chrysanthemum, Cochlearia, 
Conium, Crocus, Cytisus, Digitalis, Erythroxylon, Eupa- 
torium, Garuleum, Hagenia, Hedeoma, Hyoscyamus, Ilex, 
Justicia, Lactuca, Leyssera, Marrubium, Matricaria, 
Melianthus, Mentha, Menyanthes, Ophelia, Osmitopsis, 
Papaver, Parthenium, Polygala, Prunus, Rafnia, Ricinus, 
Rosmarinus, Ruta, Salvia, Sambucus, Santolina, Sebsea, 
Selinum, Solanum, Sophora, Spigelia, Spilanthes, Tanace- 
tum, Tarchonanthus, Teucrium, Thuya, Thymus. 

2. Yielding Bark : 

Alstonia^ Cinchona, Juglans, Salix. 

3. Yielding Roots : 

Acorus, Actsea, Althaea, Anacyclus, Archangelica, 
Aristolochia, Arnica, Atropa, Carex, Cephselis, Cimicifuga, 
Colchicum, Convolvulus, Emyangium, Gentiana, Glycyr- 
rhiza, Helleborus, Hydrastis, Inula, Ipomsea, Krameria, 
Nardostachys, Periandra, Peucedanum, Pimpinella, Podo- 
■ phyllum, Polygala, Punica, Rafnia, Rheum, Sabbatia, 
Sanguinaria, Saponaria, Sassafras, Saussurea, Schoeno- 
caulon, Scorzonera, Smilax, Smyi-nium, S3anphytum, 
Taraxacum, Urginia, Valeriana,, Yeratrum, Xanthorrhiza. 

4. Yielding Fruits (or only Seeds) : 

Cassia, Cucumis, Cuminum, Ecballion, Foeniculum, Illi- 
cium, Mallotus, Punica, Rhamnus, Rheum, Ricinus, 
Schoenocaulon. Smyrnium, Tamarindus, Trigonella. 



INDICATED GENERA. 



285 



Oil-Plants: 

Aleurites, Arachis, Argania, Brassica, Camelina, Cannabis, 
Gary a, Combretum, Cucurbita, Cyperiis, Excaecaria, 
Ginkgo, Gossypinm, Guizotia, Helianthus, Juglans, 
Linum, Olea, Papaver, Prunus (Amygdalus), Pyrularia, 
Ricinus, Sesamum, Telfairia, Tetranthera. 

Palm- Plants : 

Bactris, Borassiis, Calamus, Caryota, Ceroxylon^ Cbamse- 
rops, Cocos, Gopernicia, Hyphsene, Jiibsea, Kentia, 
Livistona, Mauritia, Oreodoxa, Pbcenix, Plectocomia, 
Ptychosperma, E-hapis, Sabal^ Thrinax, Wallicliia, Wet- 
tinia, Zalacca. (Many other American genera under 
Wettinia, many other Asian genera under Zalacca). 

Paper- Plants : 

Arundo, Broussonetia, Gyperus, Fatsia, Lepidosperma, 
Lygeum, Populus, Psamma, Spartina, Stipa, Zea. (See 
also Fibre-Plants). 

Resin- Plants : 

Acacia, Balsamodendron, Boswellia, Butea, Cajanus, 
Gallitris, Geroxylon, Chloroxylon, Gistus, Groton, Dam- 
mara, Dorema, Ferula, Ficus, Frenela, Garcinia, Hyme- 
nsea, Juniperus, Liquidambar, Myrica, Pinus, Pistacia, 
Pterocarpus, Bhus, Shorea, Styrax, Widdringtonia. 

Sand-coast- Plants : 

Acacia, Agrostis, Ailantus, Aloe, Apium, Asparagus,. 
Galamagrostis, Garex, Gasuarina, Crambe, Crithmum, 
Gynodon, Gytisus, Dactylis, Ehrharta, Elegia, EJymus, 
Festuca, Frenela, Genista, Hemitaphrum, Imperata, 
Lavandula, Lepidosperma, Leptospermum, Lujiinus, Mela- 
leuca, Mesembrianthemum, Myrcia, Panicvim, Paspalum, 
Phormium, Pinus, Poa, Prunus, Psamma, Quercus, 
Bhagodia, Sabal, Salix, Sesuvium, Spartina, Spinifex, 
Stenotaphrum, Stipa, Tamarix, Tetragonia, Thouarea, 
Thrinax, Tripsacum, Triticum, Ulex, Uniola, Urginia, 
Yucca, Zoysia. 

Scenic Plants {others than Palms or Bamboos) : 

Agave, Aloe, Andropogon, Arundo, Berberis, Boehmeria, 
Ganna, Golocasia, Gordyline, Gynara, Gyperus, Elegia, 
Fatsia, Encephalartos, Ferula, Festuca, Foeniculum, 
Foiircroya, Gunnera, Helianthus, Heracleum, Lavatera, 
Leucadendron, Melianthus, Musa, Opuntia, Pandanus, 
Phormium, Pipturus, Podachsenium, Bheum, Bicinus, 
Touchardia, Yucca, Zea. 



286 



INDICATED GENERA. 



Scent- Plants: 

Acacia, Adesmia, Aloexylon, Andropogon, Anthoxan- 
thum, Aquilaria, Backhousia, Boronia, Calamintha, Cedro- 
nella, Citrus, Convolvulus, Dracocephalum, Eucalyptus, 
Gelsemium, Hedeoma, Heliotropium, Jasminum, Lavan- 
dula, Liatris, Lippia, Liquidambar, Melia, Melissa, 
Mentha, Monarda, Mp'tus, Nyctanthes, Ocimum, Origa- 
num, Pelargonium, Pittosporum, Pogostemon, Prunus 
(Amygdalus), Pycnanthemum, Eeseda, Posa, Posmarinus, 
Santalum, Satureja, Styrax, Synoon, Teucrium, Thymus, 
Tilia, Triphasia, Yiola. 

Silk-Plants : 

Ailantus, Cajanus, Morus, Quercus, Picinus, Symplocos, 
Trophis. 

Starch- Plants : 

Alstroemeria, Canna, Caryota, Colocasia, Copernicia, Cycas, 
Pagopyrum, Hordeum, Levisia, Manihot, Maranta, Oreo- 
doxa, Oryza, Secale, Solanum, Tacca, Triticum, Zea. 

Sugar- Plants : 

Acer, Andropogon, Beta, Borassus, Caryota, Copernicia, 
Cucumis, Phoenix, Saccharum, Zea. 

Tannic-Plants : 

Acacia, Aesculus, Albizzia, Butea, Csesalpinia, Cytisus, 
Eucalyptus, Gordonia, Gunnera, Pinus, Populus, Prosopis, 
Pterocarpus, Quercus, Phus, Salix. 

Tea- Plants : 

Andropogon, Hydrangea, Ilex, Thea. 

Tide- Plants : 

^giceras, Avicennia, Batis, Myoporum, Spartina. 

Timber- Plants : 

1. Trees, coniferous : 
a. Evergreen — 

Araucaria, Cephalotaxus, Cryptomeria, Cupressus, Dacry- 
dium, Dammara, Fitzroya, Frenela, J uniperus, Libocedrus, 
Nageia, Phyllocladus, Pinus, Saxono-Gothsea, Sciadopitys, 
Sequoia, Taxus, Thuya, Thuyopsis, Torreya, Widdringtonia. 

h. Deciduous — 

Ginkgo, Pinus, Taxodium. 

2. Trees, not coniferous. 
a. Evergreen — 

Acacia, Adenostemon, Albizzia, Amyris, Angophora, 
Brachychiton, Castanopsis, Casuarina, Cedrela, Cercocarpus, 
Chloroxylon, Corynocarpus, Dalbergia, Diospyros, Emboth- 
rium, Eucalyptus, Eucryphia. Fag'us, Ficus, Flindersia, 



INDICATED GENERA. 



287 



Gonioma, Gordonia, Grevillea, Grumilea, Harpullia, 
Hymensea, Laurelia, Maba, Magnolia, Marlea, Maytenus, 
Metrosideros, Myrtus, Persea, Peumus, Quercus, Rhus, 
Koyenia, Santalum, Shorea, Swietenia, Tectona, Tetran- 
thera, Tristania. 
h. Deciduous — 

Acer, ^sciilus, Ailantus, Alnus, Betula, Butea, CariDinus, 
Carya, Castanea, Oatalpa, Celtis, Corylus, Diospyros, 
Engelhardtia, Excsecaria, Fagus, Fraxinus, Gleditschia, 
Gymnocladus, Holoptelea, Juglans, Liriodendron, Mag- 
nolia, Melia, Ostrya, Pircimia, Planera, Platanus, Populus, 
Pterocarpus, Pterocarya, Quercus, Robinia, Salix, Sophora, 
Tilia, XJlmns, Zelkova. 

Tobacco-Plants: 

Nicotiana. 

Water- Plants : 

Acoms, ^scbynomene, Aponogeton, Butomus, Cyperus, 
Euryale, Menyanthes, Nelumbo, Nyssa, Oryza, Poa, 
Sagittaria, Trapa, Zizania. 

Wicker- Plants : 

Cyperus, Parrotia, Salix (also genera mentioned under 
Bamboo-Plants). 



METEOEOLOGIOAL TABLES 

EEOM THE OBSERVATORY RECORDS OF MELBOURNE. 



TEMPERATURE IN SHADE from 1858-1874. 





Extreme Maximum. 


Extreme Minimum. 


Yearly Mean. 


Melbourne 

Sandhurst 

Ballarat 

Portland 


Degrees. 
112-2 
117-4 
109-0 
108-0 


De^ees. 
27-0 
27-5 
22-0 
30-0 


Degrees. 

57- 6 

58- 9 
53-6 
61-6 



AVERAGE YEARLY RAINFALL AT MELBOURNE, 
From 1857 to 1874—26-35 inches. 



RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE prom 1872-1874. 





Averag'e 
Yearly 
Rainfall. 


Yearly 
Mean 
Temperature 
in shade. 


Extreme 
Maximum 
Temperature 
in shade. 


Extreme 
Minimum 
Temperature 
in shade. 




Inches. 


Degrees. 


Degrees. 


Degrees. 


Ararat 


24-47 








Ballarat 


29-04 


55-4 


107-3 


25-0 


Berwick 


44-33 


57-1 






Camperdown 


32-77 








Cape Otway 


37-38 


55-4 


101-0 


35-0 


Daylesf ord 


38-85 








Geelong 


23-00 








Hamilton 


25-54 








Kew 


33-18 








Kingston ... 


35-46 








Melbourne... 


28-74 


57-4 


103-3 


29-3 


Portland ... 


33-30 


61-8 






Rokewood 


24-83 








Sale 


29-16 








Sandhurst 


22-12 


58-4 


109-5 


30-0 


Schnapper Point ... 


37-32 








Wahgunyah 


25-35 








Warrandyte 


40-84 









INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES. 



Page 

Abele - - - 182 
Acacia, locust- - 203 
Adam's needle - 259 
Adeira- - - 39 
Agallochum - - 20 
Agath-dammar - 68 
Aggur - - - 20 
Albert-palm - - 44 
Alder - - 13, 264 
Alerce - - - 91 
Alexandra-palm - 190 
AlfaHa - - 126 
Algaroba - - 185 
Alisander - - 227 
Alkanna, North- 
American - - 120 
Alkannet - - 120 
Almond - - 185 
Aloe, gigantic - 9 
yellowflow'rd 14 
Aloe-wood - 15, 20 
Anise - - - 165 
Apple, crab - - 191 
haw - - 59 
Aracua - . 8 
Argan-tree - - 22 
Arroche - - 26 
Arrowroot - - 125 
Artichoke - - 65 
Ash - - 93, 266 
Aspen, European - 184 
N. American 184 
„ soft - - 183 
Atocha - - 232 
Avocado-pear - 159 
Bajree - - - 158 
Balm-herb - - 128 
Balsam-fir, double 170 
Bamboos - 23, 29, 100, 
120, 217 



Bamboo-reed - 24 

Bananas - - 134 

Bandakai - - 103 

Bane-berry - - 8 

JBanyan-tree - - 89 

Barley - - - 104 

JBamyard-grass - 152 







Page 


XjdOli - - 




143 


Bass-wood 




241 


Bay-tree 




238 


Beach-plum - 






Beans - 




160 


Bean, straight 




253 


Beebalm-tea - 




131 


Beeches 




85 


Beet - 




31 


Bent-grass - 


10, 188 


Berberry 


31, 264 


Bilberry 




251 


British bo 
Birch - 33, 


g- 


251 


85 


264 


Birdsfoot-trefoil 




121 


Blackbutt-tree 




81 


Blackberry - 




207 


,, sand 
Blackthorn - 




207 




187 


Blackwood - 




3 


Blueberry, early 




251 


, , swamp 


250 


Bluegum-tree 




78 


Blue palmetto 




49 


Bluets - 




251 


Bockhara-clover 




128 


Bog-bean 




130 


Boldo - 




160 


Box-elder 




6 


Box-tree 




37 


Bramble 




207 


Broom-bush - 




67 


Broom-corn - 




18 


Buckthorn - 




198 


Buckwheat 


or 




Beechwheat 




84 


Buffalo-berry 




226 


Buffalo -grass 36, 


232, 245 


Bunch-grass - 




75 


Bunya-bunya 




21 


Butter-nut tree 




111 


Butter-tree - 




56 


Cabbage 




35 


,, Kerguel 
Cabul-clover- 


3n 


184 




128 


Cactus - 




149 


Caffir-corn - 




18 





Page 




142 


v^dij d» IJ U. u" 111 v3c 


117 


Calambac 




Gambuca 




Camphor-tree 




Canada-rice - 




Canary-grass 


1 fid 


Candlenut-tree 


13 


Canelo - 


74 


Cape Gooseberry - 


165 


Caper-plant - 


40 


Caraway 


42 


Cardoon 


65 


Car ob -tree - 


47 


Carrot - - - 


69 


,, tree - 


238 


Cassava 


125 


Castor oil-plant - 


202 


Cat - - - 


46 


Catjang 


38 


Catstad-grass 


162 


Cavan - - - 


1 


Cedars - 


63 


Cedar, Bastard - 


225 


, , Deodar 


167 


, , Lebanon - 


167 


,, northern white 240 


,, redwood - 


225 


,, white Oregon 


240 



Celandine - - 49 

Celery - - - 20 

Celery-pines - 164 

Chamomile - - 19 

,, annual 125 

Chayota - - 224 

Chelem - - 10 

Cherimoyer - - 19 

Cherry - - 187 

Cherry, choke - 187 

Chervil - 48, 137 

Chestnut-tree - 45 

Chicot - - - 101 

Chicory - - 50 

Chillies - - 40 

Chiretta - - 148 

Chives - - - 13 

Chocho - - 224 



V 



290 



INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES. 



Pagre 

Christmas-rose - 103 

Christ-thorn - 152 

Chufa - - - 66 

Chusan-palm - 48 

Chusqueas - - 100 

Cicely - - - 137 

Ciruelillo - - 75 

Citron • - - 54 

Cloud-berry - - 206 

Clover, alsike - 243 

bersin - 243 

brown - 244 

„ carnation 243 

„ hop - 242 

mayad - 244 

ordinary red 244 

white 244 

pale yellow 243 

red zigzag 243 

„ strawberry 243 

yeUow - 242 

Coapim - - 154 

Coca - - - 76 

Cocksfoot-grass - 67 

Cockshead-plant - 148 

Cocksshin-grass - 152 

Cocksspur-thorn - 60 

Coffee-plant - - 55 

Coigue - - - 85 

Coihuc - - - 85 

Colic-root - - 12 

Comfrey - - 234 

prickly - 233 

Copal, W. Indian 107 

Coquito-palm - 111 

Cord-grass - - 230 

Cotton- - - 97 

Cottonwood-tree - 183 

Coy am - - - 85 

Cranberry, British 251 

large - 250 
Cress - - -116 

„ Para - - 231 

Cucumber - - 62 

Cumin - - - 63 

Curly palm - - 113 

Currant, black - 201 

red - 202 

Cypresses - - 63 

Cypress, bald - 236 

, , Montezuma 236 

swamp - 236 

yellow - 240 

Cyrillo- - - 13 

Danchi - - 226 

Dandelion - - 236 

Date-palm - - 162 



Page 

Date-plum - - 73 
Deadly nightshade 27 
Deccan-grass - 153 
Dewberry - - 206 
Dhak - - - 37 
DiU - - - 159 
Divi-divi - - 37 
Dogstail-grass - 65 
Doom-boom - 3 
Doum-palm - - 107 
Durra - - - 18 
Dwarf-palm - - 113 
Dyer's Woad - 110 
Earth-chestnut - 56 
nut - - 21 
pea - - 257 
Ebony-wood - 72 
„ tree - - 123 
Egg-plant - - 229 
Elder - - - 215 
Elecampane - - 109 
Ehns - - 248, 104 
Esparsette - - 148 
Esparto - - 232 
Espino - - - 1 
Estragon - - 23 
Fenkel-wortel - 42 
Fennel - - 91 
Fern-palm - - 65 
Fescue - - - 87 
Fichte - - - 174 
Fig-tree - - 88 
Fiorin-grass - - 10 
Fire-thorn - - 60 
Fir^balmof GHead 167 
balsam - - 167 
oyamel - - 176 
sajjindus - 174 
„ Scotch - - 176 
Siberian pitch 179 
Spanish - - 175 
,, umbreUa - 223 
Flame-tree - - 34 
Flax - - - 118 
,, lily - - 163 
Flowering rush - 37 
Fochre - - 176 
Fox-glove - - 70 
Foxtail-grass - 15 
Fuller's herb - 216 
teasel - 73 
Furze - - - 248 
Galingale-rush - 66 
Gama-grass (Buffalo- 
grass) - - 245 
Gamboge - - 94 
I Garlic - - - 13 



Page 

Genipi - - - 7 
Gentian - - 95 
Ginger- - - 261 
Gingerbread-palm 1 07 
Ginger-grass - 17 
Gingili- - - 225 
Ginkgo-tree - - 96 
Gobbo - - - 103 
Gooseberry - - 201 
, , Barba- 
does - - - 158 
Gooseberry, Cape- 165 
Gorse - - - 248 
Gourd - - - 62 
Gram ... 50 
green - - 161 
Grape-pear - - 16 
,, fox . - 257 
„ frost . . 255 
,, Isabella - 256 
Muscadine- 257 
,, summer - 255 
vine - - 256 
winter - 255 
Grass, buffalo 36. 232, 245 
,, gama (buffalo- 
grass - - 245 
,, manna - 181 
rattlesnake 180 
Ground-almond - 66 
nut - - 21 
Guaberoba - - 188 
Guaparanga - - 125 
Guavas - 188, 189 
Guinea-corn 17, 18 
grass - 153 
Gunyang - - 230 
Habhel- - - 112 
Hair-grass - - 11 
Haricot - - 161 
Hawthorn - - 60 
Hazel - - . 59 
Hazel-tree - - 100 
Heliotrope - - 103 
Hemlock - - 56 
,, spruce - 167 
„ Cali- 
fornian - - 172 
Hemp ... 40 
Henbane - - 107 
Henequen - - 10 
Henna-bush- - 116 
Herd-grass - 10, 11 
Hickory-trees 43, 44 
Holly - - - 117 
Honey-locust - 96 
Hoop-koop - 117 



INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES. 



291 





Page 




Page 






Page 


Hop - - - 


106 


Larch, Japan 


- 172 


Millet - 


18, 153 


hornbeam 
Hornbeam - 


151 


Laurel - 


. 115 


,, grass - 
Millfoil 




130 


41 


,, mountain 


- 238 


- 


7 


Horse-chestnut 9, 264 


,, spice 
Lavender 


- 118 


Mint, mountain 




191 


,, radish 131, 55 


- 115 


Mint-plants - 


- 


129 


„ „ Ker- 
guelen 




Leek - 


- 13 


Miro - 




139 


184 


Lemon - 


- 54 


Monks-hood 


- 


8 


Horseshoe-vetch - 


104 


, , grass 
Leng - 


- 17 


Moram 


_ 


188 


Hottentot- fig 


130 


. 242 


Morel - 




131 


Huahuoa 


115 


Lentil - 


- 76 


Moreton-bay fig 




90 


Huckleberry 


95 


Lettuce 


- 114 


Muermo 


- 


83 


blue 250, 251 


Lever-wood - 


- 151 


Mulberry 




131 


, , tree 


47 


Light-wood - 


4 


Myall-trees - 


1, 


3, 4 
137 


Huon-pine - 


67 


Lime - 


- 54 


Myrtle 




Indian corn - 


261 


Lime, common 
Lime-tree, silver 


- 241 


, , wood 




85 


Indigo - - . 


108 


. 241 


Mustard 




35 


Ipecacuanha- 


47 


Linden-tree - 


- 241 


Nasturtium - 




246 


Ironbark- trees 78, 79, 81 


Ling - 


- 242 


Ngaio - 




136 


Iva - - . 


7 


Lingo - 


- 190 


Nika-palm - 




114 


Jack-tree 


264 


Links - 


- 242 


Ningala-bamboo 




23 


Jalap ... 


109 


Liquorice 


- 96 


Nonda-tree - 




156 


Janatsi-itsigo 


69 


Litchi - 


. 140 


Norfolk Isld. pal 


not 


113 


Japan-privet 


118 


Litmus 


- 203 


Notra - 




75 


Jarilla - 


8 


Litre - 


- 199 


Nuble - 




8 


Jarosse- 


115 


Lleugue 


- 138 


Nut-pine, Nepal 




170 


Jarrah ... 


80 


Locust-tree - 


- 96 


Nut-tree 




123 


Jasmin- 


110 


Longan 


- 141 


Oak-chestnut 


45, 265 


Jerusalem-artichoke 102 


Loongmur - 


- 41 


Oaks - - 192, 196 


Jujub - - - 


263 


Lotus -tree - 


- 47 


Oats 


27, 28 


Jute-plants - 


57 


Lucerne 


- 126 


Ochro - 




103 


Kaawi-yam - 


70 


Lupines 


- 121 


Olive - 




143 


Kafta - 


46 


Madder 


- 206 


Onion - 




13 


Kahikatea - 


138 


Magnolia 


- 117 


Ooyala-yam - 




72 


Kai-apple 


1 


Mahin - 


- 217 


Orange 




53 


Kale - 


59 


Mahogany-pine 


- 139 


Orchard-grass 




11 


Kamala 


124 


,, tree 


80, 233 


Orchil - 




203 


Kamassi-wood 


97 


Maize - 


- 261 


Osage-orange 




123 


Kangaroo-grass - 


19 


Mammoth-tree 


. 225 


Osiers - - 211 


, 215 


,, thorn - 
Karaka 


263 


Mangold-root 


- 31 


Osnego-tea - 




131 


59 


Mango-tree - 


- 124 


Palmetto, dwarf 




209 


Karra-doorn 


3 


Manniu 


- 138 


Palm-lilies - 




58 


Karri - 


78 


Maples - 5 


, 6, 264 


Palmyra 




265 


Kauri-pines - 68, 69 


Marjoram 


- 150 


Pampas-grass 




24 


Kau-sun 


262 


Marmalade- tree 


7 


Paper-mulberry 




36 


Keaki - 


261 


Marrem 


- 188 


Papyrus 




66 


Kidney-vetch 


20 


Marsh-mallow 


- 16 


Parsimon 




73 


Kolkas - 


56 


Mastic-tree - 


- 178 


Parsley 




42 


Kumquat 


54 


Matai - - 102, 139 


Parsnip 




160 


Lapual ... 
Lamb's lettuce 


138 


Mat6 . 


- 108 


, , chervil 
Passion-flowers 




48 


252 


Meadow-fescue 


- 87 




157 


Larch, American - 


174 


,, grass, English 181 


Pea, common 




178 


black 


174 


pea 


- 115 


Pea-nut 




21 


, , cheer 


172 


,, saffron 
Medick 


- 55 


Pea-tree 




41 


, , Chinese - 


171 


- 126 


Peach-palm - 




28 


common - 


172 


Medlar - 


- 59 


Pearl-grass - 




128 


Emodi 


172 


Melon - 


- 62 


Pear, snow - 




191 


, , Himalayan 


170 


Mignonette - 


- 197 


' Pecan-nut tree 




43 



292 



INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES. 



Page 

Pelu - - - 230 
Pencil-cedar - 112 
Penny-royal 101, 129 
Pepino - - 229 
Peppermint - - 129 
Peru -bark trees - 51 
Petsi - - - 102 
Pine, Aleppo - 170 
,, American pitch 176 
white 177 
,, Bishop's - 173 
black - - 139 
Bootan - 169 
,, Brasilian - 21 
broom - 166 
,, canary - 167 
,, cluster - 174 
,, Corsican - 171 
„ dye - - 177 
frankincense 177 
Georgia - 166 
giant - - 171 
,, golden - 171 
y, grey - - 171 
Hudson's - 176 
„ king - - 177 
„ loblolly - 177 
lofty - - 169 
mahogany - 139 
,, Mexican swamp 168 
Moreton-bay 21 
Norfolk Isld. 21 
„ nut - 173, 176 
„ Okote- - 177 
Oregon - 169 
„ pitch - 164, 175 
,, pond - - 176 
„ red - - 176 
southern - 166 
,, stone - 173, 175 
,, sugar - - 171 
,, swamp - 166 
,, torch - - 177 
,, Weymouth- 177 
„ white - 169, 176 
„ ofN.Z. 138 
,, yellow 173, 175 
„ of Puget 
Sound - 169 
pitch 166 
Pisang - - - 135 
Pita-fibre - - 10 
Plane, spurious - 6 
Plane-tree - - 179 
Plantain - - 135 
Poccoon, yellow - 107 
Pomegranate - 191 





Page 


Pompelmos - 


- 53 


Poplars 


182, 183 


Poppy - 


- 154 


Potato - 


228, 329 


Prairie-grass- 


- 36 


Pulas - 


- 37 


Pulque - 


- 63 


Pulse, 38,50,73,76, 121, 


160, 178, 253, 254 


Pumpkin 


- 63 


Putchuck 


- 22 


Pythagorean bean 140 


Quamash 


- 223 


Quandong - 


- 216 


Queule- 


8 


Quirinca 


1 


Eambutan - 


- 140 


Eamee - 


- 33 


Eamposten - 


- 140 


Eamtil-oil - 


- 101 


Easpberry - 


- 207 


Eata - 


- 117 


Eatanhia 


- 114 


Eauli - 


- 86 


Eed cedar - 


46, 113 


gum-tree 


- 81 


,, mahogany 


- 81 


, , pine 


- 67 


,, top-grass 


11,87 


Eedwood 


- 225 


Eeul6 - 


- 86 


Eewa - 


- 232 


Eheea - 


- 33 


Ehubarb 


- 198 


Eice 


- 150 



,, Canada- - 262 

,, paper-plant - 86 

Eima - - - 67 

Eingal - - - 23 

Eoble ... 85 

Eose-apple - - 83 

Eoses - - 204, 205 

Eosemary - - 205 

Eosewood - - 57 

Eue - . - 209 

Eye - - - 224 

,, grass - - 120 

SabadiUa - - 222 

Sacci - - - 10 

Safflower - - 41 

Saffron- - - 60 

Sage, garden - 215 

Saintfoin - - 148 

Salad-burnet - 215 
Sallow, British 

Salsify- - - 242 

Sal-tree - - 226 



Samphire 


Page- 


- 60 


Sandal-tree - 


- 21& 


Sand-stay - 


- 116 


Sapodilla-plum 


7 


Sarsaparilla - 


- 227 


Sassafras-tree 


- 217 


Satin-wood - 


- 50' 


Savory, summer 


- 217 


,, winter 


- 217 


Scarlet-runner 


- 160 


Scorzonera, nativ 


e 130 


Scotino 


- 200 


Screw-pine - 


- 152 


Sea-lyme grass 


- 75 


Seratella 


- 150 


Serradella - 


- 150 


Shaddock 


- 53 


Shallot - 


- 13 


Shamals 


- 153 


Sheoaks 


45, 46 


Silphium 


- 184 


Silver-fir 


- 165 



,, Calif ornian 166 

,, ,, great - 170 

,, ,, Cilician - 168 

,, tree - 117 

Siris-acacia - - 10' 

Sisal-hemp - - 12 

Sissoo-tree - - 266 

Sloe - - - 187 
Snake -root - 22, 50 

Soap-wort - - 216 

Soja - - - 96 

Solah ... 9 

Soola-clover - - 101 

Sorrel, French . 208 

,, kitchen - 208 

,, wood . 151 

Sour-sop - . 84 

Spadic . - 76 

Spear- wood . - 78 

Spikenard . - 140 

Spinage . - 231 

,, New Zealand 237 

Spotted gTim-tree 80 

Spruce, black . 173 

, , hemlock - 167 

,, Norway - 174 

,, red - - 176 

white . 166 

Squash - - 62 

Squill - . - 249 

Squirting cucumber 74 

Star-anis - - 108 

Star-apple - - 7 

Strawberries - 92" 

Strawberry-tomato 165 



INDEX OP VERNACULAR NAMES. 



293 









Page 


Stringy -bark tree 


80 


Tea-shrub 


238 


Styrax-tree « - 


117 


Teff - 


179 


Sugar-cane • • 


210 


Thimble-berry 


207 


Sulphur-root 


159 


Thyme, garden 


241 


Sumach 


199 


Timothy-grass 


162 


staghom - 

Sumbul 


200 


Tivoli-yam - 


71 


84 


Tobacco 


141 


Sunflower - 


102 


Tomato 


228 


,, artichoke 
Sunn-hemp • 


102 


Toon-itsigo - 


69 


61 


Tooart - - • 


79 


Sunt - 


1 


Tree-mallow 


116 


Sweet flag 


8 


Truffle - - 152 


247 


, , gum-tree 


119 


5 , black 


247 


, , potato 


109 


sfrev - 


247 


S0T> 


84 


red - 

Tuggur 


247 


Sword- sedge 


116 


20 


Sycamore-fig 


91 


Tulip-tree - 


119 


Tagasasti 


66 


wood • 


101 


TaUow-tree - 


84 


Tupelo 


142 


Tamarack 


174 


Turnips 


35 


Tamarind 


235 


Turnsole 


61 


Tanekaha 


164 


Tussock-grass 


67 


Tangle-berry 


94 


Ulmo - 


83 


Tanne - . - 


165 


Umbrella-palm 


113 


Tansy - - - 


235 


Uvalho do campo 


83 


Tapioca 


125 


Uvi-yam 


70 


Tare - 


253 


Valerian 


252 


lentil - 
Taro - 


254 


Valonia 


192 


56 


Vegetable marrow 


63 


Tarragon 


23 


Vernal-grass 


19 


Tata - 


84 


Vetch - 


253 


Teak - 


237 


,, wood- 


254 



Violet - 
Vouvan 

Walnut-tree 111 

„ spurious 75 

Water-melon - 61 

Water-nut - - 242 

Wattle, black . 2 

,, silver - 2 

Wax-myrtle - 136 

,, palm - - 48 

,, tree - - 200 

Weld - - - 197 

Wheat- - - 245 

Whin - - - 248 

White cedar - 118 

„ fir, noble - 173 
thorn 59, 60 

Whorl-grass, water 179 
Whortle-berry,Brit. 251 
WiUows - 211, 215 



Winter-cherry 
Woad - 
Wood-sorrel 
Worm-wood 
Wangee 
Yams - 
Yarrow- 
Yellow cedar 
,, wood 
Yew - 
,, western 



165 
110 
151 
23 
61 
70 
7 

91 

236 
236 



MELBOURNE t 
M'CARRON, BIRD AND CO., PRINTERS, 
37 FLINDERS LANE WEST. 



